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As recreational running continues to gain popularity, more individuals are seeking ways to improve running performance. RunSmart is a run-ning intervention program designed to enhance a runner’s form. In ad-dition to correcting flaws in a runner’s form, RunSmart offers the oppor-tunity for runners to continue a regular regimen while slowly integrating changes in form. The purpose of this case series was twofold: to deter-mine if the RunSmart program coincides with improvements in oxygen consumption (VO2), a variable often associated with better running per-formance times, and to evaluate the RunSmart program in regard to en-hancing gait biomechanics. Five recreational runners volunteered to participate in this program. Subjects initially reported to the clinic for an initial submaximal VO2 treadmill test and lower extremity biomechanical analysis. After the initial testing session, each subject attended one session of one-on-one individualized RunSmart instruction per week for 6 weeks. At the first RunSmart session, subjects received a biomechan-ical analysis to determine their foot strike pattern and areas of muscular weakness and range of motion limitations. Throughout the 6-week run-ning program, participants ran 5 days every week for predetermined times each day; 2 runs every week were designated as interval training runs. Subjects then underwent a follow-up submaximal VO2 treadmill test and lower extremity biomechanical analysis at the end of 6 weeks. Descriptive statistics were used to assess data pertaining to VO2 and biomechanical analysis and compare initial and follow-up testing ses-sions. Following completion of the RunSmart program, subjects demon-strated improvements in VO2 and also improved several biomechanical factors related to the lower extremity running gait. Based on the results from this case series, the RunSmart training program may have the po-tential to change a runner’s form and improve VO2, thus resulting in im-proved distance running times. However, this is speculation given the nonexperimental nature of this case series. Future research on this top-ic should include a greater number of participants in randomized con-trolled trials on injury prevention and running efficiency.

본 연구는 언론보도에 나타난 러닝관련 데이터를 파악함으로써 생활체육 중 최근에 인기가 높은 러닝과 관련한 체육 정책의 기초자료를 제공하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구방법으로는 한국언론진흥재단의 뉴스분석시스템인 빅카인즈 (BIGKinds)에서 제공하는 뉴스 중 12개 전국 일간지의 뉴스를 중심으로 수집하여 분석하였다. 분석기간은 2021년부터 2024년 10월까지이며, 수집된 관련 기사는 총 4,944건이다. 연구결과 첫째, 최근 러닝의 대상이 개인에서 단체로 변화하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 최근 개인보다 단체로 러닝을 즐기는 사람들이 늘어나면서 러닝이 사회적 이슈를 불러일으키고 있는 것으로 보인다. 따라서 지자체별 운영 인원 제한, 스포츠단지 이용 제한, 시간대별 장소 분류, 지역별 이용자 수 확인 애 플리케이션 활용 등 다양한 방안을 마련할 필요가 있어 보인다.

The purpose of this study is to identify running-related data through media reports and provide basic data on running-related sports policies that have recently become popular in the sports world. As a research method, the news of 12 national daily newspapers provided by BIGKinds, the news analysis system of the Korea Press Promotion Foundation, was collected and analyzed. The analysis period is from 2021 to October 2024, and a total of 4,944 related articles were collected. According to the results of the study, first, it was found that the targets of running are changing from individuals to groups recently. Second, it seems that running is causing social issues as more people enjoy running as a group than individuals recently. Therefore, it seems necessary to come up with various measures such as limiting the number of people operating by local governments, restricting the use of sports complexes, classifying places by time zone, and utilizing applications to check the number of users by region.

