Earticle

지난 10년 동안 엔터테인먼트 산업의 발전으로 인해 영화 데이터의 생산이 기하급수적으로 성장하여 색인 생성, 주 요장면 추천 및 장르 식별 등 다양한 연구 분야가 나타나게 되었다. 따라서 영화 콘텐츠를 분석하고 이해하는 것은 아주 중요한 분야로 자리 잡게 되었다. 본 논문에서는 시각적 요소와 텍스트 양식을 활용한 영화 문법과 맥락 분석 이라는 두 가지 측면에서 영화를 분석하는 지능형 프레임워크를 제안한다. 제안된 프레임워크는 확대/축소/배경/ 텍스트와 같이 영화에서 등장하는 장면을 감지하는 전처리 과정을 거친 후 상황별 분석을 위해 딥러닝 모델을 활용 한 객체와 텍스트 감지를 진행했다. 마지막으로 영화에서 나오는 대사를 추출하고 이를 영화 타임 스탬프를 기반으 로 각 씬에 대한 분석 결과와 영화에 등장하는 인물들의 대사를 저장함으로써 인덱싱 및 요약 등 다양한 용도로 활 용될 수 있게끔 만들었으며, 제안된 프레임워크는 주관적인 평가를 사용하여 평가를 진행하였다.

Over the past decade, advancements in the entertainment industry have caused exponential growth in video data production especially movies, leading to tiresome indexing, recommendation making, and genre identification. To overcome these challenges, analyzing and understanding the movie contents is the primary step. Therefore, in this paper we proposed an intelligent framework to analyze movies from two different aspects i.e., film grammar and contextual analysis using vision and textual modality. The proposed framework first preprocessed the movie for scene segmentation. Next, the cinematographic transitions are detected such as zoom, background and text related scenes. For contextual analysis, we used customized deep models for object and text detection. Finally, the detailed description of each scene over the movie timestamp is recorded which can be use for various application such as indexing and summarization etc. The proposed framework is evaluated using movie scripts and subjective evaluation.

Data acquisition using security cameras for pedestrian tracking and counting is inherently inaccurate due to limited video quality and the dynamics of pedestrian mobility. In this article we explore how specific patterns of pedestrian behavior in transport terminals can improve accuracy in tracking and counting. We show the effectiveness of our proposed techniques using data from the New York Grand Central Station. The proposed tool improves the accuracy of pedestrian labeling based on information about the dynamics of pedestrian mobility in the specific context of transport terminals.

Purpose: Data papers are a promising genre of scholarly communication, in which research data are described, shared, and published. Rich documentation of data, including adequate contextual information, enhances the potential of data reuse. This study investigated the extent to which the components of data papers specified by journals represented the types of contextual information necessary for data reuse. Methods: A content analysis of 15 data paper templates/guidelines from 24 data journals indexed by the Web of Science was performed. A coding scheme was developed based on previous studies, consisting of four categories: general data set properties, data production information, repository information, and reuse information. Results: Only a few types of contextual information were commonly requested by the journals. Except data format information and file names, general data set properties were specified less often than other categories of contextual information. Researchers were frequently asked to provide data production information, such as information on the data collection, data producer, and related project. Repository information focused on data identifiers, while information about repository reputation and curation practices was rarely requested. Reuse information mostly involved advice on the reuse of data and terms of use. Conclusion: These findings imply that data journals should provide a more standardized set of data paper components to inform reusers of relevant contextual information in a consistent manner. Information about repository reputation and curation could also be provided by data journals to complement the repository information provided by the authors of data papers and to help researchers evaluate the reusability of data.

