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Concept about health is rapidly changed into 21C. thinking logic of customer about food is changed from just food to safety food by disposition of consumption about foodsafety. But government, manufacturer, distribution trader and seller which have different recognitions about foodsafety lose trust of customer. Because they did't focus on thinking changed of customer about foodsafety. Our thinking about rapidly changed food safety being intergrated with IT technology is helping to expand and supply into market. In this article, We'll study Traceability System about cattle and pig related to food. this system was developed in livestock market. In this study, we problems from these systems after studying present construction positions of these systems and purpose of this study is investigation of actual use condition. Also purpose of this study abstracts problems which will be developed and researched.

본 연구는 전자식별칩(RF-ID)를 활용한 생산이력추적 시스템을 도입하여 가축의 생산, 도축, 가공 및 유통단계에 있어 효율성을 증진시키고 소비자들에게 질 좋고 위생적인 한우육을 제공할 수 있도록 발전시키기 위하여 수행하였다. 생산이력추적 시스템의 기본이 되는 새로운 개체식별 바코드, 등록번호 및 농장번호를 고려하여 관리, 자료의 수집과 저장이 용이하도록 설계되었다. 특히 이 시스템은 1) 가축관리를 위하여 표준 전자 식별칩(RF-ID), 표준이표, 마이크로칩 그리고 이표식별 장비를 제공하고, 2) 한우육 상표 보장을 통해 소비자를 보호하고 3) 품질 좋은 한우육을 생산하는 농가에게 인센티브를 제공하고 4) 국가적 개체관리에 있어 획일한 시스템을 제공하는데 그 목적이 있다. 몇몇 농가조합에 적용한 결과와 모 백화점에서 실시한 시범사업 결과 RF-ID 시스템 사용에 대한 가능성을 볼 수 있었다.

This study was conducted to develop a traceability system for systematic animal identifi- cation to increase efficiency of animal production, post production and processing to ensure that quality and sanitary meat products reach the consumers of the entire country. The new animal identification traceability system was designed for easy management, data collection and storage considering bar code, registration number and farm number.Specifically the system aimed 1) To provide standard radio frequency technology identification (RF-ID) for livestock management, standard of ear tag, microchip and ear tag identification equipment, 2) To guarantee meat product label thereby safeguarding the consumers 3) To give incentives to farmers for producing quality meat products and 4) To provide unified system for national livestock management.Results of the research which started in July 2003 which was used by several farmers’ cooperatives and Department Store revealed the feasibility of using the RF-ID system although much will be done to conform to global nomenclatures.

본 논문에서는 위조 약물, 투명성 부족 및 추적 문제 등 전통적인 시스템에서 발생하는 문제를 해결하기 위 해 블록체인 기반의 의약품 유통 추적 시스템을 제안한다. 제안한 시스템은 권한 증명(PoA) 합의 메커니즘을 사용하 여 신뢰할 수 있는 노드 검증을 통해 거래 효율성과 신뢰성을 향상시키고, 계산 및 에너지 부담을 줄이며, 거래 확인 속도를 가속화한다. 시뮬레이션 실험 결과, PoA 메커니즘은 거래 처리량, 지연 시간 및 동시성을 유의미하게 개선하 여 시스템의 효율성 및 실시간 요구 사항을 충족하는 것으로 나타났다. 제안한 시스템은 규제 효율성 및 공공 약물 안전을 개선하는 것을 목표로 하며, 기존 시스템보다 30% 더 나은 성능을 보였다. 향후 연구에서는 PoA의 탈중앙화 최적화, 크로스 체인 기술 탐색 및 개인정보 보호 강화가 요구 된다.

This paper proposes a blockchain-based pharmaceutical circulation traceability system to address issues such as counterfeit drugs, lack of transparency, and traceability challenges in traditional systems. The system employs the Proof of Authority (PoA) consensus mechanism, which enhances transaction efficiency and reliability through trusted node verification, reduces computational and energy burdens, and accelerates transaction confirmation. Simulation experiments show that the PoA mechanism significantly improves transaction throughput, latency, and concurrency, meeting the system's efficiency and real-time requirements. The system aims to improve regulatory efficiency and public drug safety, with performance 30% better than existing systems. Future research will focus on optimizing PoA's decentralization, exploring cross-chain technology, and enhancing privacy protection.

