Earticle

Objective To investigate whether patterns of swallowing diffi culties were associated with the location of the brain lesion, cognitive function, and severity of stroke in stroke patients. Method Seventy-six patients with fi rst-time acute stroke were included in the present investigation. Swallowingrelated parameters, which were assessed videofluoroscopically, included impairment of lip closure, decreased tongue movement, amount of oral remnant, premature loss of food material, delay in oral transit time, laryngeal elevation, delay in pharyngeal triggering time, presence of penetration or aspiration, and the amount of vallecular and pyriform sinus remnants. The locations of brain lesions were classified into the frontal, parietotemporal,subcortical, medulla, pons, and cerebellum. Th e degree of cognitive impairment and the severity of stroke were assessed by the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) and the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS),respectively. Results An insufficient laryngeal elevation, the amount of pyriform sinus, and vallecular space remnant in addition to the incidence of aspiration were correlated with medullary infarction. Other swallowing parameters were not related to lesion topology. Lip closure dysfunction, decreased tongue movement, increased oral remnant and premature loss were associated with low MMSE scores. A delayed oral transit time were associated with NIHSS scores. Conclusion In-coordination of the lip, the tongue, and the oropharynx were associated with the degree of cognitive impairment and the stroke severity rather than with the location of the lesion, whereas incomplete laryngeal elevation and aspiration were predominant in medullary lesions.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of group music therapy on brain waves, behavior, and cognitive function among patients with chronic schizophrenia. Methods: A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design was used with nonequivalent control group. The potential participants were recruited from inpatients in a psychiatric facility in a metropolitan city, assigned either to the experimental group (n = 28) or to the control group (n = 27) according to their wards to avoid treatment contamination. The experimental group participated in the group music therapy for 13 sessions over 7 weeks while continuing their standard treatment. The control group only received a standard treatment provided in the hospitals. The outcome measures include brain wave by electroencephalography, behavior by Nurses’ Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation, and cognitive function by Mini-Mental State Examination. Results: After participating in 13 sessions of the group music therapy, alpha waves measured from eight different sites were consistently present for the experimental group (p = .006-.045) than the control group, revealing that the participants in the music therapy may have experienced more joyful emotions throughout the sessions. The experimental group also showed improved cognitive function (F = 13.46, p = .001) and positive behavior (social competence, social interest & personal neatness) while their negative behaviors was significantly less than those of the control group (F = 24.04, p < .001). Conclusion: The group music therapy used in this study was an effective intervention for improving emotional relaxation, cognitive processing abilities along with positive behavioral changes in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Our results can be useful for establishing intervention strategies toward psychiatric rehabilitation for those who suffer from chronic mental illnesses.

Traumatic brain injury is a main cause of long-term neurological disability, and many patients suffer from cognitive impairment for a lengthy period. Cognitive impairment is a fatal malady to that limits active rehabilitation, and functional recovery in patients with traumatic brain injury. In severe cases, it is impossible to assess cognitive function precisely, and severe cognitive impairment makes it difficult to establish a rehabilitation plan, as well as evaluate the course of rehabilitation. Evaluation of cognitive function is essential for establishing a rehabilitation plan, as well as evaluating the course of rehabilitation. We report a case of the analysis of electroencephalography with global synchronization index and low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography applied, for evaluation of cognitive function that was difficult with conventional tests, due to severe cognitive impairment in a 77-year-old male patient that experienced traumatic brain injury.

We wanted to find the intensity of exercise that could increase brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and improve spatial learning and memory without dietary control. C57BL/6 mice were fed a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks to induce obesity. Obesity-induced mice were exercised on a treadmill for 8 weeks at various exercise intensities: HFD-control (n= 7), HFD-low-intensity exercise (HFD-LIE, n= 7, 12 m/min for 75 min), HFD-middle intensity exercise (HFD-MIE, n= 7, 15 m/min for 60 min) and HFD-high-intensity exercise (HFD-HIE, n= 7, 18 m/min for 50 min). One week before sacrificing mice, the Morris water maze test was performed, and the hippocampus was immediately removed after sacrifice. The expression levels of BDNF (encoded by the gene Bdnf) and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) in the hippocampus were analyzed by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction and western blot. In the last probe test of the Morris water maze test, occupancy in the target quadrant was significantly higher in the HFD-HIE group (P< 0.05) than in the other groups. In addition, mRNA expression from the Bdnf promoter region was found to be significantly higher in the HFD-HIE group than in the other groups (P< 0.001). Although there were some differences in the levels of significance, the expression levels of both BDNF and TrkB were significantly higher in the HFD-HIE group than in the other groups. Therefore, relatively high-intensity aerobic exercise can resist the adverse effects of a high-fat diet on the brain without dietary control.