기업활동을 위한 ICT 시스템의 범위가 스마트폰이나 기타 다양한 통신융합기기로 확대되면서 융합형 기술에 의한 기업활동의 변화가 대두되고 있다. 본 연구는 그러한 ICT 환경의 변화와 더불어 확대기업의 소비자 혹은 프로슈머 참여적 특성이 창조적 기업활동부문에 미치는 영향과 현상을 분석하고자 한다. 연구의 두 가지 주요한 분석의 대상은 혁신에 기여하는 기업 외 참여자들의 자발적 참여특성의 현상에 대하여 커뮤니티적인 관점에서 분석하고, 그들이 확대기업의 가상적 환경을 어떻게 활용하고 있는지, 나아가 혁신 프로세스의 가상공간 설계가 어떤 구성요건을 포함하여야 하는지 분석한다. 혁신 프로세스를 위한 협업적 가상공간 설계는 컴퓨터 기반의 기업활동에서 주로 다루어져 왔으며, 기타 융합형 기기 환경과의 연계를 통한 확대된 기업 프로세스의 설계 및 분석에 대해서는 다루어졌던 예가 드물다. 본 연구에서 현상 시스템(As-Is System)으로 구글플러스의 소셜네크워크 서비스를 선정하고, 참여적 소비자들이 창조적이고, 협업적인 목적에서 구글플러스의 CMC(Computer Mediated Communication) 요소들을 어떻게 활용하고 있는지 검토하였다. 특히 Gmail을 이용한 이메일지인시스템분석, 서클서비스를 이용한 정황적 사회관계분류 시스템, 융합형 인터페이스에서 제공하고 있는 위치기반 검색연동 시스템 등을 중심으로 현상시스템의 SNS으로서의 특성, 혁신 프로세스 지원시스템으로서의 특성을 검토하였다. 구글플러스를 창조적 협업 인터페이스로서 사용하는 사례적 집단으로 국제적인 네트워크를 활용하고 있는 해커스페이스를 관찰하고, 해커스페이스 집단특성과 가상공간에서의 혁신프로세스의 특장점에 대하여 검토하였다. 해커스페이스는 개인화된 창조적 과정 및 결과물을 공유하는 집단으로 과정이나 저작물에 대한 소유는 개인적 수준에서 처리되지만 완성된 결과물에 대한 의미/평가/작성패턴을 공유하며 차후의 개인적인 창조작업에 공유의 자산을 활용하는 집단으로 분석할 수 있다. 이와 같은 특성을 지닌 자치적 커뮤니티가 융합형 SNS를 기반으로 한 가상공간에서 혁신의 과정을 어떻게 달성하고, 어떤 개선점에 대한 요구사항을 가지고 있는지 정황적 분석연구방법을 이용하여 연구의 결과를 도출하였다.

^x Residential satisfaction by apartment housing type and by location was examined in Seoul Korea for a sample of 303 housewives disaggregated into four housing subgroups. These group differ in their personal characteristic by housing type and location. They showed significant differences in their levels of satisfaction and in their perception and evaluation of several community, neighborhood and housing unit attributes. A regression model of satisfaction for entire sample explain about 45% of the variation, but this conceals the compositional and the contextual differences between groups. Seperate regression for the four groups explain an average of 63% of the variation in residential satisfaction. Residents of high-rise and low-rise apartments both of center and periphery location differ significantly both from each other. Results show that certain dwelling, neighborhood and community context elicit dissatisfaction across the full sample. The objective contextual factor of housing type prove significant in most compositional subsamples, indicating that sources of residential satisfaction are not same in everywhere.

The Korean word “jom" has two different meanings. It can take the form of an adverb, meaning “little" with a syntactic function, or can be used a discourse marker, with discourse functions. This study aims to categorize the discourse functions of the Korean word “jom" and to examine its Chinese translation correspondences based on the Korean-Chinese parallel corpus. The KCPC consists of Korean drama scripts and their Chinese translations, and a total of 201 sentences including the discourse marker “jom" were extracted. The results of this study show that the representative pragmatic functions of "jom" fall into the following four categories: ‘speaking politely', ’utterance highlight', ‘gaining time', and ’uutterance hesitation'. The Chinese correspondences vary according to the four functions and discourse contexts. ‘Politeness' is mostly expressed with “请(qing)", “一下(yi xia)". ’Focus' usually has “一下(yi xia)", “VV(verb replication form)", “一点(yi dian)” and “Zero(no correspondence marker)”. “有点儿(you dian)" is always used for ‘utterance mitigation'. ‘Delay' was found in only one sentence, and it has no correspondence.