본 연구는 달리기 시 속도와 경사변화가 하지관절의 생체역학적 요인에 미치는 영향을 보고자 한다. 이를 위해 20대 성인남성 15명이 트레드밀에서 2.7, 3.3 m/s와 -9°, -6°, 0°, 6°, 9°로 달리기를 실시하였고, 속도와 경사 변화에 따른 주행특성(보장, 보빈도), 생체역학적 변인(발목, 무릎, 엉덩관절의 가동범위, 모멘트, 관절파워), 지면반력(수직지면반력, 부하율, 제동력, 추진력)을 측정하였다. 연구결과, 주행특성은 오르막 달리기(UR)가 내리막 달리기(DR)에 비해 크게 나타났다(p<.05). 하지관절의 가동범위와 수직지면반력은 UR에서 크게 나타났고(p<.05), 하지관절의 모멘트와 제동력, 추진력, 부하율은 DR에서 크게 나타났다(p<.05). 관절파워는 발목관절은 DR에서 크 고, 엉덩관절에서는 UR이 크게 나타났다(p<.05). 이러한 결과로부터 3.3m/s의 속도로 DR을 달리는 경우에서 발 목관절 부상의 영향이 클 것으로 예상된다.

This study analyzes the effects of changes in running velocity and slope on the biomechanical factors of the lower limb joints. For this purpose, 15 adult males in their 20s ran according to changes in running speed (2.7, 3.3 m/s) and slope ( -9°, -6°, 0°, 6°, 9°) on the treadmill, and their running characteristics (stride length, stride frequency). The range of motion of the lower limb joint and the vertical ground reaction force were greater in UR (p <.05), and the moment of the lower limb joint, braking force, thrust and load factor was large in DR (p <.05). In joint power, the ankle joint was greater in DR, and hip joint was greater in the UR (p <.05). These results show that the injuries of the ankle joint will be greater than other cases when running DR at a speed of 3.3 m/s.

본 연구는 달리기 문화를 주도하며 하나의 문화 현상으로 자리 잡은 러닝크루에 대한 사회적 인식을 탐색하는 목적 이 있다. 이를 위해 텍스톰과 Ucinet 6을 활용하여 2020년 1월부터 2024년 9월까지 ‘러닝크루’와 관련된 텍스트데이터 를 통해 키워드를 분석하였다. 구체적으로 텍스트마이닝, 의미연결망 분석, TF-IDF, CONCOR분석을 수행하였다. 분석 결과, 러닝크루와 관련하여‘운동’, ‘마라톤’, ‘사람’, ‘시작’, ‘시간’, ‘대회’, ‘서울’, ‘런’, ‘후기’ 순으로 단어빈도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 러닝크루는 ‘러닝크루의 다양한 기능’, ‘러닝크루를 통한 참가자의 스포츠 소비 행동’, ‘러닝크루 훈련과 장소’, ‘러닝크루를 통한 마라톤대회 참가’ 등의 네 가지 하위 유형으로 구분되었다. 본 연구는 빅데이터를 활용하 여 최근의 러닝크루 현상을 보다 객관적이고 종합적으로 탐색했다는 데 의의가 있다. 또한, 스포츠브랜드는 러닝크루와의 협력을 통해 단순 상품 홍보를 넘어 브랜드에 대한 긍정적 감정과 경험을 형성하는 다양한 활동을 활발히 수행해야 할 것이다. 마지막으로 지자체는 건강한 러닝문화 확산을 위해 노력해야 할 것이다.

This study aims to explore the social perception of running crews, which have emerged as a cultural phenomenon leading the running culture. To this end, keywords related to "running crew" were analyzed using text data collected between January 2020 and September 2024, employing Textom and Ucinet 6. Specifically, text mining, semantic network analysis, TF-IDF, and CONCOR analysis were performed. The analysis revealed that terms such as "exercise," "marathon," "people," "start," "time," "competition," "Seoul," "run," and "review" appeared with the highest frequencies. Furthermore, running crews were categorized into four subtypes: (1) the diverse functions of running crews, (2) participants' sports consumption behaviors through running crews, (3) running crew training, and place(4) marathon participation facilitated by running crews. This study is significant in that it leverages big data to provide a more objective and comprehensive examination of recent trends in running crews. Additionally, it suggests that sports brands should actively engage in diverse activities with running crews to foster positive emotions and experiences beyond mere product promotion. Lastly, local governments are encouraged to make concerted efforts to promote a healthy running culture.

