Earticle

본 연구는 인공 신경망과 음악 창작의 융합에 대해 새로운 시각을 제시한다. 주요 연구 대상은 Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)과 Transformer, 두 가지 주요한 인공 신경망 구조로, 이들이 시 퀀스 데이터 처리와 음악 작곡 AI의 확장성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대해 심도 있게 분석하 였다. 본 연구의 초점은 각 모델의 시퀀스 길이 제한이 음악 작품의 구조 완결성에 미치는 영향에 두어 있다. 이를 위해, 다양 한 시퀀스 길이를 가진 음악 데이터를 LSTM과 Transformer 모델에 학습시킨 후 각 모델의 학습 손실 추이와 학습 데이터에 대한 재현능력을 평가하였다. 그리고 이 러한 기술적 분석 결과를 바탕으로 각 모델이 생성한 음악 작품의 구조적 완결성을 Quantitative Evaluation방식으로 평가하였다. 이 과정에서 고려된 요소들은 화성 구 조, 박자, 멜로 디 라인의 유기성 등이다. 본 연구의 결과로, Transformer는 LSTM에 비해 긴 시퀀스 처리에 더욱 뛰어난 성능을 보였다. 이는 Transformer의 self-attention 메커니즘이 LSTM의 vanishing gradient 문제를 해결하며 더 긴 음 악 시퀀스를 효과적으로 학습하고 재현할 수 있게끔 만든다는 점에서 찾을 수 있었 다. 또한, 이러한 기능성 차이가 음악 작품의 구조 완결성에 영향을 미친다는 것도 확인하였다. 이를 통해 본 연구는 AI 기술을 통한 음악 작곡의 한계와 가능성에 대해 심층적으로 탐색하고 이해하는 데에 크게 기여하였다. 인공지능이 창작 분야에 어떤 방식으로 활용되고, 그 과정에서 어떤 한계와 가능성을 가지는지에 대한 이해는 기술 발전을 음악 창작이라는 인간의 영역으로 확장하는 데 중요한 역할을 수행한다.

This study presents a new perspective on the convergence of artificial neural networks and music creation. The main subjects of the study are two major artificial neural network structures, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Transformer, which are analyzed in depth how they affect sequence data processing and the scalability of music composition AI. The focus of this study is on the effect of the sequence length limit of each model on the structural completeness of the musical work. To this end, music data with various sequence lengths were learned in the LSTM and Transformer models, and then the learning loss trend and reproduction ability of each model were evaluated. In addition, based on the results of this technical analysis, the structural completeness of the musical works generated by each model was evaluated using the Quantitative Evaluation method. Factors considered in this process include harmony structure, beat, and organicity of the melody line. As a result of this study, Transformer showed better performance in long sequence processing than LSTM. This was found in that Transformer's self-attention mechanism solves LSTM's vanishing gradient problem and allows it to effectively learn and reproduce longer musical sequences. It was also confirmed that these differences in functionality affect the structural completeness of music works. Through this, this study greatly contributed to in-depth exploration and understanding of the limitations and possibilities of music composition through AI technology. Understanding how artificial intelligence is used in the field of creation and what limitations and possibilities it has in the process plays an important role in expanding technological development into the human realm of music creation.

대부분의 신상품들은 시장에서 급격히 사라질 뿐만 아니라 기존 상품들의 매출감소를 불러온다. 이처럼 수명주기 가 짧은 상품으로 인해 소매상들은 과다한 재고를 보유하게 될 뿐만 아니라 소비자들은 자신들의 선호를 맞는 제품들을 발견하는데 어려움을 겪는다. 이런 문제를 해결에 하는데 있어서 추천 시스템은 좋은 해결방법이 될 수 있다. 그러나 대부 분의 추천 시스템들은 소비자의 고정된 선호를 이용하기 때문에 변화하는 소비자의 선호를 반영하지 못하는 문제가 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 시간에 따라 변화하는 소비자의 선호를 반영한 추천 방법론을 제안하였다. 제안한 방법론은 소비자의 동적 선호 프로파일 작성, 네이버 형성, 추천 리스트 작성의 3 단계로 구성되어 있으며, 모바일 이미지 거래 데이터를 이용하여 제안된 방법론의 유용성을 검증하였다. 시험결과 제시된 방법론의 추천 정확도가 전통적인 협업필터링의 정확도 보다 높았다. 이러한 결과를 통해, 본 연구에서 제한한 방법론이 짧은 수명주기를 가진 제품을 추천하 는데 효과적이라는 결론을 내릴 수 있다. 따라서 향후 제안된 방법론을 현업에 적용하여 실제적 유용성을 검증할 필요가 있다.