日本の高等学校の‘現代社会’教科書(全31種)の韓国に関する記述内容を、①中国文化の日本伝来と韓国、②韓国経済の成長と発展、③韓国の社会·文化、④韓国戦争と南北関係、⑤国際化の論理と領土問題、⑥民族差別·戦後報償と従軍慰安婦の六つの観点から考察した。日本の朝鮮侵略と植民地支配、そして韓日関係に関する日本の保守集団の歴史認識と妄言をそのまま反映した日本の教科書の歪曲問題は、両国の敏感な政治·外交問題になっており、韓国人の日本人観にも大きな影響を与えている。日本の教科書歪曲は、内容の歪んだ記述も問題であるが、日本の立場から恥ずかしい事実の記述を故意に見逃すことも重大な歪曲になるだろう。そのため、日本の教科書から周辺国に対する加害の記録が欠落されているのは当然のことである。日本の現代社会教科書の記述内容に対する分析·検討を通じて確認できるように、日本側の植民地支配、戦争責任、戦後報償などは、過去清算のため重要なことである。これは、また韓日両国民の歴史意識と未来展望のためにも解決しなければならないことである。

본 연구는 다문화청소년의 맥락적 요인인 이중문화적응과 가족관계 및 학교적응이 진로장벽과 진로결정으로 연결되는 구조적 관계를 검토하고, 이 관계가 남녀집단에 따라 어떤 차이가 있는지를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 사회인지 진로이론과 생애진로발달이론의 주요 개념과 선행연구 결과를 토대로 연구모형을 설정하였다. 본 연구는 ‘다문화청소년패널조사’ 6차년도 자료 1,265사례를 활용하였으며, 구조방정식 모형을 통해 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 설정한 측정모형과 구조모형은 모두 자료에 대해 적절한 모형적합도를 보였다. 주요 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 다문화청소년의 이중문화적응은 학교적응과 진로장벽의 매개과정을 통해 진로결정수준에 유의미한 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 다문화청소년의 가족관계는 학교적응과 진로장벽의 매개과정을 통해 진로결정수준에 유의미한 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 다집단분석 결과, 남녀집단은 ‘이중문화적응→학교적응’경로에서 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 본 연구는 이러한 결과를 토대로 다문화청소년 진로발달에 대한 개입방안과 후속연구를 위한 과제를 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the structural relationship between contextual factors such as bicultural adaptation, family relations, and school adaptation to career barrier and career decision-making among multicultural adolescents. Additionally, the study also examined the gender differences of the structural relationships. Based on Social Cognitive Career Theory and Life-Span Career Development Theory, and existing literature on the key factors on the study, we specified a research model and tested hypothesized paths using the structural equation modeling. A total of 1,265 cases from the sixth wave of ‘Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study’ was used for the analysis. Both measurement and structural models’ fit statistics indicated good fit to the data. The main findings are as follows: First, bicultural adaptation influenced career decision-making through the mediation of school adaptation and career barriers. Second, family relations influenced decision-making through the mediation of school adaptation and career barriers. Third, the multigroup analysis results indicated the path from bicultural adaption to school adaptation had significant gender differences. Study findings were discussed in terms of implications for practical intervention and further research on career development of multicultual adolescents.

This study explored how three second-grade middle school students approached real-life contextual word problems, using Schoenfeld’s (1985) problem-solving framework of resources, heuristics, control, and beliefs. A qualitative case study design was adopted. The students’ problem-solving processes were video-recorded and analyzed through transcripts and follow-up interviews. Although all three students were aware of the mathematical knowledge needed to solve the problems, clear differences appeared in how they organized their knowledge, chose and applied strategies, monitored their work, and viewed problem solving. These differences became especially evident in a high-level task that required students to check and adjust their strategies. The findings suggest that success in solving real-life contextual word problems depends not only on what students know, but more importantly on how they use that knowledge. Heuristics guide the use of resources, control regulates the process, and beliefs support or constrain these actions. Therefore, students’ errors or unrealistic responses should not be seen simply as cognitive weaknesses, but as the result of interactions among these problem-solving components.