Concerns about food safety continue to rise and under this situation, governments of some countries have reinforced their regulations more strictly for food safety. In order to prevent food safety incidents or, at least to minimize the impact, the preparedness is very important. As a consequence of this, traceability system has become an essential tool for food safety. Recently, it requires more prevention-based food safety control system. One of the most generally used systems for food safety control is Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP). Both traceability and HACCP systems can be integrated through Electronic Product Code (EPC) Sensor Network technologies which have four value propositions. In this paper, we will introduce the concept of product and process traceability system (P2TS) through the integration of three systems to improve food safety management. The final aim is to find out the added values of the P2TS.

한우의 생산이력제에 활용 가능한 20종의 microsatellite marker를 선정하고 다형성지수, F-통계량, 동일개체 출현확률, 친자감별 확률 및 유전적 거리지수 등을 MSA, CERVUS, FSTAT, GENEPOP, API-CALC 및 PHYLIP 프로그램 등을 연계적으로 활용하여 추정하였다. Heter- ozygosity 추정치에 근거하여 선발한 11개의 microsatellite(TGLA53, TGLA227, ETH185, TGLA122, BM4305, INRA23, ILSTS013, BMS1747, BM2113, BM2113, BL1009와 ETH3)는 Applied Biosystems사의 StockMakersTM와 비교하여 100배 정도의 동일개체 출현확률이 낮아 한우의 생산이력제 적용에 보다 효율적인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 DA 유전적 거리지수와 pairwise-FST 추정치를 활용하여 근접지역의 농장간 근연관계의 정도를 파악할 수 있는 자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

To test applicability to the Hanwoo traceability system, twenty microsatellite markers were selected and analyzed. MSA, CERVUS, FSTAT, GENEPOP, API_CALC and PHYLIP software was employed serially to estimate heterozygosity, polymorphic information content, F-statistics, identity probability, exclusion probability and genetic distance. Eleven microsatellite markers(TGLA53, TGLA227, ETH185, TGLA122, BM4305, INRA23, ILSTS013, BMS1747, BM2113, BL1009, and ETH3) were selected based on their high heterozygosity values. Identity probability using these markers is one hundred times higher than when using StockMakersTM of Applied Biosystems. This indicates the selected microsatellite markers are appropriate and effective for use in the Hanwoo traceability system. Additionally, estimates of DA genetic distance and pairwise-FST can be utilized to identify genetic relationships between adjacent farms.

지구 온난화, 화석연료의 고갈 등이 중요한 문제로 대두됨에 따라 전기자동차가 관심을 얻고 있다. 그러나 배터리 충전 시간, 높은 배터리 제조비용 등은 전기자동차가 널리 보급되는데 장애요인이 되고 있다. 이런 기술적 문제점을 해결하기 위한 대안으로 배터리를 교체하여 운행하는 운영 방식이 개발되었다. 배터리 교체형 시스템에서는 배터리의 공급망이 복잡하기 때문에 배터리의 신뢰성 확보 및 관리의 효율화를 위해서는 배터리 이력추적 시스템의 구축도 함께 진행되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 전기자동차 배터리 이력추적 시스템에서 배터리 식별을 위해 사용될 RFID 코드를 설계하였다. 설계된 코드는 EPCglobal의 GRAI-96 표준을 기반으로 하였으며 배터리의 외형적 특성, 화학적 특성, 제조사, 제조일 등을 반영하였다. 설계된 코드는 RFID 코드뿐만 아니라 각 배터리의 개체식별번호로도 적용이 가능하다.