Most new products not only suddenly disappear in the market but also quickly cannibalize older products. Under such a circumstance, retailers may have too much stock, and customers may be faced with difficulties discovering products suitable to their preferences among short life cycle products. To address these problems, recommender systems are good solutions. However, most previous recommender systems had difficulty in reflecting changes in customer preferences because the systems employ static customer preferences. In this paper, we propose a recommendation methodology that considers dynamic customer preferences. The proposed methodology consists of dynamic customer profile creation, neighborhood formation, and recommendation list generation. For the experiments, we employ a mobile image transaction dataset that has a short product life cycle. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed methodology has a higher quality of recommendation than a typical collaborative filtering-based system. From these results, we conclude that the proposed methodology is effective under conditions where most new products have short life cycles. The proposed methodology need to be verified in the physical environment at a future time.

The long-tailed goral (Naemorhedus caudatus) is classified as 'vulnerable' by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and has been designated an endangered species requiring conservation and management in Korea. The sex determination region of the Y (SRY) gene is a useful marker for the study of paternal lineages; however, the SRY gene of the goral has not yet been sequenced. In this study, the nucleotide sequence of the SRY gene of long-tailed gorals was determined based on the sequence of the SRY gene of goats (Capra hircus). The obtained sequences were aligned with those of other species in the Bovidae family. The long-tailed goral SRY gene comprised 720 base pairs, and its nucleotide and protein sequences were identical to those of goats, sheep (Ovis aries), and cattle (Bos taurus) by 96%, 97%, and 93%, respectively. The results of phylogenetic insights obtained from this study constitute important references for genetic diversity and pedigrees studies of male long-tailed gorals and closely related species.

연구목적: 시퀀스제어는 제조, 유통, 건설, 의료 산업분야의 자동화 등에 응용되어 널리 사용하고 있다. 4차산업의 발전으로 제어분야에 인공지능 융합 기술이 산업에 중요한 요소가 되어가고 있다. 특히 기 존 시스템에 마이크로프로세서와 인공지능이 융합된 설비의 안전성과 혁신성을 평가하고 신뢰성 높은 장비개발이 요구되고 있어 교육목적의 장비를 개발하여 해당분야의 발전을 견인하고자 한다. 연구방 법: 자체 개발한 일체형 인공지능 컨트롤러 모듈은 기존의 시퀀스 및 PLC제어 회로에 인공지능 능력을 융합한 장비이다. 본 장비의 성능평가항목으로 동작, 음성, 문자, 색상 등의 인식 능력과 회로의 안정성, 신뢰성을 평가하였다. 결론: 시퀀스 및 PLC 회로를 설계 후 융합된 일체형 인공지능 컨트롤러 모듈의 성능평가항목이 모두 만족하였고 회로의 안전성과 신뢰성에 문제가 없는 것으로 나타났다.

Purpose: Sequence control is widely used by being applied to manufacturing, distribution, construction, and automation in the medical industry. With the development of the fourth industry, artificial intelligence convergence technology in the control field is becoming an important factor in the industry. In particular, it is required to evaluate the safety and innovation of facilities where microprocessors and artificial intelligence are fused to existing systems and develop reliable equipment, so it is intended to develop equipment for educational purposes and drive the development of the field. Method: The self-developed all-in-one artificial intelligence controller module is a device that combines artificial intelligence capabilities with existing sequence and PLC control circuits. As the performance evaluation items of this equipment, the recognition ability of motion, voice, text, color, etc. and the stability and reliability of the circuit were evaluated. Conclusion: After designing the sequence and PLC circuit, the performance evaluation items of the integrated integrated artificial intelligence controller module were all satisfied, and there was no problem in the safety and reliability of the circuit.

