Earticle

본 논문에서는 시스템의 기동 시간을 고려하는 새로운 플래시 메모리 스왑 시스템을 연구하였다. 제안한 SFSS(Segment-based Flash memory Swap System) 기법은 스왑 영역을 여러 개의 삭제 블록으로 이루어진 세그먼트들로 구성한다. SFSS는 시스템 기동 시에 세그먼트 헤더만을 읽고 스왑 영역의 일부분만 초기화하여 기동 시간을 줄인다. 또한 가비지 수집 시에 세그먼트 단위로 삭제 연산을 수행한다. 성능 분석을 위해 리눅스 커널에서 트레이스를 수집하여 시뮬레이션을 수행하였으며 세그먼트 크기를 적절하게 조절하여 시스템의 기동 시간을 크게 줄이고 가비지 수집 비용을 줄일 수 있음을 보였다.

This paper studies a new flash memory swap system considering the system start-up time. The proposed SFSS(Segment-based Flash memory Swap System) scheme composes a swap area of segments which consist of multiple erase blocks. SFSS reads only segment headers at system start-up and reduces start-up time by initializing only a part of the swap area. Further, SFSS uses a segment as an erase unit during the garbage collection. For the performance evaluation, we perform a simulation study by using the traces from the linux kernel, and show that SFSS can reduce the system start-up time drastically and decrease the garbage collection cost by controlling the segment size properly.

최근 스마트폰 및 태블릿 PC를 이용한 무선통신 사용자가 점차 늘면서 암호 알고리즘, 특히 스트림 암호 연구가 활 발히 진행되고 있다. 스트림 암호 방식에서 필요한 난수발생기는 하드웨어 구현이 쉬운 LFSR 구조가 주로 사용된다. 그러나 기존의 다중 비트 출력의 LFSR 기반 난수 발생기는 회로가 복잡해지고 출력간의 상관관계가 크다. Leap-ahea d 구조를 갖는 LFSR은 이를 해결하기 위해 제안되었으나, 레지스터의 수와 출력비트에 따라 생성되는 난수의 수가 급 격히 적어지는 단점을 갖는다. 본 논문은 기존 Leap-ahead 구조에 세그먼테이션 기법을 적용하여 회로 크기의 증가 없 이 생성되는 난수의 수를 높일 수 있는 새로운 구조를 제안한다. 제안된 구조는 VHDL을 통하여 회로로 합성된 후, Xili nx사의 Xilinx ISE 10.1의 Virtex 4, XC4VLX15에서 동작을 검증하였다. 실험 결과 제안된 구조는 기존 Multi-LFSR 구 조에 비해 20%이내의 회로 크기로 Leap-Ahead 구조에 비해 최소 40% 생성되는 난수의 수를 증가시켰다.

Recently, the research for cryptographic algorithm, in particular, a stream cipher has been actively conducted for wireless devices as growing use of wireless devices such as smartphone and tablet. LFSR based random number generator is widel y used in stream cipher since it has simple architecture and it operates very fast. However, the conventional multi-LFSR R NG (random number generator) suffers from its hardware complexity as well as very closed correlation between the numbe rs generated. A leap-ahead LFSR was presented to solve these problems. However, it has another disadvantage that the m aximum period of the generated random numbers are significantly decreased according to the relationship between the num ber of the stages of the LFSR and the number of the output bits of the RNG. This paper presents new leap-ahead LFSR a rchitecture to prevent this decrease in the maximum period by applying segmentation technique to the conventional leap-ah ead LFSR. The proposed architecture is implemented using VHDL and it is simulated in FPGA using Xilinx ISE 10.1, with a device Virtex 4, XC4VLX15. From the simulation results, the proposed architecture has only 20% hardware complexity bu t it can increases the maximum period of the generated random numbers by 40% compared to the conventional Leap-ahead archtecture.