Objective Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms are associated with the deficit in executive functions. Playing Go involves many aspect of cognitive function and we hypothesized that it would be effective for children with ADHD. Methods Seventeen drug naïve children with ADHD and seventeen age and sex matched comparison subjects were participated. Participants played Go under the instructor’s education for 2 hours/day, 5 days/week. Before and at the end of Go period, clinical symptoms, cognitive functions, and brain EEG were assessed with Dupaul’s ADHD scale (ARS), Child depression inventory (CDI), digit span, the Children’s Color Trails Test (CCTT), and 8-channel QEEG system (LXE3208, Laxtha Inc., Daejeon, Korea). Results There were significant improvements of ARS total score (z=2.93, p<0.01) and inattentive score (z=2.94, p<0.01) in children with ADHD. However, there was no significant change in hyperactivity score (z=1.33, p=0.18). There were improvement of digit total score (z=2.60, p<0.01; z=2.06, p=0.03), digit forward score (z=2.21, p=0.02; z=2.02, p=0.04) in both ADHD and healthy comparisons. In addition, ADHD children showed decreased time of CCTT-2 (z=2.21, p=0.03). The change of theta/beta right of prefrontal cortex during 16 weeks was greater in children with ADHD than in healthy comparisons (F=4.45, p=0.04). The change of right theta/ beta in prefrontal cortex has a positive correlation with ARS-inattention score in children with ADHD (r=0.44, p=0.03). Conclusion We suggest that playing Go would be effective for children with ADHD by activating hypoarousal prefrontal function and enhancing executive function.

A walking-based exercise program, called the cognitive walking pro-gram (CWP), has been shown to be beneficial for improving cognitive function in healthy older adults. It remains unknown whether it is bene-ficial for improving motor function of the brain. We investigated the ef-fects of CWP on motor function of the brain by examining changes in interlimb transfer of visuomotor adaptation in older adults. Subjects were divided based on their physical activity level (active vs. sedentary) and participated in CWP. A control group performed normal walking. Fifty-two healthy older adults, 67–78 years old, were studied. All sub-jects participated in CWP or normal walking for 6 months. To assess brain motor function, all subjects adapted to a rotated visual display during reaching movements with the right arm first, then with the left arm. Interlimb transfer of visuomotor adaptation was assessed at base-line, 3 months, and 6 months after training onset. It was hypothesized that if CWP had beneficial effects, the extent of transfer would change over time. The subject’s physical fitness was also assessed. Significant transfer from the right to the left arm occurred in all subject groups. Im-provements in physical fitness were also observed. However, the extent of transfer did not change even after 6 months, with no group differ-ence. Findings suggest that though beneficial for improving cognitive function in older adults, participating in CWP for 6 months is not long enough to improve brain motor function when the motor function is re-flected as changes in interlimb transfer of visuomotor adaptation.

본 연구는 뇌기반 소근육 협응운동프로그램이 노인의 인지기능 및 뇌파 고유리듬과 두뇌 영역별 상호작용에 미치 는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 이를위해 ㅇ시 ㅇ구에 소재 노인복지관을 이용하는 65세 이상 노인을 대상으로 실험집단 18명 통제집단 17명에 대하여 분석하였다. 뇌기반 소근육 협응운동프로그램 효과 검정을 위하여 MMSE-DS 질문지와 8채널 뇌파검사를 실시하였다. 그 결과, MMSE-DS는 사전에 비해 사후에 실험집단은 평균값이 유의미하게 높아졌고, 통제집단은 유의미하게 낮아졌다. 뇌파 고유리듬(PF)은 사전에 비해 사후에 실험집단이 Fp1, Fp2영역에서 유의미한 증가를 보였다. 집단 간에는 Fp2, P3영역에서 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 두뇌 영역별 상호상관관계 맵핑은 사전에 비해 사후에 실험집단은 F3-F4, F4-T3, F3-T4, T3-P4, T4-P3, P3-P4간 상호 상관성이 높아졌으며, 통제집단은 Fp1-Fp2간 상관성이 낮아졌다. 이상 결과는 뇌기반 소근육 협응운동프로그램이 좌·우뇌 협응력과 말초신경의 감각영 역을 자극 생리적 노화의 억제와 치매예방 및 지연에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