This study investigates the visual sequences that emerge in the continuous spaces of Louis Kahn’s residential designs. Isovist analysis was applied to eight of Kahn's houses, spanning his early to late career, to investigate spatial continuity. Key areas examined included entrances, living rooms, dining rooms, and shared spaces, which were interconnected. The analysis identifies vantage points and explores how Kahn’s architectural principles shape the visual and experiential qualities of these spaces. The findings reveal four critical aspects of Kahn’s design approach. First, while Kahn’s architecture is rooted in the notion of individual rooms, the interconnectedness of these spaces introduces sequential visual transitions. Second, the highest Isovist values consistently occur at critical nodal points, such as intersections, where path choices and spatial navigation are most intuitive. Third, in some cases, high Isovist values were found in spaces designed for occupancy rather than circulation. Lastly, these spatial features are amplified by visual expansion towards exterior views or vertical dimensions. The findings demonstrate that Kahn’s spatial characteristics reflect his architectural philosophy in three distinct ways. To begin with, the emphasis on path choices highlights his concept of ‘availability,’ encouraging a sense of freedom within the space. Moreover, the continuity of rooms underscores the ‘society of rooms,’ fostering both functional and collective experiences. Finally, the sequential relationship between servant and served spaces not only enhances their functional roles but also deepens the spatial perception.

이 연구는 2015 개정 교육과정에 나타난 초⋅중⋅고등학교 통치구조 학습의 계열성을 분석하고 대 안을 제시하고자 한 것이다. 통치구조에 대한 학습은 헌법교육 또는 정치교육의 일부로 이루어지고 있 다. 기존의 연구에서 통치구조에 관한 학습요소들이 지나치게 어렵다는 비판이 많았는데, 이 연구에서 는 헌법학의 체계보다는 시민교육의 차원에서 학습해야 할 내용요소들이 무엇인지 탐색하고자 하였다. 아울러 우리나라 교육과정에서 통치구조를 교육할 때, 계열성 원칙에 부합하는 교육과정에 대해 제안 하고자 하였다. 연구 결과 주요한 내용은 다음과 같다. 우선 통치구조를 학습하는 이유는 공동체 구성 원으로서 정치에 대한 이해 차원에서 학습하는 것이기도 하지만 궁극적으로는 국민주권의 실현을 위 한 것이 되어야 한다. 그리고 학습 내용에 있어 중학교와 고등학교 학습 내용이 역전되지 않도록 해야 한다. 무엇보다 국민주권의 원리, 대의제, 선거 등의 학습에서 국민이 객체에 머물러서는 안 되고 주체 로 부각되어야 함을 강조하였다.

This study aims to analyze the sequence of governance structures education in elementary middel and high school in period of 2015 revised social studies Curriculum and suggest alternatives. Governance structure is part of constitutional education or political education. In previous studies, there were many criticisms that the elements of learning about governance structure were too difficult, and this study also sought to explore what elements of citizenship education should be learned. In addition, we wanted to propose a curriculum that conforms to the principle of sequence in Korean governance education. The main contents of the study are as follows. First of all, the reason for learning governance structure is to learn about politics as a member of the community, but ultimately to realize popular sovereignty. In terms of learning content, middle and high school learning should not be reversed. Above all, we stressed that the people should not remain in objects and should be recognized as subjects in learning the principles of popular sovereignty, representatives, and elections.

최근 역사 교과서의 국정화 방침이 철회됨에 따라 중․고등학교 역사 교육과정의 한국사 영역과 교과서의 개정이 시급해졌다. 새로 개정되는 내용 체계의 조직 방향은 어떠해야 하는가. 시사점을 얻기 위해 가장 최근의 2007․2009․2015 개정 역사 교육과정 내용 체계를 재검토하였다. 여기에 반영된 계열성의 양상을 살피기 위함이다. 계열성은 교육과정의 개정 시기마다 반영되어야 하는 중요한 원리였다. 그러나 매번 계열성은 구현되지 못하였다는 비판이 이어졌다. 원인은 무엇인가. 본고에서는 이를 교육과정 내용 체계 하위의 내용 요소에서 찾고자 하였다. 지금까지의 계열화 방식은 형식상 내용 체계 재조직이 중심이었으며 내용 요소는 직접적으로 고려하지 않았던 것이다. 이를 위해 2007․2009 개정 역사 교육과정에 의해 집필된 중·고등학교 전체 역사 교과서 중 일부 단원의 내용 요소를 분석하여 역사 교육과정 내용 체계화 과정에서 비교 검토하였다. 그 결과 2009 개정 교육과정 8학년｢역사｣는 정치사, 그리고 사상사를 제외한 문화사로 구성되었다. 2009 개정 교육과정 10학년 ｢한국사｣는 2007 개정 교육과정 ｢역사｣의 사회사와 사상사 내용 요소들이 옮겨져 새로운 장으로 구성되었음을 알았다. 이 외에 경제사가 별도의 장으로 구성되었으며, 정치사와 대외교류사가 덧붙여졌다. 이어 2015 개정 ｢역사｣는 문화사가 삭제된 한편 세계사와의 완전 융합 내용을 주제별로 구성하였다. ｢한국사｣는 목표상으로는 정치사를 바탕으로 경제, 사회, 문화사의 내용을 통합한다고 하였으나 내용 요소 면에서 중학교 단계와 유사하였다. 이처럼 교육과정 내용 체계 구성상의 문제는 학교급별 내용 요소간의 유의미한 차이가 없다는 것이었다. 이는 우리나라 역사 교육과정의 개정 방식이 내용 체계 외형에 대한 재조직의 반복이었음을 의미한다. 교육과정 개정 시기마다 학교급별로 교육 내용이나 서술 방식을 차별화 하거나 아예 역사 시기를 구분함으로써 내용 체계를 계열화하고자 하였으나 정작 내부의 내용 요소는 별다르게 변화하지 않은 것이다. 교사와 학생들이 가장 중요하게 다루는 것은 핵심적인 내용 요소이다. 학교급에 따라 적절하거나 중시되는 내용 요소에 대한 이해, 그리고 동일한 내용 요소일지라도 학교급별 학습자의 이해의 정도를 고려해야 한다. 이를 위해서는 역사학 및 역사교육 학계 연구자와 현장 교사들 사이의 긴밀한 논의와 충분한 연구를 통해 보다 객관적인 학교급별 내용 요소의 삭제와 선정 근거를 마련해야 할 것이다.

