Earticle

양양군에서 서낭제의가 전승되고 있는 마을은 전승단위로서 기준을 삼았을 때 141개 마을 중 78개 마을이 서낭제를 전승하고 있고, 이중 37개 마을에서 서낭제축문이 전승되어 있었다. 이중 33종을 수집조사하였고, 이중 한글축문은 제외하고 한문축문 32종을 대상으로 이글을 썼다.(사실 이글을 쓸 당시에 2개 마을 축문이 2005년 4월 산불로 소실되고 없어서 실제 전승되고 있는 축문은 35종에 불과하다.) 서낭제축문의 형식은 서두, 본문, 말미로 나눈다. 이는 최승순 교수의 글에서 분류한 것을 그대로 차용했다. 서두 부분은 유세차(維歲次)에서부터 시작하여 초헌관을 거쳐 〈감소고(敢昭告)」＋우(于)＋신격〉까지로 정의했다. 초헌관으로 가장 많이 보이는 형식은 유학(幼學)이었고, 신격으로는 성황신이 가장 많았다. 축문 본문은 복이(伏以), 도입부, 중간부, 종결부로 나누어 살펴보았다. 도입부에서 가장 많이 언급된 것은 장소와 신령이었다. 본문에서는 인간과 신령이 진경제해(進慶除害)를 사이에 두고 갈등관계를 보여주다가 종결부에 와서 제물로 인해 그 갈등관계가 해소되는 양상으로 나타남을 살필 수 있었다. 축문의 말미는 상향 혹은 〈2언＋상향〉으로 구성되는 부분으로 정의했다. 2언에 가장 많이 상용된 표현은 우신(于神)이었다.

The written Invocation Prayer is divided into the three parts : the foreword, the body and the end. The foreword is from 유세차(維歲次) via prayer to the name of the village deity. 유세차 is cliche that means the starting year in the written invocation prayer. The famous the village deity is seonang(서낭) deity. Seonang deity is tutelar deity that have been keeping the village. The famous words calling prayer is 유학(幼學). The 유학 is also the cliche meaning of student. The body is structured fours parts : 복이 and three parts, the meaning of 복이(伏以) is that the prayers lies flat on the ground for prayer. The body is started from the first part of the body. Here the prayer make mention of the place(means village) and village deity generally. The second part of the body is truely the chief part, here makes mention of 진경제해(進慶除害)(that means the wishing the bliss and the driving out badness). The third part of the body is mentioned the correlation of villager and the village diety. The story is the prayer that villager offer sacrifices to village deity and that the village deity coming soon this place(shrine) and eating the sacrifices. The end is 상향(尙饗). 상향 is the cliche that is concluded The written Invocation Prayer. The literally meaning of 상향 is the prayer that village deity is cooming soon and eating the sacrifices.

본 연구의 목적은「무지개 물고기」그림책을 교류분석(Transctional Analysis) 관점에서 분석함으로써 동화를 활용한 유아 갈등 해결 프로그램의 기초 자료를 제공하는데 있다. 이를 위하여 ‘또래갈등’이 드러난 그림책인「무지개 물고기」를 교류분석의 주요 개념인 자아상태의 구조 및 개념, 교류패턴의 두 가지 측면에서 분석하였다. 분석 결과「무지개 물고기」 그림책에는 또래갈등의 발생부터 해결 과정, 종결에 이르는 전 과정이 드러나 있었으며, 그 과정에서 무지개물고기가 부모자아, 어른자아, 어린이자아를 다양하게 사용하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 갈등 해결에 결정적인 역할을 한 자아상태는 어른자아상태였다. 교차교류를 하였을 때 갈등이 발생하였으며, 상보교류를 통해 갈등 해결과정에 이르는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 갈등해결을 위한 조력자 역할을 하는 등장인물은 A자아, NP자아를 활용하였고, 상보교류를 통해 자신의 마음을 진실하게 표현하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구결과를 토대로 동화책을 활용하여 유아들과 상호작용함으로써 교류분석에 기반하여 유아 갈등해결 프로그램을 개발하는 것의 시사점을 얻을 수 있었다.