This study aims to investigate the effect of brain-based small muscle coordination exercise program on the cognitive function, brainwave intrinsic rhythm, and brain regions of the elderly. For this purpose, analysis was performed for the results of tests conducted on 18 seniors in the experimental group and 17 seniors in the control group aged 65 years or older who used senior welfare centers located in ㅇ-gu, ㅇ-si of Korea. In order to test the effectiveness of the brain-based small muscle coordination exercise program during this research, the MMSE-DS questionnaire was used for the subjects and the 8-channel electroencephalogram test was performed. As a result of the test, the mean value of the MMSE-DS after running the program was significantly higher in the experimental group and significantly lower in the control group compared to the average value before running the program. For the brain wave intrinsic rhythm (PF), the experimental group after running the program showed a significant increase in the Fp1 and Fp2 regions compared to that before running the program. For the inter-correlation mapping for each brain region, the experimental group showed higher inter-correlation between F3-F4, F4-T3, F3-T4, T3-P4, T4-P3, and P3-P4, and the control group showed lower inter-correlation, when comparing before and after the program. Looking at the above results, it is considered that the brain-based small muscle coordination exercise program can help suppress physiological aging and prevent and delay dementia by encouraging left and right brain coordination and stimulating the sensory areas of the peripheral nerves.

본 연구는 중년여성을 대상으로 1회성 브레인요가 수련이 인지 기능과 심박변이도에 미치는 즉각적 효과를 확인하고, 단기기억력 변화와 자율신경계 반응 양상을 함께 분석하는 데 목적이 있다. 브레인요가 수행 후 단기기억력은 유의하게 향상되었으며, 심박변이도에서는 HF와 SDNN이 감소하는 변화가 나타났다. 이는 단순한 이완 반응이라기보다 인지적·신체적 활성 증가에 따른 급성 자율신경계 반응으로 해석되었다. 브레인요가는 중년여성의 인지 기능을 단시간 내 촉진할 수 있는 프로그램으로 활용 가능성이 있으며, 향후에는 중재 기간 확대, 측정 시점 다양화, 반복 설계 고도화를 통해 치유·건강증진 프로그램으로의 적용 가능성을 더 구체화할 필요가 있다.

This study aimed to examine the immediate effects of a single-session brain yoga practice on cognitive function and heart rate variability in middle-aged women, with particular focus on changes in short-term memory and autonomic nervous system responses. The results indicated a significant improvement in short-term memory following the brain yoga session. In contrast, decreases in HF and SDNN were observed among heart rate variability indices, suggesting autonomic nervous system responses related to acute cognitive and physical activation rather than relaxation. These findings suggest that brain yoga may be an effective intervention for enhancing cognitive function in middle-aged women. Future studies should explore different intervention durations, repeated-session designs, and diverse measurement protocols to further clarify its physiological and cognitive benefits.