As the standardization of history textbooks was withdrawn recently, the revision of the Korean history curriculum and the Korean history textbook also is in need of urgent revision. In order to determine the direction of the newly revised content, the current study reviewed the content of the latest version of the history curriculum (2007-2015). this was done specifically to review the sequence that was reflected in the history curriculum. Sequence is an important principle that should be reflected in every curriculum revision. However, it continues to be criticised that the sequence has not been adequately reflected in the history curriculum. Then what would be the reason behind this lack of reflection? The current study aims to determine the cause of the incompleteness of sequence in the learning content. Until now, the method of integration was focused on reorganizing the systematics of the content. Moreover, the content-basis was not directly considered. To this end, this study aimed at investigating the content system and the content element of the revised history curriculum (2007․2009․2015). As a result, it was clear that the revised Korean history curriculum system was a repetition of restructuring of the content. There was no significant difference between the various levels of secondary schools in terms of the content element. As most teachers and students regard the key content as being the most important element in the secondary school classrooms, appropriate and important key content element needs to be selected. Also, despite dealing with the same content element, the degree of understanding by the middle and the high school students need to be considered.

This study aims to provide the design strategies to reuse a closed school by creating new cultural space. This project is designed : the inside and outside are planed by using the concept of Montage, and the space between them is connected by the concept of Sequence that has story-telling. Also, not the inside and outside is each space, but they are organically the continued space combined each other. By using this space, user can experience changing dramatic space according to flow of the time and space in the close school done renovation.