This study analyzed picture book “Rainbow Fish” from transactional analysis standpoint to provide primary data to conflict resolution program. More in specific, it focused on two main aspects of Transactional Analysis: the structure and the concept of ego-state and the Transaction Pattern, to analyze the “Rainbow Fish” infant picture book. From the analysis, the entire process of ‘Peer conflict’ from its inception to resolution was found in the book and during which we could observe the use of the comprehensive ego-states: the parent ego-state, adult ego-state, and the child ego-state. Effectively, it is considered that the adult ego- state played a vital role in resolving the conflict. Conflict was observed with crossed transaction and it could come to a settlement of conflict through complementary transaction. In this book, both A ego(Adult ego-state) and NP ego(Nurturing Parent ego-state) were described as a helper to resolve the conflict, and we could see the comprehensive ego-state helps one to express its feeling truthfully. Based on the analysis, by utilizing fairy tales to interact with children, we could anticipate the prospect of developing conflict resolution program in the basis of Transactional Analysis theory.

本稿は複数音節の接尾語と1音節接尾語の語構成の相違を確かめるため、接尾語「カ」が作る「カ型語幹」形容動詞の内部構造を考察したものである。そこで「カ型語幹」形容動詞の語基の拍数と末尾母音の種類と品詞的な性格を中心に検討してみた。結果は次のとおりである。まず、拍数は2拍より3拍のものが多いのであるが、2拍のものはほとんど早い時期に派生され、「カ型語幹」の古さを考えさせられる。次に末尾の母音は、ア列音とオ列音のものは同じく22.8％を占め、なおイ列音とウ列音のものも同じく20％で、特定の母音に対する偏りは見られないのである。特にア列音とオ列音、ウ列音の語基は被覆形を形成するもので、「カ型語幹」の情態的な性向を表している。また、語基の品詞的な性格は、「語根的なもの」が一番多く、動詞と関連するものは35％であるが、殆んど四段動詞、上二段動詞、下二段動詞のもので、平安中期以降に派生され、特に動詞の連用形との結合は新しい構成法であると見られる。このように、「カ型語幹」の語基になるものは、語根的なもの、動詞、形容詞、副詞と深く関わっていることが分かる。その中でも「語根的なもの」の比率の高さは「カ型語幹」の古さとの関連性を表わしていると考えられる。結論的に語基の拍数と末尾母音と構成方式との関連性は見られないし、/e/音以外の四つの母音は平均的な比率で、特定の音に対する趣きは見られないのである。ヤカ型とラカ型とは異なり、形容動詞語幹を語基とするものは皆無で、さらにケシ型形容詞語幹を語基とすることがわかる。このような「カ型語幹」は文献時代以前のものと推定されるものも多くあって接尾語としての分析が難しいものも多いのである。つまり、一拍の接尾語「カ」は複合接尾語「ヤカ」と「ラカ」に比べ、形容動詞を作る接尾語としての意識が薄れてゆき、だんだんその語根に溶け込まれつつあり、内部要素即ち、造語成分的なものになり、複数音節の接尾語とは異なる特性を取っていることが考えられる。

본 연구는 제주지역 방송의 제18대 총선 보도경향과 의미구조를 분석하고, 이를 토대로 선거보도와 지역정치특성 사이 상관성을 살펴보았으며, 이를 통해 제주 지역 정치의 맥락적 함의를 분석해보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 제주지역 지상파 방송사인 KBS제주와 제주MBC, 지역민방인 JIBS의 선거방송보도를 비교 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 제주지역의 총선보도는 지금까지 우리나라의 선거보도 경향이자 관행인 ‘경마식 보도’와 ‘전장･대결구조 보도’, ‘부정선거감시 강조 보도’ 경향 외에 ‘자연재해식 보도’와 ‘후보 이미지VS.역할론 보도’, ‘중앙집권성 연계 보도’, ‘단순 공약제시 보도’, ‘차별성 없는 정책 보도’, 그리고 ‘군소정당 주목 보도 경향’ 등을 드러냈다. 이러한 선거보도 경향은 지역방송이 선거를 ‘경쟁의 구조’ 외에 대통령과 정부 등과 깊게 연계시키는 ‘중앙집권성(권력)의 구조’, 그리고 선거를 특정시각이나 인물, 정파에 편향되지 않으면서 선거 사안에 접근하는 ‘보편성의 구조’를 지니고 있음을 파악할 수 있었으며, 나아가 이 같은 심층구조가 제주지역의 ‘경쟁 이데올로기’, ‘중앙권력 지향 이데올로기’ 및 ‘평등 이데올로기’ 등을 복합적으로 반영하고 있음이 드러났다. 이는 지역정치특성은 물론 제주문화의 복합성과 다층성을 보여주는 것이라 하겠다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze report tendencies and meanings of the 18th general election news that the local broadcasters in Jeju province produced, and find interrelationship between election news coverage and the characteristics of local politics. The evening news stories of the local networks (KBS Jeju, Jeju MBC, JIBS) during the election campaign period were analyzed by semiotics, news discourse and meaning structure analysis. The result showed some distinguishing report tendencies during the general election in 2008 as follows : 'natural disaster style report'; 'comparison report between the images of candidates and their roles'; 'report on connection with central power'; 'simple report concerning campaign promises'; 'report short of difference between candidates' polices or electoral districts'; 'report on paying attention to minor political parties'. Of course, local broadcasters produced tendencies toward a typical 'horse racing-type' report, the 'structure of conflict and confrontation' report between candidates and report stressing a 'fair election' like general press of Korea does. Those report tendencies imply that local broadcasters regarded the general election as the 'structure of competition, the 'structure of connection with central power' linked to the president and government, the 'structure of universality' not inclined to unbalanced viewpoints, specified candidates and political parties. Their ideological meanings that Jeju regional broadcasters have in common are as follows: 'ideology of competition'; 'ideology oriented toward central power'; 'ideology of equality'.