본 연구의 목적은 젊은 비만 성인을 대상으로 8주간의 유산소 트레이닝과 시지각 시스템을 활용한 유산소 트레이 닝이 BDNF와 인지기능 및 건강관련 체력에 미치는 영향을 검증하는 것이다. 연구대상은 경기도 소재의 B대학교 학생 및 B 시 소재에 거주하는 만 19-24세 비만 남·여로서, 체지방률은 남성 24% 이상, 여성 29% 이상인 자로 총 22명을 대상으로 하였으며 유산소 트레이닝 그룹(AEG)와 시지각 트레이닝 훈련시스템을 활용한 유산소 트레이닝 그룹(VFG) 로 나누어 연구를 진행하였다. 그 결과 본 연구에서는 다음과 같은 결론이 도출되었다. 첫째, 운동의 형태는 상이했으나 두 그룹 모두 유산소 트레이닝은 체중, 체지방률, 체지방량, 심폐지구력, 근력, 근지구력, 유연성 개선에 효과를 나타냈다. 둘째, 시지각 운동프로그램을 활용한 유산소 트레이닝이 인지기능 향상에 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study is to verify the effects of an 8-week aerobic training and an aerobic training with visuoperceptual feedback on the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cognitive function and health-related physical fitness in younger adults with obesity. The subjects in this study were obese male and female adults aged 19-24 years among those attending B University and residing in B City. The body fat ratio was 24% or above in males and 29% or above in females across 22 subjects in total. The subjects were divided into two groups; the aerobic exercise group (AEG) and the aerobic exercise with visuo-perceptual function exercise group (VFG). Based on the results, the following conclusions were drawn: First, aerobic training in both groups, despite the variation in exercise type, had a positive effect in improving the body weight, body fat ratio, body fat mass, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and endurance, and agility. Second, the aerobic training with visuoperceptual feedback was found to have effectively improved cognitive function.

본 연구는 밸런스 운동이 인지기능 경계 노인의 인지기능(MMSE-DS), 기능적 체력(상·하지 근력 및 평형성), 뇌 파의 고유리듬 주파수(Peak Frequency, PF), 및 뇌파 주파수대역(알파파, 세타파) 변화에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 연구대상자는 MMSE-DS 점수가 20~26점에 해당하는 65세 이상 노인 40명으로 구성되었으며, 이들을 밸런스 운동에 참여한 실험집단과 일상생활을 유지한 통제집단으로 무작위 배정하여 8주간 중재를 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 실험집단에 서는 MMSE-DS 점수가 유의하게 증가한 반면(p<.000), 통제집단에서는 유의한 감소가 나타났다. 또한, 실험집단은 하 지 근력과 평형성에서도 유의한 향상이 있었으나(p<.05), 통제집단에서는 유의한 변화가 없었다. 뇌파 분석 결과, 실험집 단에서는 전전두엽과 전두엽(Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4), 그리고 좌측 측두엽(T3)에서 고유리듬 주파수(PF)가 유의하게 증가하 였다(p<.001). 더불어, 알파파 활성도는 증가하고 세타파는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이는 밸런스 운동이 전전두엽과 측두엽의 기능을 활성화시켜 인지기능 개선에 기여할 수 있음을 시사한다. 이러한 결과는 밸런스 운동이 인지기능 유지 및 향상에 긍정적인 영향을 줄 수 있으며, 인지기능 훈련 프로그램 개발에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있음을 나타낸다.

This study analyzed the effects of balance exercise on cognitive function (MMSE-DS), functional fitness (upper and lower limb strength and balance), peak frequency (PF) of brain waves, and changes in brainwave frequency bands(alpha and theta waves) in elderly individuals with borderline cognitive function. The study participants included 40 older adults aged 65 years or older with MMSE-DS scores ranging from 20 to 26. They were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (participating in balance exercises) or a control group (maintaining daily activities) for an 8-week intervention. The results showed a significant increase in MMSE-DS scores in the experimental group (p<.000), while a significant decrease was observed in the control group. Additionally, lower limb strength and balance significantly improved in the experimental group (p<.05), whereas no significant changes were observed in the control group. EEG analysis revealed a significant increase in peak frequency (PF) in the prefrontal and frontal lobes (Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4) as well as the left temporal lobe (T3) in the experimental group (p<.001). Moreover, alpha wave activity increased, while theta wave activity showed a decreasing trend. These findings suggest that balance exercise may contribute to cognitive function improvement by enhancing activity in the prefrontal and temporal lobes. These results indicate that balance exercise can positively influence the maintenance and improvement of cognitive function and may serve as a foundational reference for the development of cognitive training programs.