제1차 교육과정은 미군정하에서 마련된 교수요목에 의한 교육에서 벗어나 독자적으로 그 기준을 설정하려고 노력하였다. 하지만 여전히 미국의 영향이 강해 우리의 독자적인 교육이 시행되기 어려운 것이 사실이었다. 제1차 교육과정에서 역사는 교수요목기와 마찬가지로 공민, 지리와 함께 사회생활과(사회과)라는 큰 틀 안에 자리 잡게 되었다. 사회생활과는 역사, 공민, 지리의 통합을 지향했지만 실제로는 분과로 운영되었다. 제1차 역사과 교육과정의 특징을 요약하자면 다음과 같다. 첫째, ‘세계사’라는 과목이 처음 도입되었지만 이전보다 세계사 교육은 약화되었다는 것이다. 국민학교와 중학교에서는 이전보다 세계사 과목의 시수가 감소되었고, 고등학교에서는 한 시수가 늘었지만 필수인 국사와 달리 세계사는 선택과목이 되었다. 둘째, 이전의 세계사→한국사의 역사 학습 순서가 한국사→세계사의 순서로 바뀌었으며, ‘한국사→동양사→서양사’라는 공간확대법이 적용되었다. 이로써 학생들의 발달단계에 맞는 역사교육이 가능하게 되었다. 셋째, 국사에서 국민학교(생활사)-중학교(정치사)-고등학교(문화사)의 계열성이 이전보다 한층 강화되었다. 반면에 세계사는 초-중-고 간의 계열성이 이전보다 약화되었다. 세계사의 계열성 약화는 국민학교에서 세계사 내용이 사회생활과라는 큰 틀에서 주제별로 공민과 지리 등 다른 영역과 묶이면서 세계사적 흐름을 파악하기 어렵게 되었기 때문이다. 또한, 고등학교에서 세계사가 선택과목이 되어 버린 것도 중요한 이유이다. 중학교와 고등학교 세계사 교육과정 간에도 뚜렷하게 계열성을 찾아보기 어려웠다. 넷째, 제1차 역사과 교육과정의 특이한 점은 고등학교에서 실업 학교를 위한 세계사 과정을 운영했다는 것이다. 하지만 이러한 특별 과정은 실업 학교 학생들의 특성이나 흥미를 고려한 것에서 마련된 것이 아니라 실업 과목 이수에 따른 시수 부족을 해결하기 위해 임시방편으로 나온 것이었다. 다섯째, 단원 내용에 비해서 단원 목표가 더 구체적이고 진술 분량이 더 많다는 특징을 가지고 있다. 또한 단원 내용의 제시가 설문형태로 되었다는 것이다. 이는 교수요목기의 형식을 따른 것으로 제1차 교육과정 이후에는 나타나지 않는다. 역사 영역을 포함한 제1차 교육과정은 6⋅25전쟁이라는 어려운 상황에서 제대로 제정되지 못했고 지식 중심이라는 비판을 받았다. 1963년 2월 15일 제2차 교육과정이 제정⋅공포되었고, 교육과정의 개정이 이루어지면서 제1차 교육과정은 막을 내렸다.

In the 1st curriculum, we made efforts to establish criteria independently being freed from the education grounded on the syllabus made by the government of the US armed forces. But the US’ powerful influence was still there, so in fact, we hardly implemented our own education independently. In the 1st curriculum, just like the syllabus period, history was positioned in the big frame of social life subjects (social subjects) along with civics and geography. Social life subjects did pursue integration with history, civics, and geography, but in fact, it was operated as a separate subject. The 1st history curriculum’s characteristics can be summed up as follows: first, the subject of ‘world history’ was introduced first, but the education of world history got weakened. In elementary school and middle school, the sessions of the world history subject were reduced more than before, and in high school, a session was added, but unlike Korean history, the required subject, world history, was operated as a selective subject. Second, the previous order of history learning, world history→Korean history was changed to Korean history→world history, and the principle of spatial expansion was applied as ‘Korean history→Oriental history→Western history’. This made history education right for students’ developmental steps possible. Third, in Korean history, the sequence of elementary school (life history)-middle school (political history)-high school (cultural history) was enhanced even more than before. Meanwhile, in world history, the sequence in elementary school-middle school-high school was weakened more than before. It was because for the weakening of sequence in world history, in elementary school, world history contents were combined with other areas like civics or geography by topics in the big frame of social life subjects, so it was hard to figure out the flow of world history. Another important cause was that in high school, world history became a selective subject. It was also difficult to find distinctive sequence in world history curricula between middle and high school. Fourth, one thing particular in the 1st history curriculum was that in high school, the world history course for vocational schools was operated. But that special course was established not reflecting the vocational school students’ characteristics or interest but just came out as a temporal measure to solve the lack of lessons according to the completion of vocational subjects. Fifth, compared to unit contents, unit objectives were more detailed and occupied more statements. Also, the presentation of unit contents became a form of questioning. This followed the form of the syllabus period, so it could not be found after the 1st curriculum.