As global warming and depletion of fossil fuel are considered as urgent problems, the development of electric vehicle (EV) is getting more attention by automobile industry. However, the wide adoption of EVs is not coming yet, because of many issues such as long recharging time and high cost of batteries etc. As an alternative solution to the conventional battery charging EV, the idea of battery exchanging EV is introduced. To realize the battery exchanging business model, one should solve the issues of ownership and reliability of battery. To address such issues, the concept of battery sharing should be considered together with good traceability system. In this study, we studied RFID code structure to provide better visibility and traceability for shared EV batteries. The proposed RFID code and code generation system is based on GRAI-96 of EPCglobal and included factors such as chemical, physical, and manufacturing features. The designed code can be also used as the ID of each battery.

2014년 9월 11일 발표된 금연종합대책에 따라 담배가격이 2,000원 인상된 조치는 사회적 으로 상당한 파장을 불러왔다. 금연종합대책에 따라 담배가격을 파격적으로 인상한 조치는 국내 담배시장에서 불법담배의 유통을 증가시킬 것으로 예측되고 있다. WHO의 담배규제협약 FCTC(Framework Convention on Tobacco Control)에서 불법유통 담배 방지를 위한 다양한 논의가 포함되어 있으며, 추적시스템을 비롯한 디지털 필증 등 불 법담배유통을 축소시키고자 하는 국제적 노력이 시작되었다. 현재 우리나라를 비롯한 많은 국가에서 담배가격 인상에 대한 논의 및 연구는 충분히 수 행되고 있지만, 담배가격 인상에 따른 부작용을 보다 체계적으로 분석한 연구는 여전히 찾 아보기 어렵다. 따라서 본 연구는 담배가격과 불법담배유통량 간의 관계를 명확하게 밝혀, 담배가격의 탄력성에 따른 불법담배유통량 증감을 추정함으로써 앞으로 정책대안으로 활용 될 수 있도록 하는데 주된 목적이 있다. 연구결과, 담배가격이 10% 인상되었을 때 마다 불법유통담배는 6.25% 증가하는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 제품 판독표시가 담배표지에 포함된 국가일수록 불법담배유통 비중이 낮 으며, 전체를 놓고 비교하였을 때, 판독표시가 있는 국가는 평균보다 59.2% 가량 불법유통 담배 유통량이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 이는 담배제품의 경로추적 시스템을 도입 하였을 시 충분한 편익을 가져다 줄 수 있음을 시사하고 있다. 불법담배유통량의 담배가격에 대한 가 격탄력성을 추정하고 불법담배유통량을 통제하기 위한 경로추적 시스템을 도입함으로써 예 상되는 효과를 전망하기 위한 기초연구로 의미가 있다.

South Korean government raised the price of cigarette from 2,500KRW to 4,500KRW per unit in November 2014 in order to discourage cigarette consumption. This resulted in significant negative impact on cigarette market in South Korea by increased volume of cigarette marketing in black market. Distribution of cigarette in black market has a long history with government’s surveillance. In order to completely eliminate illegan marketing of cigarette in black market, it is necessary to establish a traceability system, and recently coding technology enables inspection, verification, monitoring, inventory management and product tracking of cigarette in more diverse ways. This allows authorities in South Korea to be able to control illegal marketing of cigarettes more effectivley. increased price of cigarette in Korea is expected to result in increased illegal marketing of cigarette, thus establishment of traceability is becoming an imperative in Korea. Nonethless, this will raise the cost of regulation significantly, and feasibility of such system is yet to be determined. Previous studies have reported effects of increased cigarette price, nonetheless few studies focused on the direct relationship between cigarette price and volume of cigarette sales in black market. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of increased cigarette price on change of cigarette sales volume in black market. Finding show that 10 percent increase in cigarette price led to 6.25 percent increase in sales volume of cigarette in black market. In addition, if a cigarette product has a bar code label, less volume is marketed through black market compared to a product which has no bar code label. Overall, products from a country with a bar code label have 59.2 percent lower sales volume in black market. Thus, implementation of traceability system may be an effective strategy in managing cigarette marketing in South Korea. This study also reports on feasibility of traceability system on cigarette marketing in South Korea. In summary, this study first examines the current situation of cigarette marketing in black market, and examines the relationship between cigarette prices and volume of illicit cigarettes distributed in black market. this will be followed by forecast change in the volume of illicit cigarette sales in black market when the official cigarette price increases.