본 연구는 SMR 중심주파수를 이용한 뇌기능조절 훈련이 배드민턴 선수의 대뇌 네트워킹과 인지기능에 미치는 영향을 규명하는데 목적을 가지고 있다. 이러한 연구의 목적을 달성하고자 2020년 배드민턴 후보선수단 동계합숙 훈련에 참여한 60명의 선수를 대상으로 실험집단과 통제집단으로 구성하였다. 자료수집은 대뇌 네트워킹(F3, F4, T3, T4, P3, P4, O1, O2)은 브레인 맵핑을 사용하여 활성 지수를 수집하였다. 또한 인지기능은 두뇌 학습 시스템을 사용하여 단기기 억, 판단속도, 집중력을 측정하였다. 수집한 자료를 토대로 대뇌 네트워킹과 인지기능에 대한 집단과 시기에 따른 상호작 용 효과를 검증하고자 이원변량분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, 28개 대뇌 네트워킹 중 10개의 경로 (F3F4, F3T4, F3O1, F3O2, F4T4, F4P3, F4O2, T3O2, P4O1, P4O2)에서 집단과 시기에 의한 유의한 상호작용 효과 가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 인지기능의 판단속도와 집중력은 집단과 시기에 의한 유의한 상호작용 효과가 있는 것으 로 나타났다. 따라서 스포츠 현장에서 시합을 준비하는 워밍업 시간이나 대기하는 동안 시합을 위한 심리훈련기법으로 활용될 수 있음을 제시한다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of brain function regulation training using SMR center frequency on cerebral networking and cognitive function of badminton athletes. To achieve the purpose of this study, 60 athletes who participated in the winter camp training for badminton candidates in 2020 were composed of an experimental group and a control group. For data collection, cerebral networking (F3, F4, T3, T4, P3, P4, O1, O2) used brain mapping to collect activity index. Also, for cognitive function, short-term memory, judgment speed, and concentration were measured using brain education system. Based on the collected data, the following conclusions were drawn as a result of a two-way ANOVA analysis to mutual effects of cerebral networking and cognitive function according to groups and periods. First, 10 pathways (F3F4, F3T4, F3O1, F3O2, F4T4, F4P3, F4O2, T3O2, P4O1, P4O2) out of 28 cerebral networking showed significant interaction effects by group and time. Second, it was found that the judgment speed and concentration of cognitive function had a significant mutual effect by group and time. Therefore, it is suggested that it can be used as a psychological training technique for a game during the warm-up time or waiting for a match at the sports field.

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the validity of the Korean Computerized Neuro-psychological Test in measurement of cognitive functioning in patients with brain damage. Methods: Eight tests of Korean Computerized Neuro-psychological Test, (1) Simple Reaction time, (2) Choice Reaction time, (3) Color Word Vigilance, (4) Digit Classification, (5) Digit Addition, (6) Symbol Digit Substitution, (7) Digit Span, (8)Finger Tapping Speed, were administered to the 30 patients who had impairments in cognitive function. Mini Mental State Examination-K (MMSE-K), and Purdue Pegboard Test were also administered compare with the computerized tests. Results: It was found that Choice Reaction time, Color Word Vigilance, Digit Classification, Digit Addition, Symbol digit Substitution, and Digit Span of computerized tests were acceptable in the patients who had MMSE-K score of 20 and more than 20. And Simple Reaction Time was found to be a useful test in the patients with MMSE-K score of less than 20. MMSE-K scores were highly correlated with Choice Reaction time, Color Word Vigilance, Digit Classification, Digit Span of computerized test. The scores of Purdue Pegboard were also highly correlated with the scores of Finger Tapping Speed, In computerized tests, Choice Reaction time, Color Word Vigilance, Digit Classification, and Digit Span were correlated with each other. Conclusions: The results suggested that Korean Computerized Neuro-psychological Test was found to be a useful test in measurement and rehabilitation of patients with cognitive impairments.