본 연구의 목적은 정동지역의 미래 개발에 대비하여 시각적 분석방법을 통하여 도시구조적 특성에 의해 형성된 지역의 대형필지에서 관찰되는 외부공간 유형을 발견하고자 하는데 있다. 연구를 위하여 연구자는 고든 컬렌의 ‘연속적 시각’과 연속적인 공간구성의 분석을위해 사용된 앙리 시라아니의 ‘공간분석방법’으로부터 추론된 시각적 분석방법을 개발하였으며, 이를 정동 지역의 대형필지인 서울시립미술관 및 시청별관 부지와 이화여고 부지의 분석에 활용하여, 정동지역의 외부공간구성 유형과 원칙을 발견하였다. 본 연구의 결론은 다음과 같다. 정동지역은 건축물, 담 그리고 수목군 등의 많은 요소들의 조합에 의해 만들어진 다양하며, 연속적인 공간형태가 존재하며, 이들이 시각틀을 형성하여 외부공간을 정의한다. 이들 요소들은 공간 규모의 변화 및 다양한 축의 변화와 어우러져 다양한 풍부한 시각적 인식이 가능하게 한다. 정동지역의 이러한 외부공간 구성은 평행과 직각의 2가지 유형으로 구분되며, 이렇게 2가지 유형에 의해 만들어진 외부공간구성은 다시 인식적 영역과 암시적 영역의 2가지 영역으로 구분된다. 즉 직각과 평행의 2가지 유형은 자기반복과 타 유형의 조합이라는 방식으로 지각과 암시를 통하여 동선과 시각적 흐름을 유도하며, 결과적으로 다양하고 연속적인 외부공간의 흐름을 완성한다.

The purpose of this study is to find the types of outdoor space composition in large-scale lots, Jung_Dong district, Seoul that is made by the characters of urban structure, according to the analysis of visual perception, in order to use for future development. For the study, I developed analysing method that was drawn from the concept of 'Gordon Cullen's Serial Vision' and 'Henri Ciriani's method of space analysis', used to analyse the successive spatial composition, and I applied it to analyse 'Seoul municipal art museum & the annex of city hall region' and 'Ewha girls' high school region' and categorized the types and principles of outdoor space composition. The conclusions of this study are summarized as follows. There are diverse and successive spatial forms that are made by combining many elements as buildings, walls & trees etc. and these elements, working as visual frame, define the outdoor spaces. And, there are also abundant visual perception made by the diverse axis in compliance with the relationship of the buildings, walls and trees, with the changes of spatial scale etc. These outdoor space composition of Jung Dong is classified in two types, 'Parallel type' and 'Perpendicular type' and every outdoor space made by these two types is divided two zones, ‘Perception zone’ and ‘Allusion zone’. These two types, parallel & perpendicular, led visions & circulations by combination and own repetition, in repeating allusion and perception of the spaces, and finally made diverse and successive flow of outdoor spaces.

This article argues about the narration-structure and the textuality in the film “Beyond Silence”. Everything in the society is being in the context; especially literature and art are produced and interpreted inside the social context. Therefore, all of the literal works could be renamed as ‘text’ and if so, they contain the general text structure.In this qualification, this paper tries to explore the structure of the film “Beyond Silence”, based on the textlinguistic theory. We accordingly describe the text of film through coherence, cohesion, intentionality, acceptance and intertextuality. As a result, as other literal works have the textuality, the film “Beyond Silence” shows the textuality, and inside it the film is understood and interpreted by the audience. Through the analysis of the structure by the linguistic theory and opinion in the film, it motivates and accomplishes the communication between many disciples and offer the possibility of interdisciplinary studies.

Background: Cannabis are typically dioecious, with female and male reproductive parts located on separate plants. Female cannabis plants are preferred for the production of cannabinoids, ter- penes, and other valuable compounds synthesized within the female floral tissue. Female and male plants look identical during seedling and vegetative phases, and only after transition to flowering phase can male, female, and monoecious plants be distinguished. Early identification of the sex of cannabis plant can conserve time and money by avoiding the undesired sex of the plant. The objec- tive of the present study was to provide a sex determination method for cannabis plants using the sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker, and set multiplex-polymerase chain reac- tion (PCR) conditions for more accurate early sex determination of cannabis to overcome the dis- advantages of SCAR markers. Methods and Results: Cannabis seeds were collected and cultivated for several purposes. Leaf samples were harvested and stored during vegetative growth phase. In silico mapping of three male-specific sequences (MADC3, MADC4, and MADC6) revealed through random amplified polymorphic DNA, showed that MADC3 has a very similar sequence with the female cannabis genome. Primers were produced based on the sequences (SCAR1, SCAR2, and SCAR3, respec- tively) and subjected to gradient PCR. Only SCAR3 produced a male-specific band with an anneal- ing temperature of over 61.4 ℃. PCR was performed on cannabis plants produced for several purposes by mixing SCAR3 and internal standard 3 (IS3). Result showed that all cannabis plants produced an IS3 band of 197 bp, but only male cannabis plants produced a SCAR3 band of 118 bp. Conclusions: Multiplex-PCR primer produced a male-specific band of 119 bp in cannabis bred for several purposes, and the presence of the 197 bp cannabis common band confirmed that PCR pro- ceeded normally for all samples. The multiplex-PCR primer is greatly beneficial because the IS3 band is a specific sequence found only in cannabis, making it possible to differentiate cannabis from other plants in addition to determining the sex from with a single PCR run.