We understand that architectural space is a place where human temporary and complex behaviour is happened. That is to say, it involves its context, regional and social features and also our experiences. As an essential constructional element, wall is relevant directly with constructed space in the aspect of society. It is reasonable to suppose that the relationship between wall and space is not individual but organic and integrated relation. Constructed space have to replace with a narrative structure as it shows social events and stories. When narrative structure is constructed, wall can be concrete thing to connect each space. It is because that wall is not only constructive element but also a kind of container with urban context, place, memory and human life. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to show that wall makes abstract space expressed from modern architecture integrate into a narrative structure and to examine the possibility.

시장에서의 경쟁이 점차 심화되고 서비스나 상품에 대한 고객들의 요구와 기대치가 증가함에 따라 기업들에 있어 과학적인 데이터 분석에 근거한 경영전략 수립 및 실행의 필요성이 어느 때보다 크게 강조되고 있다. 그러나 인적자원과 및 자금 등을 포함한 가용자원은 한정적이기 때문에 이들 자원을 얼마나 효율적으로 사용하여 효과적인 결과를 획득하는가가 기업 성패를 좌우하는 주요 지표가 되고있다. 본 연구에서는 선택과 집중적 자원 배분이라는 이슈에 초점을 맞춰 사전 세분화를 통해 선정된 고객 군만을 대상으로 고객의 특성을 파악하고 관리하는 방안이 전체 고객을 대상으로 하는 것보다 보다 의미가 있다는 것을 실제 현업데이터를 통해 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 카드사, 이동통신사, 보험사의 고객 인적데이터 및 거래데이터를 수집하였고, 통계분석과 현업전문가의 의견을 수렴해 고객 세분화를 수행하였으며, 각 세분 군별로 데이터마이닝의 의사결정나무 기법을 이용해 해지모형을 구축하여 전체 고객을 대상으로 한 모형과 정분류율과 규칙의 간결성 측면에서 비교 평가하였다. 결과적으로 세분 군별 해지모형이 전체 고객대상 모형에 비해 정분류율은 높거나 비슷한 수준을 유지하면서 보다 간결하고 의미있는 규칙을 제공하였다.

Discovering customers' behavioral patterns from large data set and providing them with corresponding services or products are critical components in managing a current business. However, the diversity of customer needs coupled with the limited resources suggests that companies should make more efforts on understanding and managing specific groups of customers, not the whole customers. The key issue of this paper is based on the fact that the behavioral patterns extracted from the specific groups of customers shall be different from those from the whole customers. This paper proposes the idea of pre-segmentation before developing customer classification models. We collected three customers' demographic and transactional data sets from a credit card, a tele-communication, and an insurance company in Korea, and then segmented customers by major variables. Different churn prediction models were developed from each segments and the whole data set, respectively, using the decision tree induction approach, and compared in terms of the hit ratio and the simplicity of generated rules.

Two experiments were conducted in this research. Experiment 1 investigated the spatial expression characteristics of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) transporters in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of 21-day-old broilers provided with adequate nutrient feed. Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of dietary vitamin D3 (VD3) concentration (0, 125, 250, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 IU/kg) on growth performance, bone development, and gene expression levels of intestinal Ca and P transporters in 1?21-day-old broilers provided with the negative control diet without supplemental VD3. Results in experiment 1 showed that the mRNA levels of calcium- binding protein 28-kDa (CaBP-D28k), sodium-calcium exchanger 1 (NCX1), plasma membrane calcium ATPase 1b (PMCA1b), and IIb sodium-phosphate cotransporter (NaPi-IIb) were the highest in the broiler duodenum. By contrast, the mRNA levels of inorganic phosphate transporter 1 (PiT-1) and 2 (PiT-2) were the highest in the ileum. Results in experiment 2 showed that adding 125 IU/kg VD3 increased body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), bone weight, and percentage and weight of Ca and P in the tibia and femur of 1?21-day-old broilers compared with the negative control diet (p < 0.05). The rise in dietary VD3 levels from 125 to 1,000 IU/kg further increased the BWG, FI, and weights of the bone, ash, Ca, and P (p < 0.05). No difference in growth rate and leg bone quality was noted in the broilers provided with 1,000 and 2,000 IU/kg VD3 (p > 0.05). Supplementation with 125?2,000 IU/kg VD3 increased the mRNA abundances of intestinal Ca and P transporters to varying degrees. The mRNA level of CaBP-D28k increased by 536, 1,161, and 28 folds in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, respectively, after adding 1,000 IU/kg VD3. The mRNA levels of other Ca and P transporters (PMCA1b, NCX1, NaPi-IIb, PiT-1, and PiT-2) increased by 0.57?1.74 folds by adding 1,000?2,000 IU/kg VD3. These data suggest that intestinal Ca and P transporters are mainly expressed in the duodenum of broilers. Moreover, the addition of VD3 stimulates the two mineral transporter transcription in broiler intestines.