본 연구의 목적은 뇌병변 장애인의 기초 인지지각과 운전적성 능력과의 관련성을 알아보고 운전능력 향상을 위해 인지지각 훈련의 중요성을 제시하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 2011년 1월부터 2011년 9월까지 N원 운전평가 클리닉에서 가상현실운전시뮬레이터를 이용한 운전평가가 의뢰된 뇌병변 장애인 31명을 대상으로 K-MMSE (Korean version-Mini Mental State Examination)와 MVPT (Motor-free Visual Perception Test)를 이용한 기초 인지지각능력검사를 실시하였고, 가상현실 운전시뮬레이터를 이용한 운전 적성검사를 실시하였다. 결과 : K-MMSE 총점과 운전적성검사 영역의 반응시간과 동시조작 및 종합적 태도력, MVPT 총점과는 핸들조작 및 판 단력, 동시조작 및 종합적 태도력에서 통계적으로 유의한 상관성을 보였다. 결론 : 기초 인지지각이 운전적성 및 운전수행에 영향을 준다는 것을 예측할 수 있었고, 따라서 운전수행 기술 향상을 위 한 인지지각 향상 훈련이 중요함을 제시할 수 있었다. 또한, 현재 국내 인지재활치료 현장에서 운전이라는 특성화된 수 행 영역에 적합한 인지지각 평가 도구 및 인지지각 훈련 프로그램이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study was to verify the relationship between the basic perceptual-cognitive function and driving aptitude after a brain injury, and to suggest the importance of the cognitive perception of training to improve driving skills. Methods : From January to September 2011, 31 brain injury patients were referred to a driving clinic at the National Rehabilitation Center. All participants were evaluated using a virtual driving simulator driving assessment, K-MMSE (Korean version-Mini Mental State Examination), and MVPT (Motor-free Visual Perception Test). Results : The total K-MMSE score showed correlations with the reaction time and steering wheel and pedal operation ability in terms of driving aptitude. In addition, the total MVPT score showed correlations with judgment, and steering wheel and pedal operation ability, in terms of driving aptitude. Conclusion : This study found that basic perceptual-cognitive function influences the driving aptitude and driving performance, and suggests the importance of perceptual-cognitive training for driving. Also, the results of this study imply that we need a cognitive-perceptual assessment tool and cognitive-perceptual training program for driving as a specialized area in domestic cognitive-rehabilitation clinics.

Objective Methamphetamine (METH) is a neurotoxic substance that can induce neurodegeneration in the human brain. Consequently chronic METH use can affect the cognitive functions in METH-dependent patients. In this study, we aimed to identify the relationship between cognitive function and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which reflects the status of neuroadaptive changes, by characterizing the effects on the cognitive function of METH-dependent patients.Methods A total of 38 METH-dependent patients participated in this study. BDNF levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We also examined the clinical features based on the measurements of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease-Korean version (CERAD-K). Finally, the relationships between various parts of CERAD-K and BDNF were compared with one another.Results METH-dependent patients were able to conduct most parts of CERAD-K stably. Among the parts of CERAD-K, only trail-making test part B was correlated with BDNF.Conclusion The trail-making test is specific for evaluating executive function; therefore, BDNF may play an essential role in detecting neurocognitive functional decline in METH dependence.

Objective Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms are associated with the deficit in executive functions. Playing Go involves many aspect of cognitive function and we hypothesized that it would be effective for children with ADHD. Methods Seventeen drug naive children with ADHD and seventeen age and sex matched comparison subjects were participated. Participants played Go under the instructor’s education for 2 hours/day, 5 days/week. Before and at the end of Go period, clinical symptoms, cognitive functions, and brain EEG were assessed with Dupaul’s ADHD scale (ARS), Child depression inventory (CDI), digit span, the Children’s Color Trails Test (CCTT), and 8-channel QEEG system (LXE3208, Laxtha Inc., Daejeon, Korea). Results There were significant improvements of ARS total score (z=2.93, p<0.01) and inattentive score (z=2.94, p<0.01) in children with ADHD. However, there was no significant change in hyperactivity score (z=1.33, p=0.18). There were improvement of digit total score (z=2.60, p<0.01; z=2.06, p=0.03), digit forward score (z=2.21, p=0.02; z=2.02, p=0.04) in both ADHD and healthy comparisons. In addition, ADHD children showed decreased time of CCTT-2 (z=2.21, p=0.03). The change of theta/beta right of prefrontal cortex during 16 weeks was greater in children with ADHD than in healthy comparisons (F=4.45, p=0.04). The change of right theta/ beta in prefrontal cortex has a positive correlation with ARS-inattention score in children with ADHD (r=0.44, p=0.03). Conclusion We suggest that playing Go would be effective for children with ADHD by activating hypoarousal prefrontal function and enhancing executive function.