Background: Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, of the Lamiaceae family, is a medicinal plant. This study aimed to develop polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for analyzing the genetic diversity and distinguishing between varieties of S. miltiorrhiza. Methods and Results: Using whole genome resequencing data, 50 SSR markers were designed for S. miltiorrhiza. Of these, 41 polymorphic markers were selected and utilized to assess 44 S. mil- tiorrhiza accessions. A total of 346 alleles were detected (2 to 17 per locus, averaging 8.4). Major allele frequency ranged from 0.19 to 0.83 (average 0.47), observed heterozygosity ranged from 0 to 0.60 (average 0.22), and polymorphic information content ranged from 0.29 to 0.87 (average 0.64). Among the 41 SSR markers, 18 were effective for distinguishing varieties, particularly S. miltior- rhiza ‘Dasan’, ‘Gosan’, and 'Hongdan' varieties. Conclusions: The SSR markers developed in this study could be effectively used for variety discrimination, genetic diversity analysis, and population genetics studies for breeding in S. miltiorrhiza.

인공지능은 이미지 분류, 자연어 처리, 이상치 탐지와 같이 다양한 분야에서 활용된다. 하지만, 인공지능은 데이터에 왜곡이 추가되는 공격에 취약점을 가진다. 이러한 공격은 적대적 예제(adversarial example)라 불리는데, 사람은 일반적으로 이러한 왜곡이 추가되어도 큰 차이를 인식하지 못하지만, 인공지능 모델은 이를 다른 데이터로 오분류할 수 있다. 인공지능이 다양한 분야에 적용되는 것과 같이 적대적 예제도 이미지, 자연어, 시계열 데이터에 적용이 되어 모델을 오동작하게 만들 수 있다. 본 논문은 적대적 예제가 다양한 데이터에 적용될 수 있음을 보이기 위해 시계열 데이터인 Industrial Control System (ICS) dataset을 사용하였다. ICS는 네트워크를 통한 다양한 공격을 받을 수 있지만, 적대적 예제가 ICS dataset에 더해질 경우에도 시스템에 큰 피해를 줄 수 있다. 본 논문은 인공지능 모델 중 Sequence-to-Sequence Neural Network에 적대적 예제를 적용하는 실험을 수행하였다. 실험에서 두 종류의 ICS dataset이 사용되었고 적대적 예제 방법 중 하나인 Fast Gradient Sign Method (FGSM)가 사용되었다. 실험 결과는 FGSM이 적용되는 정도에 따라 달라지는 F1 score로 확인하였다. 실험 결과, 공격이 적용되는 정도가 커짐에 따라 기존 데이터와의 성능 차이가 커지고 dataset에 따라 결과의 변화율이 커지는 지점이 다름을 확인하였다.

Background: Necdin (NDN), a member of the melanoma antigen family showing imprinted pattern of expression, has been implicated as causing Prader-Willi symptoms, and known to participate in cellular growth, cellular migration and differentiation. The region where NDN is located has been associated to QTLs affecting reproduction and early growth in cattle, but location and functional analysis of the molecular mechanisms have not been established. Methods: Here we report the sequence variation of the entire coding sequence from 72 samples of cattle, yak, buffalo, goat and sheep, and discuss its variation in Bovidae. Median-joining network analysis was used to analyze the variation found in the species. Synonymous and non-synonymous substitution rates were determined for the analysis of all the polymorphic sites. Phylogenetic analysis were carried out among the species of Bovidae to reconstruct their relationships. Results: From the phylogenetic analysis with the consensus sequences of the studied Bovidae species, we found that only 11 of the 26 nucleotide changes that differentiate them produced amino acid changes. All the SNPs found in the cattle breeds were novel and showed similar percentages of nucleotides with non-synonymous substitutions at the Nterminal, MHD and C-terminal (12.3, 12.8 and 12.5%, respectively), and were much higher than the percentage of synonymous substitutions (2.5, 2.6 and 4.9%, respectively). Three mutations in cattle and one in sheep, detected in heterozygous individuals were predicted to be deleterious. Additionally, the analysis of the biochemical characteristics in the most common form of the proteins in each species show very little difference in molecular weight, pI, net charge, instability index, aliphatic index and GRAVY (Table 4) in the Bovidae species, except for sheep, which had a higher molecular weight, instability index and GRAVY. Conclusions: There is sufficient variation in this gene within and among the studied species, and because NDN carry key functions in the organism, it can have effects in economically important traits in the production of these species. NDN sequence is phylogenetically informative in this group, thus we propose this gene as a phylogenetic marker to study the evolution and conservation in Bovidae.