이 연구는 중학교 역사 교과서에 수록된 문화재 내용 분석을 바탕으로 ‘맥락적 이해를 통한 문화재 교육 방안’을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 본 연구에서 ‘문화재에 대한 맥락적 이해’란 “한 문화재가 역사적 사건 이나 현상 또는 다른 문화재와 서로 이어져 있는 연관성을 찾아내고, 그 연관성의 의미를 밝히는 과정을 통해 역사를 이해하는 것이다.”라고 정 의하였다. 이 정의에 맞추어 중학교 역사 교과서의 문화재 내용을 분석 한 결과 교과서에 나타나는 맥락적 이해 사례는 많은 문제점을 보이고 있었다. 이런 문제점을 해결하기 위한 새로운 교육 방안으로 ‘맥락적 이 해를 통한 문화재 교수․학습’ 과정을 제시하였다. ‘맥락적 이해를 통한 문화재 교수․학습’ 과정은 ‘연관 요인 파악하기’, ‘연관 짓기와 비교하기’, ‘연관성의 의미 이해하기’, ‘맥락적 이해 심화하기’의 4단계로 구성하였 다. ‘연관 요인 파악하기’ 단계에서는 문화재와 관련된 시간적․ 공간적 요 인을 파악하고, ‘연관 짓기와 비교하기’ 단계에서는 문화재를 역사적 사 건․ 현상․다른 문화재와 연관 짓고 비교해본다. ‘연관성의 의미 이해하기’ 단계는 연관성의 의미를 발견하고 확인하며 그 과정에서 역사 지식을 습 득하는 것이다. ‘맥락적 이해 심화하기’ 단계는 앞의 과정을 바탕으로 역 사 지식을 확대하고 그것을 오늘 날에 적용해보는 것이다. 새로운 교육 방안을 적용해 본 결과 문화재를 역사의 연관성과 연속성 속에서 이해할 수 있게 해주었고, 문화재가 만들어진 공간과 시간에 대한 의미를 파악할 수 있게 해줌으로 역사를 좀 더 깊고 다층적으로 이 해할 수 있게 해주었다. 또 문화재 비교를 통해 지역의 교류나 역사의 연 속성을 확인하는 것을 가능하게 해주었으며, 역사 지식 중 ‘개념’을 습득 시키는데 효과적이었다. 아울러 하나의 문화재에 대한 맥락적 이해 과정 은 다른 문화재 이해 과정에도 적용될 수 있다는 가능성도 보았다. ‘맥락 적 이해를 통한 문화재 교육 방안’은 ‘맥락적 이해’라는 교육 방법으로, ‘문화재’라는 교육 내용을 이해시키려는 새로운 교육 방안을 제시하였다 는 점에서 의미가 있다고 할 수 있다.

The purpose of this study is to present 'education plan of cultural properties through contextual understanding' based on contents analysis of cultural properties contained in middle school history textbooks. This study defined 'contextual understanding on cultural properties' as "finding out the relevance of cultural properties to historical events or phenomena or other cultural properties, and understanding the history through the process of identifying the meaning of the relevance". As a result of analyzing the contents of cultural properties of middle school history textbook according to this definition, contextual understanding examples appearing in textbook showed many problems. As a new educational plan to solve these problems, we proposed the ‘teaching and learning process of cultural properties through contextual understanding’. The 'teaching and learning process of cultural properties through contextual understanding' consists of four stages of 'understanding the related factors', 'comparing with the relevance', 'understanding the meaning of relevance', and 'deepening contextual understanding'. The stage of 'understanding related factors' is to identify the temporal and spatial factors related to cultural properties, and the stage of 'comparing with the relevance' is to compare and relate with cultural properties with historical event, phenomena, and other cultural properties. The stage of 'understanding the meaning of relevance' is to discover and identify the meaning of relevance and to acquire historical knowledge in the process. The stage of 'deepening contextual understanding' is to expand the knowledge of history based on the previous process and apply it to today. As a result of applying the new educational plan, it allowed us to understand cultural properties in relevance and continuity of history, and to understand history in a deeper and multi-layered way by identifying the meaning of space and time made by cultural properties. In addition, it made us confirm the continuity of regional exchanges and history through comparison of cultural properties and it was effective in acquiring 'concept' of historical knowledge. In addition, it also enables us to see the possibility that contextual understanding of one cultural property can be applied to other cultural properties. The 'education plan of cultural properties through contextual understanding' is meaningful in that it presented a new educational plan to understand the education contents of 'cultural properties' as education method called 'contextual understanding'.