The aim of this study is to explore the effects of combined treatment of chlorella intake and exercise training on antioxidant enzyme activity and cognitive funtion in brain of type 2 diabetic mice. Forty male C57BL/ KsJ-db/db, 5 weeks old, were used. Experimental groups were randomly divided into 4 groups : DM (diabetic control group, n=10), DM+Ex (diabetic exercise group, n=10), DM+Ch (daibetic chlorella intake group, n=10), and DM+Ch+Ex (diabetic chlorella intake+exercise group, n=10). In the exercised groups, the mice exercise treadmill for 30 min/day, 5 days/week (1-4 weeks, 10 m/min or 5-8 weeks, 12 m/min) for 8 weeks. Data analysis was done by computer using SPSS (Ver.18.0) and one-way ANOVA; the results of this study are as follows: the DM+Ex group and DM+Ch+Ex group showed a significant increase in SOD activity of antioxidant enzymes compared to the control group; DM+Ch+Ex group showed a significant increase in CAT, GPx activity of antioxidant enzymes compared to the control group; the DM+Ex group and DM+Ch+Ex group showed a significant decrease in HOMA-IR level compared to the control group; DM+Ch+Ex group showed a significant decrease of escape latency compared to the control group. In conclusion, treadmill exercise and chlorella intake was a effective method to improve antioxidant system.

Purpose: This study investigated whether the combined application of treadmill exercise and vitamin D injections exerts neuroprotective effects in nonpathological mice by enhancing cognitive function, regulating immune responses, preserving blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, and improving mitochondrial efficiency. Methods: Forty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to control, exercise (EX), vitamin D (VD), or combined treatment (EXVD) groups. After 20 weeks of intervention, behavioral, molecular, and cellular analyses were performed to assess cognitive function, immune responses, BBB integrity, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial efficiency. Results: The EXVD group demonstrated superior spatial learning and memory compared to the other groups. Vitamin D treatment significantly increased plasma interleukin-10 and tight junction protein levels, while exercise alone elevated hippocampal tumor necrosis factor-α. Combined treatment reduced astrocyte activation, maintained BBB integrity, and improved mitochondrial respiratory efficiency without increasing oxidative stress. Expression of antioxidant enzymes was decreased in the VD and EXVD groups, indicating improved redox balance. Conclusions: Treadmill exercise and vitamin D injections confer neuroprotective effects in nonpathological mice by enhancing cognition, reducing neuroinflammation, and improving both BBB integrity and mitochondrial function. These findings highlight the potential of nonpharmacological strategies to support brain health even in the absence of disease.

In order to develop silk peptide (SP) preparations possessing cognition-enhancing effect, several candidates were screened through in vitro assays, and their effectiveness was investigated in facilitated brain aging model rats. Incubation of brain acetyl-cholinesterase with SP-PN (1-1,000 ${\mu}g/ml$) led to inhibition of the enzyme activity up to 35%, in contrast to a negligible effect of SP-NN. The expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) mRNA of neural stem cells expressing ChAT gene (F3.ChAT) was increased by 24-hour treatment with 10 and 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ SP-NN (1.35 and 2.20 folds) and SP-PN (2.40 and 1.34 folds). Four-week subcutaneous injections with D-galactose (150 mg/kg) increased activated hippocampal astrocytes to 1.7 folds (a marker of brain injury and aging), decreased acetylcholine concentration in cerebrospinal fluid by 45-50%, and thereby impaired learning and memory function in passive avoidance and water-maze performances. Oral treatment with SP preparations (50 or 300 mg/kg) for 5 weeks from 1 week prior to D-galactose injection exerted recovering activities on acetylcholine depletion and brain injury/aging as well as cognitive deficit induced by D-galactose. The results indicate that SP preparations restore cognitive functions of facilitated brain aging model rats by increasing the release of acetylcholine, in addition to neuroprotective activity.