This paper examines the formation and change of the internal spatial structure of Gwangju Metropolitan City(GMC) as a modern city from 1939 to 2007 by means of Gwangju City Plans. The major results in this study are as follows; The urban form of Gwangju City began the small radial city. As Gwangju City has expanded its territory, its urban form has been changed in the diverse types: 1) the one core inside of the 1st Loop Road in 1960s, 2) the linear type to Songjeong(West of Gwangju City) in 1970s, 3) L-type of 2 cores-2 axises in 1980s, 4) triangular type of 3 cores-3 axises in the first half of 1990s, 5) semi-circle type of 4 cores-3 axises in the latter half of 1990s, and 6) e-type of 4 cores-4 axises in 2000s. Finally, the suggestion for the desirable future spatial structure of GMC is made in accordance with the transition of GMC Master Plans. That urban spatial structure is the diamond type of 5 cores-8 subcores. As a result of this study, the urban functional redistribution is proposed for the purpose of the balanced development of GMC as follows; 1) Culture/Art Belt in the Old Downtown, 2) Administration/Business Belt in Sangmoo Newtown, 3) Industrial Complex in Songjeong, 4) Tourist/Sports Belt in Seochang Newtown.

장식미술에서의 패턴은 과거와는 다르게 확장된 영역에서 사용되고 있으며, 사회·문화의 영향을 받아 시대에 맞게 변화하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 꽃을 모티프로 하는 플로럴 패턴디자인을 문화적으로 접근하여 시대의 흐름에 따라 패턴을 분석하고 패턴의 미적 가치를 확인하는데 있다. 연구는 18세기에서 현대에 이르기까지의 이슬람, 동양, 서양의 세 문화권의 도자에 표현된 플로럴 패턴디자인 사례를 중심으로, 분석의 범주를 패턴의 구조와 변화로 선정하여 비교 분석하였다. 패턴의 구조는 유형성, 반복성, 대칭성의 구조로 구분하였고, 패턴의 변화는 심미적, 환경적 요인으로 구분하였다. 연구결과는 시대의 흐름에 따라 변화한 플로럴 패턴디자인의 대표 패턴을 제시하였고, 패턴의 구조와 변화에 따른 특성을 종합하여 미적 형식을 도출하였다. 첫째, 이슬람의 플로럴 패턴디자인은 대칭성의 구조가 특성으로, 전통적 패턴이 유지되어 발전됨에 따라 심미적 요인의 전형성의 변화로 분석했다. 둘째, 동양의 플로럴 패턴디자인은 문화교류가 이루어지면서 각 지역의 정체성을 표현하는 문화성에 따라 환경적 요인으로 변화되었고, 다양하게 재해석됨에 따라 반복성 구조가 강조된 패턴이 나타난다. 셋째, 서양의 플로럴 패턴디자인은 두 가지의 유형성 구조가 강조되어 반복성 구조에도 영향을 주었으며, 다양한 미술사조에 따라 변화하는 역사성의 환경적 요인으로 분석했다. 도출된 플로럴 패턴디자인의 구조와 변화에 따른 특성과 미적 형식은 미약하나마 디자인에 표현된 패턴의 중요성을 인식하여 패턴의 의의를 재조명할 수 있는 연구의 토대가 되기를 기대한다.