Based on the big data and complexity in the identification process of IOT radio frequency, this article puts forward an optimal algorithm for Adaptive Gaussian Traversal Harmony Search IOT radio frequency identification, which aim at solving the problems of high computational complexity and low identification accuracy of traditional algorithm. At first, the network optimization design is carried out based on Harmony Search (HS) algorithm, and in order to solve the problems of standard HS in optimization accuracy, computational complexity and other aspects, control parameters are introduced into the algorithm improvisation process on the basis of traverse characteristics of Gaussian function, so that the pertinence of preliminary and later searches are improved, and meanwhile, theoretical analysis on parameters selection is described; Secondly, the optimization model of IOT radio frequency identification is studied and improved adaptive optimization objectives are put forward to achieve equilibrium optimization of performance indicators; at last, test results are compared to prove the suggested algorithm having high computational accuracy and faster computational speed.

The main purpose of traceability system can be recorded and stored goods in the supply process-related information, when quality problems arise, it is possible to quickly and efficiently traced part of the problem and implement targeted rescue measures, if necessary, product recalls, thus to ensure product quality and safety and consumer's right to know. In this paper, the core technology of agricultural products traceability system conducted in-depth research. This paper shows complete traceability of agricultural EPC standards-based platform for the development of various agricultural products circulation of information transparency display, repeatedly received praise at the exhibition meeting. Platform integration of a number of enterprise product data, meet the supervision of consumers' right to know information on the circulation of agricultural products, businesses and governments to track the quality of agricultural products, but also to promote China to solve the problem of agricultural products provides a new channel.

Despite the many concerns and expectations of academia and the practitioner community, a radio frequency identification (RFID)–based food traceability system (FTS) has not yet been successfully developed and implemented in the food industry. Through closer examination of unsuccessful pilot projects of RFID-based traceability systems for the Korean ginseng industry, this study proposes business process reengineering points with RFID and sensor technology and an RFID-based ginseng traceability system architecture according to the Electronic Product Code (EPC) global framework. This approach and system architecture will contribute to the successful development and implementation of an RFID-based FTS for food products. In addition, this study extends the scope of the theoretical discussion of RFID-based FTSs for health foods and medical herbs, like ginseng.

Under the background of the current food safety issues highlighted, to improve the Under-forest economic product tracing efficiency, and reduce the tracking and monitoring cost, and as the under-forest economic product is sensitive to environmental parameters, this paper proposed a new method integrating RFID Barcode sensor technology to keep track of all stakes, in this process, in the traceability of storage, circulation, processing information, and the system can monitor circulation of environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, and the paper analyzed the integrated approach of traceability system. The created system offers unique identification for under-forest product by barcode technology. And it also monitors the real-time environmental parameters of under-forest economic product by RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) electronic tag and sensor technology. The constructed system integrates the key links: the planting, processing, storage, sales, transportation and consumption of product. And it supplies enterprises, suppliers, agents and customers with under-forest product’s quality traceability. In addition, this system provides a feasible scheme for exact quality traceability of under-forest economic product.

The food security relates to the people’s health and is the top priority in the daily lives. In this paper, in order to solve the food security problem, we propose the food safety supply chain traceability management system which is based on the Internet of things. Through the relevant application of the RFID technology, we establish the effective food safety supply chain traceability management system. It not only can supervise the food from the source, but also makes the internal rights of the food supply chain clear. Once appearing the food security accident, using the system can help enterprises to supervise the production process of the food effectively, identify the cause of the problem and find out the source of the problem. The application of the system can protect the food security better and enhance the security sense of the consumers.