최근의 자연재난의 발생 빈도의 증가는 재난에 대한 정보전달의 중요성이 높아지며, 다양한 미디어의 등장에 따른 전달방법 의 중요도도 높아지고 있다. 특히, 2020년의 코로나19(COVID-19)로 인하여 자연재난뿐아니라 사회재난에 대한 관심도 매우 증대하고, 재난정보의 빈도가 매우 높아져, 2000년대 통틀어서 제공된 재난정보량 보다 20년 한해의 재난정보량이 더 많아질 것으로 예상된다. 이러한 재난정보의 홍수는 반대급부로 재난정보의 피로도를 증가시켜 의도적 또는 비의도적 무시의 경향을 유발시킬 수 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 재난위험지역을 기반으로 Segment를 생성하고 관리하며, Segment단위로 재난위험메 시지를 제공하는 Segment기반 긴급메시지전송시스템을 연구한다. 목표시스템에서는 재난위험지역을 심각>경계>주의>관 심>안전지역으로 구분하여 관리하며, 특히, 심각 및 경계지역에서는 대피를 권고하고 수신자의 대피 이동관리를 통해 행동유 도를 이끌어 이용자의 인명피해 저감과 재산손실 감소의 효과를 얻고자 한다.

테일러(Taylor, 1999)의 6분할 메시지 전략모형(6 Segment Message Wheel, SM6)은 대표적인 메시지 전략모형으로 현재까지도 메시지 전 략 연구에서 가장 많이 활용되는 모형 중의 하나이다. 그러나 SM6 모형은 이론과 실무 차원에서 다음과 같은 두 가지 한계점이 있는 모형이라 고 할 수 있다. 하나는 SM6 모형의 메시지 전략은 메시지 전략의 본질(Larskey et al., 1989; Frazer, 1983; Taylor, 1999)인“무엇을 말할 것인가 (What To Say)?”가 아닌“어떻게 말할 것인가(How To Say)?”라는 크리에이티브 전술이라는 한계점이며, 또 다른 한가지는 포지셔닝에 대한 메시지 전략을 오직 합리성 메시지 영역(Ration)으로 한정하고 있기 때문에, 메시지 전략이 포지셔닝 이론과 일치하지 않는다는 한계점이 있 다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 두 가지 한계를 보완하여, 포지셔닝 전략이론과 일치하며, 메시지 전략의 본질인“What to say?”와 표현 전략인“How to say?”까지를 하나의 모형에서 해결할 수 있는 SM6 확장 모형(Extended 6 Segment Message:이하 ESM6)을 제안한다.