Patterns in decorative art are used in extended areas differently from the past, affected by social and culture and is changing to suit the times. The purpose of study is to take a cultural approach to the floral pattern design with flowers motif, about analyzing structure of patterns and aesthetic form according to the trends of the times. Focuses on the floral pattern design examples expressed in potteries from the three cultures of Islam, East and West from the 18th century to modern times, categories of analyses were selected as structures and change of pattern to be compared. The structure of the pattern was divided into structures of materiality, repetition, and symmetry, and change of pattern was aesthetic factor and environmental factor. The results of the study presented a representative pattern of floral pattern design that changed with the trend of the times, characteristics of the pattern and the characteristics of the pattern were synthesized to derive aesthetic format, structure and change were synthesized to derive aesthetic form. First, Islam floral pattern is characterized of symmetry, as traditional patterns are maintained and developed, it is a change in the typical nature of aesthetic factors. Secondly, East floral pattern is cultural exchanges took place, it was changed to environmental factors according to the identity of each region, with emphasis on repetition structures appear. Thirdly, West floral pattern is emphasis two types of materiality structures which also affected repeatability structures, and analyzed as an environmental factor of historicity that changes according to various art trends.

『효경』에 따르면 선왕이 백성들 모두 화목하고 위와 아래에서 모두 원망이 없게 한 지 극한 덕과 요긴한 도는 바로 효도이고, 효가 모든 덕의 근본이 되고 교화의 바탕이 된다. 윤휴는 이러한 내용을 담고 있는 부분이 『효경』의 경(經)이고 나머지 부분은 모두 경의 의미를 부연 설명하는 전(傳)으로 이해한다. 윤휴는 『효경』을 사친(事親)의 도리를 담고 있는 경전으로 파악한다. 따라서 윤휴가 말하는 사친의 도리는 다름 아닌 효도이다. 효가 지극한 덕이 되고 요긴한 도가 되며, 모든 덕의 근본이 되고 교화의 바탕이 되는 이유는 하늘에 근본하고 있고 모든 사람들의 마음에 근본하고 있기 때문이라고 파악한다. 윤휴는 천하의 달도(達道)는 오륜이고, 오륜의 중대한 것이 삼강이며, 삼강의 근본이 효이며, 요‧순‧우‧탕‧문‧무‧주공‧공자가 지향한 세상은 다름 아닌 효를 근본으로 하여 삼강과 오륜의 인륜이 실현되는 사회라고 이해한다. 이러한 측면에서 『효경』을 중요시하고 『효경』의 정신을 부연하고 확장하기 위해 오륜‧삼강‧효에 관한 글을 여러 경전에서 수집하고 주석하여 『효경외전』과 『효경외전속편』을 편찬한 것이다. 윤휴는 이러한 오륜‧삼강‧효에 대한 구체적 실천 조목을 담고 있는 경전으로 『내칙』을 지목한다. 즉 『내칙』을 통해 부모는 부모답고 자식은 자식다우며, 남편은 남편답고 아내는 아내다우며, 연장자는 연장자답고 연소자는 연소자답게 행동할 수 있는 쉽고 명백한 실천 조목들을 제시한다. 윤휴가 강조한 사친지학이란 하늘에 근본하고 모든 사람들의 마음에 근본하고 있는 효 의 덕을 기초로 하여 삼강과 오륜의 인륜을 일상생활에서 실천하는 것이다. 윤휴는 당시의 학자들이 도(道)를 구하는 학문을 한다면서 도를 고원한 것으로 여겨 멀고 어려운 곳에서 찾고, 일상생활에서 인륜 실천을 소홀히 하는 것에 대한 비판과 반성에서 사친지학 을 강조한 것이다.

According to Classic of Filial Piety, sage kings can make all people live happily together because they rule over the country with utmost virtue and way which is filial piety. The filial piety is the root of all virtues and the basis of the edification. Yun Hyu understands that the part that contains these contents is the first part of Classic of Filial Piety and the rest of it is the part that explains the meaning of the first part in detail. He sees Classic of Filial Piety as a Confucian scripture that contains the way of serving parents. Therefore, the way of serving parents what he says is a filial piety. He understands that the reason that the filial piety becomes the ultimate virtue and way, and the foundation of all the virtues and the basis of the edification is based on heaven and is rooted in the minds of all people. Yun Hyu understands that common way of the world is five relationships in Confucianism, important things of them is the three bonds, and the root of them is the filial piety. He also thinks that saints of Confucianism try to realize an ideal society where all people practice the three bonds and five relationships in Confucianism. In this respect, he emphasizes Classic of Filial Piety and compiles Hyogyeongoejeon and Hyogyeongoejeonsokpyeon by collecting materials referring to the filial piety, the three bonds, and five relationships in Confucianism from various Confucian scripture in order to expanding the meaning of Classic of Filial Piety. Yun Hyu points out Pattern of the Family as Confucian scripture containing the specific action items about filial piety. In other words, he suggests easy and clear action items that enable parents to behave as if they are parents, children as children, husbands as husbands, wives as wives, seniors as elders, and young children as children by Pattern of the Family. The meaning of the theory of serving parents that Yun Hyu put stress on is to practice the three bonds and five relationships in Confucianism in everyday life. He thinks that the scholars of the time are studying the doctrines of Confucianism but they are looking for it from a place that is far and hard because they regard it as a lofty ideal. Therefore, he emphasizes the theory of serving parents in order to criticize and reflect on the fact that they pay no attention to practice the three bonds and five relationships in Confucianism in everyday life.