Sequence type (ST) 5 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type II (ST5-MRSA-II) and ST72-MRSA-IV represent the most significant genotypes for healthcare- (HA) and community-associated (CA) MRSA in Korea, respectively. In addition to the human-type MRSA strains, the prevalence of livestock-associated (LA) MRSA clonal lineages, such as ST541 and ST398 LA-MRSA-V in pigs and ST692 LA-MRSA-V and ST188 LA-MRSA-IV in chickens, has recently been found. In this study, clonotype- specific resistance profiles to cathelicidins derived from humans (LL-37), pigs (PMAP- 36), and chickens (CATH-2) were examined using six different ST groups of MRSA strains: ST5 HA-MRSA-II, ST72 CA-MRSA-IV, ST398 LA-MRSA-V, ST541 LA-MRSA-V, ST188 LA-MRSAIV, and ST692 LA-MRSA-V. Phenotypic characteristics often involved in cathelicidin resistance, such as net surface positive charge, carotenoid production, and hydrogen peroxide susceptibility were also determined in the MRSA strains. Human- and animal-type MRSA strains exhibited clonotype-specific resistance profiles to LL-37, PMAP-36, or CATH-2, indicating the potential role of cathelicidin resistance in the adaptation and colonization of human and animal hosts. The ST5 HA-MRSA isolates showed enhanced resistance to all three cathelicidins and hydrogen peroxide than ST72 CA-MRSA isolates by implementing increased surface positive charge and carotenoid production. In contrast, LA-MRSA strains employed mechanisms independent of surface charge regulation and carotenoid production for cathelicidin resistance. These results suggest that human- and livestock-derived MRSA strains use different strategies to counteract the bactericidal action of cathelicidins during the colonization of their respective host species.

One of the most famous misconceptions about Korean food history is the claim that “Red peppers (chilies) were introduced to the country through the Japanese invasions of 1592?1599.” This misinformation distorts the history of Korean food and downplays its value, serving as a significant obstacle to the development of the Korean food industry on the global stage. Genetically, it would take several millions of years for an introduced species of chili (red pepper) to evolve into the Korean variety that we know today. Agriculturally, it would take several hundreds of years for this variety to be grown throughout the country. In food science terms, it would also take a thousand years for kochujang (red pepper paste) and kimchi to be discovered and spread across the country to become some of Korea's most iconic foods. There is not a single reference in ancient documents to red peppers being introduced to Korea through the Japanese invasions, while chili (red peppers, kochu), kimchi, and kochujang (red pepper paste) are mentioned numerous times in documents written prior to those invasions. The theory in question claims that Latin American chili (aji) passed through India and Japan before being introduced to Korea through the 1592 Japanese invasions. However, when we examine the origin, propagation, and evolution of chili through the lens of modern science, genetic and life science analysis based on old documents shows that this claim has no scientific basis. The theory that Korean chili (kochu) comes from Japan is the biggest culprit responsible for distorting the history and value of Korean chili and kimchi. It has also spawned a number of other idle theories. This paper aims to correct this misconception through scientific analysis and ultimately restore the truth about the history and culture of Korean fermented foods.

Hypsizygus marmoreus is a mushroom with abundant flavor and medicinal properties. However, its application is limited by problems such as long cultivation period, low biological efficiency, and microbiological contamination; therefore, there is a substantial need for development of new cultivars of this species. In this study, 55 strains of H. marmoreus were subjected to inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis to identify markers for the selection of mother strains for breeding from the collected germplasm. ISSR 13 and 15 were confirmed as polymorphic markers. The three strains (KMCC03106, KMCC03107, and KMCC03108) with white cap color were found to be genetically closely related upon UPGMA analysis of both ISSR 13 and 15. Based on the PCR analysis results for ISSR 15, the collected germplasm were differentiated into three groups according to the strain collection year. Thus, ISSR 15 could be a marker for determining the phylogeny of cap color and genetic variations according to the strain collection year. These results suggest that ISSR markers can be effective tools for the selection of mother strains for breeding of H. marmoreus.