식품사고의 발생은 제품에 대한 소비자의 신뢰를 실추시키기 때문에 사회적으로 큰 문제가 아닐 수 없다. 식품의 유통구조가 복잡한 현대사회에서 소비자는 자신이 구매하려는 제품이 누가 언제 어떻게 생산했는지, 어떤 가공과정을 거쳤는지, 구입 제품이 어떻게 전달되는지 등 제품에 대한 정보를 확인하기 어렵고 식품안전 문제에 대처하기가 어려운 상황이다. 이는 제품의 공급자와 구매자(정보이용자)간에 정보의 비 대칭화에서 비롯된다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 식품안전문제를 해결하기 위해 정부에서는 관련법을 정비하고 시범사업을 추진하고 있으며 공급업체들은 제품에 대한 정보를 확인할 수 있는 보다 체계적인 시스템을 도입하는데 많은 관심을 보이고 있다. 본 연구에서는 정보 이용자들이 필요로 하는 정보를 제공할 수 있는 Traceability System을 이용하는 데에 유용한 자료를 도출하기 위한 목적으로 현재 Traceability System을 이용해본 경험이 있거나 이용하고 있는 정보이용자를 대상으로 Traceability System을 조직에 새로운 기술혁신의 관점으로 인식하고 Traceability System의 이용에 영향을 미치는 핵심 요인들을 실증분석하였다.

Occurrences of large-scale food-related mishaps around the globe are degrading the safety and confidence on food items. This can be said to result from problems such as information asymmetry between the supplier and the consumer(information user). It makes it difficult to confirm product-related information including who produced an item how, what manufacturing process was involved, and how the product was distributed, and deal with a food-related trouble. The research verified and analyzed what has an effect on the intention to use Traceability System when the user uses information service.

The National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service (NAQS) of Korea initiated enforcing the food traceability system since 1994. However, the effectiveness of NAQS’ enforcement has been in dispute. To provide a framework for valid assessment of NAQS’ enforcement mechanism, the Mixed Strategy Nash Equilibrium, is used. Also, to cover the long range of seller’s and NAQS’ strategies, a distribution-based model is developed, along with a mean-based model. The analysis is done for pork labeling because pork is the sensitive food item for traceability and labeling. Also, the analysis is limited to year 2009 due to data availability. The results from the mean-based model suggest that NAQS needed to increase the raid probability for pork significantly from the current 0.1% to 16% in 2009. The cheating probability for pork labeling is calculated as 1.5% in 2009. However, it was found that the data on fines and revenues by cheating are highly skewed. This made implications from the mean-based model unreliable. Through the sensitivity analysis, it was found that the court needs to increase the amount of fine and the most frequently observed Mixed Strategy Nash Equilibrium would be for the seller to cheat with probability of 1.3% and for NAQS to raid with probability of 0.1%, which was quite close to the actual raid probability of NAQS in 2009.

Nowadays, many consumers pursue a healthy and safe diets through green food or organic agricultural products. However, due to the development of the Internet and the frequent occurrence of various food safety incidents, people often do not trust ecological organic agricultural products thinking they are not genuine. In this context, the traceability of agricultural products is particularly important. At the same time, the current popular blockchain technology has gradually penetrated our daily lives after more than ten years of development and application. There are a large number of regional blockchain applications integrated into life from the world level, national level and industry development level.The blockchain is convenient and safe, and it is decentralized and has information security. Therefore, applying application of blockchain technology in the traceability system of agricultural products industry can bring great trust value to the whole agricultural ecological products, and can effectively promote the relationship between farmers and consumers.The characteristics of blockchain mainly include decentralization, immutability of information, openness, and autonomy. These characteristics are the main reasons for the widespread promotion of blockchain. The entire system is maintained by data blocks in the system, using distributed data storage, no centralized storage mechanism and centralized management mechanism troubles, any node is equal, and each node has the key to the correctness of the record result. Once the information is stored, it will be permanently stored in the block. This paper reviews the history of the formation and development of agricultural traceability systems in major foreign and domestic countries agricultural traceability systems, and puts forward the viewpoint of combining blockchain technology with agricultural traceability systems. This article adopt qualitative research method and case study method, through in-depth research and analysis of representative blockchain application cases in the field of agricultural traceability, Finally, through the research and analysis of this article, it can be concluded that the application of blockchain and Iot technology in the agricultural traceability system has two effects. Furthermore, it provides suggestions on the application and development of blockchain technology in the domestic agricultural traceability system, hoping to provide useful references for promoting the in-depth development of blockchain technology in the agricultural field.