A Study on the Structure and Pattern of Trickster Tales in Siberian Itelmens Kwak, Jin-Seok By language, the Itelmens belong, together with the Chukchi and Koryaks, to the northeastern group of paleo-Asiatic peoples. In the past, the Itelmens were divided, according to language, into northern, southern and western. The term Itelmen means ‘resident’, ‘living man’. In the documents and literature of the 18th century and later, the Itelmens were called Kamchadals. A Trickster in the Trickster Tales is a person or animal, however in most cases it appears as an animal such as a rat or a fox. In such cases, the trickster is related to a secular role such as gourmand or lazy person. The tricksters plays tricks for various reasons which include: ‘acquiring food’, ‘causing mischief’, ‘getting support’, ‘offering help’, ‘escaping danger’, and ‘punishment’. Judging by the purposes of the tricks, it is possible to say that the trickster is a secular figure following its carnal desires. Tricks in the Trickster Tales serve two narrative functions. One is the function which causes narrative tension and conflict and the other is the function which relieves them. If an agent which transforms a situation into a different situation is the mediation in the narratives, then the existence, success and failure, and the result of the mediation is linked to a cultural index. Narratives with no mediation or failed mediation are typically seen in a primitive society. On the other hand, narratives in which the mediation invalidates the initial result or substitutes the result for another one mainly appears in an advanced society. Considering the mediation relating to the cultural index, Trickster Tales of the Itelmens reflect a change of their world-view and development of their society.

초등학교 학습자들은 이야기를 즐겨 읽고, 이 경험은 어른이 되어서도 이어진다. 학습자의 흥미와 발달 수준을 고려하여 볼 때, 이야기 제재는 향후 문학 경험에 중요한 영향을 미친다. 이렇게 중요한 이야기 교육은 텍스트 위주의 구조적인 특성에 집중되어 있었다. 이야기는 대부분 읽기 영역에서, 학습자들의 텍스트 이해에 초점을 두고 지도되었다. 문학 영역에서 이야기는 학습자의 생각이나 느낌 위주의 감상만을 해 왔고, 의미를 구성하는 문학 감상의 구체적인 방법론에 대한 연구가 이루어지지 못했다. 이러한 한계를 극복하기 위하여 한명숙(2003)의 연구는 이야기 구조 교육 방법을 제시하였다. 이는 텍스트와 학습자 모두를 존중하고 다양한 관점에서 이야기를 깊이 있게 감상하는 방법에 속한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이 연구 방법이 문학 감상 능력을 신장시켜주는 도구 역할을 할 수 있을지의 가능성을 검증해보고자 했다. 학습의 실제 양상은 문화 기술적 방법으로 접근하였고, 문학 반응을 분석하여 문학 감상 능력의 신장 정도를 파악하였다. 이는 학습자들의 언어, 비언어적인 반응 및 학습 결과물, 반응일지, 면담을 통해 확인하였다. 처음에는 이해적 반응을 주로 보이던 학습자들이 해석적 반응, 평가적 반응, 정의적 반응을 보여 이야기 감상 능력이 향상되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 학습자들은 이야기를 감상하는 것을 즐거워하여 자발적으로 이야기를 읽으려는 모습을 보였다. 그리고 이야기를 감상하는 방법을 알게 되어 책의 내용을 이해하는 정도와 감상의 폭이 넓어지고 문학적 표현력이 향상되었다. 이러한 경험은 학습자의 독서 동기를 활성화하여 향후 독서 태도에도 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 본 연구는 학습자 내면의 변화를 확인하기에는 짧은 기간 동안 연구를 하였고, 학습자의 수준에 따라 각기 다른 모형을 제시하지 못하였다. 따라서 이러한 문제점을 극복하고 교육 현장에서 꾸준히 이야기 교육이 실시되기를 기대한다.