본 연구는 일-가정을 병행하며 소수자 정체성을 가진 직장 여성의 맥락적 제약들의 양상에 따른 유형을 살펴보고, 이들 유형이 가지는 특성과 이에 따른 심리사회적 적응의 차이를 살펴보고자 하였다. 직장 여성 중 초등학생 이하의 자녀를 양육하고 있으며 여성 이외의 소수자 정체성을 보고한 512명을 대상으로 온라인 설문조사를 실시하였다. 사회경제적 지위, 경제적 제약, 직장내 성차별, COVID-19로 인한 부정적 영향, 소외화 경험을 맥락적 제약으로 하여 이들에 대한 잠재 프로파일 분석을 실시하여 5개의 프로파일 유형을 확인하고 ‘낮은 수준의 제약 집단’, ‘경제적 제약 중심 집단’, ‘소외화 제약 중심 집단’, ‘중간 수준의 제약 집단’, ‘높은 수준의 제약 집단’으로 명명하였다. 여성과학기술인 정체성을 보고한 여성들은 낮은 수준의 제약 집단과 소외화제약 중심 집단에 더 분포하였으며, 한부모 정체성을 보고한 여성들은 높은 수준의 제약 집단에, 외국인/이주민 정체성을 보고한 여성은 중간 수준의 제약 집단에 더 많이 분포하였다. 또한 정규직 보다 비정규직 혹은 자영업에 종사하는 여성들이 높은 수준의 제약 집단에 속하는 비율이 높았다. 심리사회적 적응 수준에 있어서는 높은 수준의 제약 집단이 가장 큰 적응적 어려움을 보고하였다. 본 연구는 소수자 정체성을 가진 직장 여성들의 맥락적 제약의 상호교차성을 확인하였다는 함의가 있다.

The current study examined the different types of contextual constraints faced by working women with a minority identity and work-family responsibilities, and explored the differences in their characteristics and resulting psychosocial adjustment. An online survey was completed by 512 working women who cared for a at least one young chid and identified with a minority identity other than woman. A latent profile analysis on socioeconomic status, economic constraints, workplace sexism, negative effects of COVID-19, and marginalized experiences as contextual constraints resulted in five profile types: low-level constraint, economic-constraint focused, marginalization-constraint focused, moderate-level constraint, and high-level constraint groups. Those who identified as women in science and technology were more likely to be in the low-level and marginalization-constraint focused groups, women who identified as single parents in the high-level constraint group, and women who identified as foreigners/migrants in the moderate-level constraint group. In addition, women employed in temporary or self-employed positions than in full-time jobs were more represented in the high-level constraint group. In terms of psychosocial adjustment, the high-level constraint group reported the greatest adjustment difficulties. The findings supported the intersectionality of contextual constraints among working women with minority identities.

This study examines the language use of the conjunctive ending ‘-gillae’. To that end, this study used and looked at a semi-spoken corpus of the speech acts and contextual elements of following clauses according to usage in both declarative and interrogative sentences. Analysis of declarative sentences provided results in the order of explanations, justifications, assertions, attempts, pivots, and excuses. In addition, analysis of the speech acts of interrogative sentences with ‘-gillae’ in terms of not only the question function but also as a rhetorical sentence marker showed that ‘-gillae’ can serve to highlight a question, criticism, complaints, surprise, and exclamation. Furthermore, this paper shows through contextual analysis of both declarative and interrogative sentences that ‘-gillae’ is commonly used in personal and informal discourse when there is a close relationship between the speaker and the listener. However, in interrogative sentences, as criticism and complaints are features of negative speech acts, ‘-gillae’ is more often used in situations where the speaker is of a higher status than the listener.