In this study, we present a new marketing communication message strategy model that enhances the practical utility of Taylor (1999)'s 6 Segment Message Wheel(SM 6). The SM6 model is a representative message strategy model that is currently undergoing follow-up research by various scholars, but it is a model with limitations on practical use in the following two aspects. The first limitation is that although it's essence of a message strategy is“What To Say?” (Larskey et al., 1989; Frazer, 1983; Taylor, 1999), the SM6 model's message strategy is closer to““How to say it ?” rather than“What To Say? Therefore, since SM6's message strategy is strictly a creative strategy rather than a message strategy, the SM6 model alone can not tell about“What To Say?”. The second factor arises from the positioning concept defined in the SM 6 model. In the SM 6 model, positioning message strategies are limited to the domain of rationality (Ration), which is one of the strategic areas, but positioning is not limited to the area of rationality, which emphasizes functional and economic utility in both academia and practice. The conceptual conflict between this positioning strategy and the SM6 model is also obstacles to practical use. This study proposes The SM 6 extended model (Extended 6 Segment Message: hereafter ESM6) that compensates for the limitations of this SM6 model and enhances practical use. Unlike SM6, which sees positioning as only one of six message strategies, the newly designed SM6 expansion model was redefined by the relationship “message strategy is the execute process of positioning strategy.” As a result, in the SM6 expansion model, “What are you going to say?” Sources Of Message corresponding to and “How do you say it? It provides all 6 expression strategies corresponding to”. The SM6 extension model enhances practical usability by being able to select 6 message expression strategies as well as Source Of Message as a single model, and it has the academic significance of resolving theoretical conflicts arising from positioning concepts.

본 논문은 영어의 접속사 and가 화용론적 측면에서 분절 연결 의 기능을 가지고 있음을 코퍼스 데이터를 통해 확인하였다. 이 논문에서 사용하고 있는 분절은 중심화 이론에서 정의하는 급변 추이(ROUGH-SHIFT)가 나타날 때 나뉜다고 보고 개체나 사건의 연결이 아닌 분절의 연결을 위해서도 영어의 접속사 and가 빈번 히 사용될 수 있음을 점검하였다. 더 나아가 본 논문은 이러한 분절 연결의 기능으로서 접속사 and를 자주 사용하는 화자들에 게는 담화분절을 최대화 하고자 하는 원칙이 상위 규칙으로 작 용하고 있음을 주장하였다.

In the literature, many researchers have identified rather unusual uses of the conjunction and. Sweetser (1991) identified an epistemic conjunction and a speech act conjunction while Van Dijk (1979) have distinguished pragmatic connectives from semantic connectives. This paper claims that one of the secondary uses of the conjunction and that seems to play at the pragmatic level has a more specific function. It connects discourse segments that otherwise would be perceived as separate from each other. That is, when the conjunction and does not connect two entities or events on the basis of their content, one of its functions is to connect discourse segment boundaries. Thus, I would like to define the use of the secondary function of the conjunction and as a segment conjunction which is defined under the Centering Theory. One of the implications of this study is that an attempt to abandon constraints working within a discourse segment in favor of the global discourse structure is not at all desirable since it is evidenced that discourse participants constantly and consciously recognize a discourse segment boundary, with a principle that prefers to maximize it.

This paper proposed a method for the pattern normalization based on inertia moment to increase automatic recognition rate of hand - written Hangul patterns. The normalized patterns can be accomplished by transformming the input patterns according to the angle between X-axes and principal axes of inertia. Experimental results show that the declination and stroke shape of the hand-Written Hangul patterns are much improved

If the part of the HTS magnet is exposed to the outside of the cryogenic coolant due to the fluctuation of the height of the cooling liquid or the vapor generation, the uncooled part becomes very unstable. In this paper, the unstable equilibrium temperature distribution of the uncooled part of a superconductor is obtained, and the maximum temperature and energy are calculated as a function of the uncooled length. Similar to the superconductor stability problem, the current sharing model was applied to derive the theoretical formula and calculated by numerical integration. We also applied a jump model, which assumes that joule heat is generated in all of the uncooled segment, and compares it with the current sharing model results. As a result of the analysis, the stable equilibrium state and the critical uncooled length in the jump model are not shown in the current sharing model. The stability of the conductors to external disturbances was discussed based on the obtained temperature distribution, maximum temperature, and energy.