이 논문은 전도서 11:1-12:8이 삼단양식을 기본구조(A-B-A’)로 구성되어 문학적 단일체를 형성하고 있으며, 특히 ‘헤벨’과 ‘창조주 하나님’에 대한 선포를 문학적 신학적 기본 골조로 하여 하나님에 대한 경외와 하나님 없는 인간의 탐심과 열락의 허무성을 강조하는 본문임을 보여준다.

Qoh 11:1-12:8 is one of the most disputed passages regarding the understanding of its structure and demarcation of literary units. Many scholars consider Qoh 11:7-12:7(8) as an independent unit, separate from 11:1-6. G. S. Ogden is one of those recent scholars representing this position. Daniel C. Fredericks raised an opposite view, and claimed that Qoh 11:1-12:8 is an independent literary unit. I am at one with Daniel C. Fredericks on seeing it as a single independent structure. However, I detected some problems in his understanding and analysis of the passage and have attempted complement his structural view. Particularly I approached the passage from the angle of the triadic pattern of Hebrew literature. The triadic pattern is an important rhetorical device and appears throughout the book of Qoheleth (cf. 2:1-26; esp. 18-23; 3:10-15; 4:1-16; 5:18-20; 9:7-10). Qoh 11:1-12:8 was composed in the literary frame of the triadic pattern with hebel and the proclamation of the God of creation as its central literary components, and by developing its theological contents in the interconnection of three subunits 11:1-8, 11:9-10, and 12:1-8. Each of these three subunits was composed with its own triadic pattern(A-B-A’ structure). Additionally, the structure of the first subunit (11:1-8) and third subunit (12:1-8) are in structural parallelism in that both similarly have an additional concluding passage in their endings. This unit (11:1-12:8) emphasizes the importance of the fear of God of creation and the vanity of human folly. It has been strengthened with the threefold emphasis of hebel at the end of the unit(12:8). All these elements and other particularities analysed in the article show the literary unity of Qoh 11:1-12:8 with its triadic pattern of structure, and the poetical artistry which should be considered in the efforts of translation and interpretation of the book of Qoheleth.

현대는 초현실주의가 나타내는 무의식에 의한 기존의 심미적 균형과 인습적 질서에 반항하는 반(反)예술의 사상으로서 패턴에 영향을 미치며 현대적 이미지의 창출을 위해 패턴 자체가 변형되거나, 예술적 주체의 영감으로 응용되어 나타나고 있다. 특히 1930년대는 초현실주의 운동이 활발하게 전개되면서 패턴의 양상이 기하학과 비기하학의 절충을 추구하며 생물 형태의 등장과 함께 과학의 다양한 분야에 적극적인 관심을 표명하던 시기이다. 더욱이 현대는 생활수준의 향상과 소비자의 개성화, 다양화, 감성화를 충족시킬 수 있는 고부가가치를 추구하고 있어 패턴 분야에서도 새로운 소재와 표현의 다양성, 그리고 실험적인 작업을 통한 창조적인 표현이 필요한 때이다. 따라서 본 논문은 M.C.에셔의 패턴에서 보여 지는 대상의 변형에 의한 구조를 분석하여, 돌출된 시각적 결합구조에 의한 원리를 부각시키는데 그 목적을 두었다. 그의 패턴에서 보여 지는 변형에는 순환에 의한 극한구조, 윤곽선의 이중분할구조, 모티브의 재귀변형구조와 이상한 고리와 펜로즈 타일링에서 보여 지는 불가능한 구조를 통해 패턴의 구조를 확인할 수 있었으며, 이러한 분석 결과 초현실주의 패턴의 흐름은 모티브의 변형을 진행하는 과정에서도 형태의 변화를 나타냈다. 그 결과 상반된 사물의 이질적 결합과 역설적 모순, 재질의 변화, 왜곡된 착시에 의한 사물의 비현실적 구조에 의해 초현실주의의 특성이 잘 드러내고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 연구자는 앞으로의 패턴 개발에 있어 이러한 패턴이 보여주는 특성들을 디지털 텍스타일 프린팅에 응용하여 생산성이 용이한 제품으로서의 발전에 기여할 수 있도록 다양한 기법들을 개발하고자 한다.