본 연구에서는 경로분석을 이용하여 TIMSS 2007의 수학 성취도 국제 비교 연구 결과를 바탕으로 학생의 배경 요인이 수학 성취도에 미치는 영향력을 비교하고 각 요인들 사이의 상관관계 및 인과관계에 대하여 분석하고자 하였다. 수학 성취도에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 는 이전의 연구들을 바탕으로 학생의 배경에 대한 설문들 중 가정의 장서보유량, 어머니의 최종학력, 아버지의 최종학력, 교육포부, 학생의 정의적 성취지수, 스스로 학습활동 빈도, 그 리고 숙제횟수의 총 7 가지 변수들을 설정하여 각 변수들이 수학 성취도에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지, 또한 각 변수들 사이에는 어떤 인과관계가 성립하는지 살펴보았다. 그 결과 부모 의 최종 학력, 장서보유량, 정의적 성취지수는 교육 포부에 영향을 주어 학업성취도에 간접 적인 영향을 주는 것으로 파악되었다. 교육포부와 정의적 성취지수, 숙제 회수는 학업 성취 도에 직접적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of the contextual variables on mathematics achievement based on TIMSS(the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study) 2007 using Path Analysis with SEM(a Structural Equation Model). The books in the home, the highest level of education of mother, the highest level of education of father, the ambitions of education, the towards mathematics, the frequence of self study, and the times of homeworks are used as independent variables. The Mathematics achievement is dependent variable. The results of this analysis are as follows. First, parents’ the highest level of education, the books holdings at home, and the towards effect the ambitions of education. The Mathematics achievement is indirectly being affected by them. Second, The Mathematics achievement is indirectly being affected by the ambitions of education, the towards mathematics, and the times of homeworks.

This study examines changes in and characteristics of Korean urban planning law in five generalized and objective contexts suggested by my earlier paper: “strength of ownership, level of judicial intervention, plan-led/development-led system, distribution of planning power, and level of participation” (Jeon, 2023). Consistent trends result from this: (a) landowners typically cannot outperform the government in terms of land use; (b) the courts continue to hold deferential view?on planning decisions regardless of the balancing requirement, while?plaintiff standing was expanded, and the scope of judicial review was broadened; and (c) participatory elements have expanded, at least in terms of procedures. Meanwhile, there have also been inconsistent?aspects: even though Korean urban planning law has been pursuing a plan-led system like “planning before development,” there was opposite transition such as the overabundance of special laws and the central and local governments' planning power has occasionally been expanded or distributed, This paper attempts to critically examine the problem of “uncertainty” and “unpredictability” in Korean urban planning laws through this analysis. Current urban planning, particularly use zoning, delays a significant portion of planning decisions until particular development activities are attempted?and does not ensure particular land use. The issue is that landowners have trouble to find an appropriate method of removing uncertainty?and there are no efficient appeal processes or legal principles. The direction of future regulatory improvement is discussed in this paper in order to solve such a uncertainty and unpredictability, including reorganization to provide landowners a minimum level of predictability, the establishment of legal principles and appeal procedures for urban planning, the reformation?of planning tools, and checks and balances between planning authorities.

When voters are not systematically linked to a party system, what factors play a crucial role in voters’ decisions? This study contends that in order to explain electoral choice in new democracies, it is necessary to take contextual effects into account. When traditional partisan cues fail to provide shortcuts for electoral choices, voters tend to rely upon contextual factors to gather the information necessary to make an electoral choice. Based on empirical analysis of the determinants of electoral choices in the 2004 Taiwan elections, this study demonstrates the relevance of the contextual framework to explain electoral choice in new democracies. In particular, this study finds that political discussion through informal networks is important in determining electoral choice and has an effect on voter’s conversion of preference in the 2004 Taiwan elections. The findings of this study have meaningful implications for the comparative study of electoral behavior.