Traditional methods for plant phenotypic analysis, including attributes such as color, plant health status, and size, rely on expert manual analysis and judgment. Measurements are manually taken using tools, and all data is recorded by hand, which is highly inefficient. However, the development of artificial intelligence and deep learning has provided efficient solutions for plant phenotypic analysis. This study established a framework based on high-resolution images and utilized the SEGMENT ANYTHING MODEL (SAM) and Explainable Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining (ECLIP) for plant phenotypic analysis. Through the segmentation results of this model, the length and width of radishes, cucumbers, and pumpkins were measured. Since this method performed experiments without requiring model training or manual annotation of data, the framework demonstrated strong efficiency in the segmentation tasks prior to phenotypic analysis, significantly reducing manual labor costs. Moreover, the experimental results indicated that the mean absolute error (MAE) was below 0.05 for most test samples.

Functional regulation of a specific tissue or organ is controlled by a number of ways, including local cell‐gcell interaction. Of several forms of cell‐gcell junctional complexes, gap junctions are caught a great attention due to a formation of direct linkage between neighboring cells. Gap junctions are consisted of connexin (Cx) isoforms. In the present study, we evaluated expressional profiling of Cx isoforms in the rat initial segment (IS) of the male reproductive tract at different postnatal ages. The presence and expression of 13 Cx isoform mRNAs were determined by semi‐gquantitative real‐gtime PCR analyses. A total of 8 Cx isoform mRNAs were detected in the IS of the male rats during postnatal development. The highest level of Cx30.3 mRNA was found at 5 months of age, while abundance of Cx31 mRNA was the highest at 1 year of age. Expression of Cx31.1 gene was relatively consistent during the postnatal development. Fluctuation of Cx32 and 37 gene expression was observed during the postnatal period. Significant elevation of Cx40 mRNA abundance was detected at 25 days of age and older ages. Expression patterns of Cx43 and 45 genes were similar with the highest level at 2 weeks of age, followed by gradual decreases at older ages. These results indicate differential regulation on expression of Cx isoforms in the rat IS during postnatal development. A complicated regulation of gene expression of Cx isoforms in the IS at different postnatal ages is suggested.

This study seeks to investigate the relationship between Prator's Hierarchy of L2 learning difficulty and segment-level pronunciation learning difficulties that were observed among Korean adult EFL learners in 2006. A total of 148 student participants at a college-level institute took part in an empirical study on the comparison between the effects of two different EFL pronunciation syllabi. Out of the 148, only 93 students yielded a complete set of pronunciation data, namely the pre- and post- test results of L2 sound identification and L2 word read-aloud tests. Two native English-speaking instructors of English and two non-native instructors of English each taught four 70-minute lectures to the participants. Based on the descriptive analysis, the participants showed identification accuracy results that generally affirmed the predictions suggested by Prator, while they showed somewhat puzzling results concerning their read-aloud accuracy scores. Two additional factors of L2 sound learning difficulty are suggested based on the results of the read-aloud tests: 1) the L1 orthographic system, which is relatively transparent compared to the L2 orthographic system, and 2) the phonological context in which a certain L2 sound occurs.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify whether cutaneous sensory (CS) changes induced by mechanical and electrical interventions increase the trigger point threshold of the same spinal segment. Methods: The participants were randomly divided into three groups with 10 participants each: the mechanical intervention (MI) group, electrical intervention (EI) group, and control group. Mechanical intervention was applied through Graston, and EI was applied through the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator for 5 min to induce CS changes. The sensory test measured CS changes using Von Frey filament and pressure pain threshold (PPT) changes estimated using an algometer. To observe changes in sensory and pain threshold with time, the test was conducted three times: pre-, post-, and 15 min post-intervention . Results: The results showed significant changes in CS in the MI and EI groups (p<0.05). Furthermore, changes in the PPT of the right infraspinatus were observed in the same spinal segment (p<0.05). Conclusion: CS changes induced by MI and EI changed the PPT in the same spinal segment. Therefore, it can be useful for pan control and for increasing the PPT in the clinical field.