In Modern days when surrealistic images have been still used as ways of expressing this society and when an anti-art concept resisting against existing beauty balance and conventional order made by unconsciousness have had influence on patterns, pattern design itself has been transformed or applied as an inspiration for the creation of modern image and become a turning point for the new ideas. Especially in 1930s, when surrealism movement reached its highest peak, many pattern artists pursued the compromise between geometric and non-geometric patterns and showed lots of interest in various science fields with appearance of living creature’s figures. Moreover, since our world pursues improvement of standard of living and high-quality value that satisfies consumers’ individuality, diversity and sensibility, creative expression through new materials and diverse experiments in the field of pattern art is becoming a crucial aspect in contemporary art. Thus this dissertation tries to analyze the structure which was made by transformation of objects and give salience to the principle of protruded, visual combination structure in Escher's patterns. The research on Escher’s transformation works demonstrates that his works displayed circular extremity structure, contour of double structure, reflective transformation structure, and impossible structure made by strange rings and Penrose Tiling. This formational analysis tells us that the stream of surrealistic art has been changed a lot in the process of motifs transformation and the surrealistic characteristics represent contemporary characters through heterogeneous combination of conflicting objects, paradoxical contradiction, material change, destruction of objects, and unrealistic objects by distorted optical illusion, being out of the laws of perspective which is the main principle of modern viewpoints. This dissertation is aimed at developing diverse techniques to make products easily, applying the traits of these patterns into digital printing technology in the future pattern industry. This study also aims to overcome the limit of experience and develop contemporary patterns which are harmonizing with potential awareness in unconsciousness and broadening ways of looking the logical, present reality.

Adipocyte-specific secretory factor (ADSF)/resistin, a hormone, is a small cysteine-rich protein secreted from adipose tissue and has been implicated in modulating adipogenesis in humans and rodents. The objective of this study was to clone a gene encoding ADSF/resistin and to characterize its function in Korean Native Cattle (Hanwoo). The coding sequence was 330 base pairs and it encoded a protein of 109 amino acids. An NCBI BLAST-search revealed the cloned cDNA fragment shared significant homology (82%) with the cDNA encoding the human ADSF/resistin. The nucleotide sequence homology of the Hanwoo sequence was 73% and 64% for the rat and mouse, respectively. A 654 bp ADSF/resistin gene promoter was cloned and putative binding sites of transcription factors were identified. Tissue distribution of ADSF mRNA was examined in liver, skeletal muscles (tenderloin, biceps femoris), subcutaneous fat, and perirenal fat by RT-PCR. ADSF mRNAs were detected in fat tissues but not in liver and muscles, suggesting that ADSF/resistin expression may be induced during adipogenesis. Although, the physiological function of ADSF/resistin in the cow remains to be determined, these data indicate ADSF is related to the adipocyte phenotype and may have a possibly regulatory role in adipocyte function.

고속철도(HSR)의 운영은 집적이익에 영향을 미치며, 개별 경제활동들은 경제적 이익을 극대화할 수 있는 곳으로 이전한다. 이러한 측면에서 볼 때, 고속철도역과의 인접성은 고속철도 네트워크를 통한 이익 극대화를 영위할 수 있는 핵심구역으로 간주할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 GIS를 이용한 한국과 일본의 서비스 산업 핫스팟 분석을 통해 고속철도역 주변에 대한 집적효과를 분석하고자 하였다. 한국과 일본의 집계구 데이터를 활용하여 분석을 수행하였으며, 일정 규모 이상 도심에 위치하고 있는 고속철도역이 입지하고 있는 한국 8개, 일본 큐슈신칸센 4개역을 대상으로 하였다. 분석결과 구포역과 카고시마츄오역 등 2개 역을 제외한 나머지 10개 역들 반경 1km 이내에서 서비스산업의 집적이 관측되었다. 여가, 레저, 협회 및 특정 전문 서비스산업들의 경우 고속철도승객을 통한 관광객 유입 혹은 지식교류 등의 효과를 영위함으로써 사회경제적 이익을 얻을 수 있다. 이를 고려했을 때, 역 주변에 대한 핫스팟의 도출은 역 접근성과의 관련성을 보여줄 수 있을 것이다. 분석결과를 정책적으로 보았을 때, 향후 역 주변 개발에 있어서 서비스 산업과 관련 산업들의 사회경제적 이익을 극대화할 수 있도록 지원 또한 필요할 것이다.