This paper is an attempt to apply contextual analysis to the first U.S.-North Korean nuclear negotiations. Contextual analysis demonstrates the ways in which North Korea, in an exceptionally harsh domestic and external environment, made concerted efforts to create a favorable context for negotiations and achieved favorable negotiations outcomes. This research shows that “context creation” in the U.S.-North Korean nuclear negotiations is a key factor in the successful negotiation of a favorable outcome for North Korea in the face of a vastly superior power. North Korea created this favorable context by using an “exit” strategy, which paralyzed the influence of their other negotiating partner, South Korea, and induced the rapprochement of their less tough partner, the U.S. Many dynamic factors are part of the way a negotiation context changes. This study focuses on the “exit” strategy, which is one of the strategies used to change the context and which gave a favorable outcome to a considerably weaker participant in negotiation.

Objectives: While there have been many quantitative studies on the public's attitude towards mental illnesses, it is hard to find quantitative study which focused on the contextual effect on the public's attitude. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that affect the public's beliefs and attitudes including contextual effects. Methods: We analyzed survey on the public's beliefs and attitudes towards mental illness in Korea with multi-level analysis. We analyzed the public's beliefs and attitudes in terms of prejudice as an intermediate outcome and social distance as a final outcome. Then, we focused on the associations of factors, which were individual and regional socioeconomic factors, familiarity, and knowledge based on the comparison of the intermediate and final outcomes. Results: Prejudice was not explained by regional variables but was only correlated with individual factors. Prejudice increased with age and decreased by high education level. However, social distance controlling for prejudice increased in females, in people with a high education level, and in regions with a high education level and a high proportion of the old. Therefore, social distance without controlling for prejudice increased in females, in the elderly, in highly educated people, and in regions with a high education and aged community. Conclusions: The result of the multi-level analysis for the regional variables suggests that social distance for mental illness are not only determined by individual factors but also influenced by the surroundings so that it could be tackled sufficiently with appropriate considering of the relevant regional context with individual characteristics.

Analysing online reviews is crucial for understanding user sentiments, yet sarcasm often hinders accurate sentiment evaluation. In this systematic literature review (SLR), we addressed the challenging task of sarcasm detection in online reviews, focusing on two key aspects: emotional transitions within reviews and the capabilities of contextual embedding techniques. Due to the context-sensitive and multifaceted nature of sarcasm, most traditional natural language processing (NLP) systems struggle to detect sentiment accurately. To identify sentiment shifts indicative of sarcasm, this systematic literature review (SLR) examines existing literature on emotion transitions within review texts. This review aims to illuminate the linguistic cues associated with sarcastic sentiment reversals. In order to identify these cues more effectively, we further explore the application of advanced contextual embedding models, such as BERT and ELMo, for their ability to detect and analyse sarcastic expressions. By synthesising these findings, we offer a comprehensive overview of current approaches to sarcasm detection in sentiment analysis. Additionally, this review critically analyses the limitations of existing methods and proposes potential avenues for improvement. We aim to explicate the effectiveness of sarcasm detection in sentiment analysis applications used on social media platforms like X (Twitter), Reddit, Facebook, and WeChat. In brief, this review provides valuable insights into the field of sentiment analysis and emotion detection, paving the way for the development of NLP systems with a refined ability to discern intricate emotional and contextual embedding in online reviews.

Public service motivation (PSM) has been found to predict job satisfaction (JS) of government and nonprofit organization employees in many varied industry, job grade, country, and culture contexts. However, the role that culture plays in this link, vis-a-vis the politico-economic context of countries, is not well understood. This meta-analysis looks at a combined sample size of 45,812 individuals, from 10 countries and 32 studies; and attempts to disambiguate the influence of these two moderators. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression techniques are employed to test hypotheses and contribute toward theory building. The study finds Asian countries to have a stronger correlation between PSM and JS, compared to Western countries; while two cultural traits, performance orientation and gender egalitarianism, demonstrate significantly higher strengthening impact in correlation effect sizes in Asia vis-a-vis the West. Future research directions and limitations are discussed.