Background : The 2020 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines recommended ticagrelor and prasugrel over clopidogrel in dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) following percutaneous coronary inter vention (PCI) for patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). This guidance poses challenges in Asian populations known to have lower thrombosis incidence but higher bleeding ten dency. Therefore, this study retrospectively evaluated the efficacy and safety of clopidogrel and ticagrelor in patients with NSTEMI undergoing DAPT post-PCI at a tertiary hospital. Methods : Electronic medical records of patients with NSTEMI undergoing PCI at our institution who were prescribed clopidogrel or ticagrelor for DAPT from January 2020 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Effectiveness was assessed by major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), comprising death, stroke, myocardial infarction, and revascularization. Safety was evaluated based on major and minor bleeding. Net Adverse Clinical Events (NACE) defined as the combination of MACCE and bleeding were analyzed to provide comprehensive assessment of efficacy and safety. Results : Among 184 eligible patients, 85 and 99 received clopidogrel and ticagrelor, respectively. The clopidogrel group had significantly higher bleeding risk (PRECISE-DAPT score median: 25.0, IQR: 16.5 32.5) than the ticagrelor group (PRECISE-DAPT score median: 13.0, IQR: 6.0-21.0) (p < 0.01). However, during the 12-month follow-up, no significant difference was observed in the occurrence of NACE be tween the clopidogrel group (10.6%) and the ticagrelor group (9.1%) (p=0.73). Incidences of MACCE and bleeding events were 7.1% and 3.5% in the clopidogrel group and 2.0% and 7.1% in the ticagrelor group, respectively, showing no significant intergroup differences (p=0.15 and p=0.35, respectively). Conclusion : NSTEMI patients undergoing DAPT post-PCI showed no significant differences in NACE, MACCE, or bleeding events between receiving clopidogrel and ticagrelor. However, given limitations of this single-center retrospective cohort study, additional prospective research is warranted to confirm these findings and to ensure more effective drug use in Asian patients.

Objectives: We sometimes experience that a tapeline is partially folded in fully flexed elbow position, which may cause a considerable error in the measurement of across-elbow conduction velocity. This study is purposed to demonstrate the difference in distance measure of AE segment according to different widths of tapeline. Methods: We performed ulnar motor segmental conduction study with standard technique in twenty healthy subjects (average 29.8±6.35 years, male:female=13:7). Distance of AE segment was measured with three different widths (5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm) of tapeline at two different elbow positions (90 degree and 135 degree of elbow flexion) by two separate examiners. Results: In 90 degree of elbow-flexion, distances of AE segment were 10.4±0.29, 10.7±0.34, and 10.9± 0.31 cm with 5-, 10- and 15 mm-width tapeline, which were significantly different (p<0.05). In 135 degree of elbow-flexion, distances of AE segment were 10.7±0.43, 11.0±0.45, and 11.4±0.53 cm with 5-, 10- and 15 mm-width tapeline, which were also significantly different (p<0.05). Conclusion: There is a room for considerable error (5~6%) in the measurement of AE conduction velocity according to width of a tapeline. Therefore width of a tapeline also should be considered for establishment of normative data in segmental ulnar motor conduction study.

Axial map analysis of Space Syntax is a well known technique on the interpretation of configurational space structure and has been successful to understand the relationships between space structures. This paper deals with the limitations of axial lines as a unit space to measure it's social logic due to the fact that axial lines are the fewest longest lines of visibility. This paper attempts to refine an axial space into more detailed unit to identify lines in a real-world manner so that the measured unit of a space can be more precisely correspond to its functions in a the world. Axial lines are split into a segment based on intersection points and can form a graph to get a relationship between them, which is called a 'segment line' and results in a 'segment map'. With comparing measurements of spaces in axial line map and segment map in a case of simulation, this segmentation method of space analysis will find a way to improvement of the space syntax techniques.