The operation of high-speed rail (HSR) has an effect on the agglomeration economies, and the impact is shown as a relocation of individual firm and worker to where business activity can be maximized. The proximity to the HSR station could be considered as a core district to maximize the industrial benefit through the HSR network. From this perspective, this study considers the agglomeration effect of HSR within the HSR station-area and analyzed the agglomerated spatial pattern through hotspot analysis by service industry in the cases of Korea and Japan using GIS. This study analyzed the service industry within 1km distance from 8 HSR stations of Korea and 4 Kyushu Shinkansen stations of Japan. The results suggest that the hotspot patterns are observed in the service industry within 1km distance from the HSR station of Korea and Japan, except for two HSR stations of Gupo station and Kagoshima-Chuo station. Leisure, amusement, association, and other specific service industries could be affected by HSR passengers and knowledge-spillovers through HSR station. Therefore, the observed hotspot districts near the HSR station-area could explain an agglomeration pattern of the service industry through a closeness to the HSR station. Further, we could expect that the impact of HSR affects the service industry, and the impact could attract business activities of the service-area to maximize their benefit from HSR travelers. With the result, it is required to build up a supportive policy to maximize the HSR's impact on the service industry when considering the HSR station-area development.

(Purpose) This study examines states’ procyclical spending and how decision makers influence expenditures’ heterogeneously measured spending elasticity. (Design/methodology/approach) In order to examine the elasticity of a specific government spending category with respect to government revenue, I set a panel data using 48 states in the United States from fiscal year 1997 to fiscal year 2016. (Findings) The study yields evidence that state spending is procyclical, and this pattern applies to some functions, such as education and highways. In addition, total spending is more procyclical when a state has a Democratic governor and a form of split government. Educational expenditures are also more procyclical when a state has a Democratic governor. Additionally, highway expenditures are more procyclical when a government is divided, while political ideology of the governor is not statistically significant. (Research implications or originality) States demonstrate procyclical spending behavior, and this behavior tends to strengthen under a Democratic ideology or a split government. This study examines states’ procyclical spending and how decision makers influence expenditures’ heterogeneously measured spending elasticity. In order to examine the elasticity of a specific government spending category with respect to government revenue, we set a panel data using 48 states in the United States from fiscal year 1997 to fiscal year 2016. The study yields evidence that state spending is procyclical, and this pattern applies to some functions, such as education and highways. In addition, total spending is more procyclical when a state has a Democratic governor and a form of split government. Educational expenditures are also more procyclical when a state has a Democratic governor. Additionally, highway expenditures are more procyclical when a government is divided, while political ideology of the governor is not statistically significant. In conclusion, states demonstrate procyclical spending behavior, and this behavior tends to strengthen under a Democratic ideology or a split government.

Since the demands not only for value-added timber but the environmental functions of forests had been increased, native tree species has been, and is rapidly being replaced by foreign tree species in many parts of the world. However, the studies on population structure and regeneration characteristics of native tree species were not conducted enough. Regeneration of Kalopanax septemlobus growing among other hardwoods in natural forests is very difficult because of its low seed viability and germination rate. The study examined the distribution of mature trees of K. septemlobus and their regeneration pattern at the 1.12 ha study plot in natural deciduous broad-leaved forest of Mt. Jeombong. The density and mean DBH of K. septemlobus was 97 trees per ha and 32 cm, respectively. The spatial distribution of K. septemlobus showed a random pattern (aggregation index is 0.935) in the 1.12 ha study plot. The age of 90 trees among 99 sample trees of K. septemlobus ranged from 90 to 110 years and represented a single cohort, thus suggesting that K. septemlobus in advance regeneration has regenerated as a result of disturbances such as canopy opening.

Seasonal variation of the population structure and the reproductive pattern of the Korean striped field mouse, Apodemus agrarius, were investigated. High capture ratios in juveniles, young adult, and old adult mice were found during the period from October to November, from November to March, and from May to September, respectively, and extremely low capture ratios of old adults during the period from November to February were characteristic. It seemed that the young adults that survived during the winter might become older by summer and have been counted as the old adults. The breeding in the mice began earlier in males (from mid February or early March to late October) than in females (from mid March to late October), having a peak in August and September, and both the male and female mice weighing more than 20 g generally reached sexual maturation in general. In the breeding season, both young and old adult males had large testes with enlarged seminiferous tubules filled with numerous germ and Sertoli cells, and expanded caudal epididymides with a vast number of spermatozoa; the females had many Graafian follicles and corpora lutea in large ovaries, and developed uterine glands in the thick endometria. The lower ratios of the testis weight to the body weight in July and August in 1994 compared to 1995 seemed due to the extreme drought and considerably higher temperature in 1994, but the decrease in the ratio in mid-summer, only in the old mice, in both years might be explained partially by aging.