Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Frequency and Functions of IT-clefts and WH-clefts 2.1. IT-clefts and WH-clefts in Spoken and Written Discourse 2.2. Focused Elements in IT-clefts and WH-clefts 2.3. IT-clefts in Spoken Discourse 2.4. WH-clefts in Spoken Discourse 2.5. IT-clefts and WH-clefts in Written Discourse 3. Information Structures of IT-clefts and WH-clefts 4. Conclusion References