본 연구의 목적은 달리기 시 발목의 관절 강성과 충격력 및 부하율 간의 상관관계를 알아보고, 반복적인 부하로 인해 발생하는 하지 근 골격계의 상해의 원인을 파악하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하는데 있다. 연구 대상자는 6개월간 근 골격계 손상을 입지 않은 성인 남성 16명으로 선정하였다. 모든 대상자는 8 km/h, 12 km/h, 16 km/h의 속도에서 달리기 동작을 30초간 수행하였고, 이 중 10 스텝을 분석에 활용하였다. 이때, 8대의 적외선 카메라(Oqus 300+, Qualisys, Sweden; 100 Hz)와 2개의 지면반력기(instrumented dual belt treadmills, Bertec, USA; 1000 Hz)가 내장된 트레드 밀을 통하여 원자료를 취득하였다. 달리기 시 발목의 관절 강성이 충격력과 부하율의 상관관계를 알아보기 위하여, 발목의 관절 강성, 최대 수직 충격력, 수직 부하율을 계산하였다. 본 연구 결과, 8 km/h와 16 km/h의 속도에서만 발목의 관절 강성은 최대 수직 충격력과 정적인 상관관계를 나타냈다(r = .527, p < .05; r = .490, p < .05). 이는 달리기 시 속도의 증가에 따른 발목관절 강성의 증가가 연부조직의 상해를 방지하기 위한 보상작용으로써 작용하지만, 최대 수직 충격력을 증가시켜 골격계의 상해 발생률을 증가 시킬 수 있는 요인으로써 작용할 수 있다는 것을 나타낸다. 또한, 달리기 시 특정 속도에서 발목의 관절 강성과 최대 수직 충격력의 상관관계가 나타나, 관절 강성이 특정 속도 혹은 난이도에서 최대 수직 충격력에 대하여 더 큰 영향을 줄 수 있음을 암시하였다. 따라서 달리기 시 속도별 생체역학적 기전을 적절히 활용하며 주행하는 것은 과사용 손상으로 인한 상해를 예방 할 수 있는 하나의 전략으로써 제안될 수 있다.

The purpose of this study is to determine the correlation between ankle joint stiffness and impact force and loading rate during running and to investigate the mechanisms of the injuries caused by repetitive load. Sixteen healthy adults were participated in this study. They were asked to run with 8 km/h, 12 km/h and 16 km/h for 30 seconds and among the trials, 10 steps were selected to analyze. All trials were recorded with eight infrared cameras (Oqus 300+, Qualisys, Sweden; 100 Hz) and two instrumented dual belt treadmills (Bertec, USA; 1000 Hz). Ankle joint stiffness, impact force (Fz) and loading rate (Gz) were calculated. In result, ankle joint stiffness was significantly related to impact force at 8 km/h and 16 km/h(r = .527, p < .05; r = .490, p < .05). It means that fast running speed increases ankle joint stiffness which is the compensation for injury prevention of soft-tissue but, increased joint stiffness could cause the injuries of skeletal system. Also, the correlation showed at the specific speed of running. It may indicate that the specific speed of running can effect the impact force even more. Therefore, the controlling of running mechanism for each running speed could be one of the strategy to prevent running injury which can be caused by repetitive load.

본 연구는 천천히 걷기, 정상 걷기에서 달리기로의 보행 전환에서 무릎 회전 운동의 운동학적 매개변수를 조사하고 자 진행하였다. 20명의 남성 피험자가 연구에 참여하였다.(연령: 22.3±1.72세, 신장: 175.65±5.50cm, 체중 76.3±10.12kg). 대상자는 2km/hr, 4km/hr, 6km/hr의 속도로 러닝머신에서 걸었다. 산출된 운동학적 데이터는 3개의 그룹으로 분류하였으며 1그룹은 천천히 걷기(2km/hr), 2그룹은 보통 걷기(4km/hr), 3그룹은달리기(6km/hr)로 나누 었으며, 운동 범위와 최대 값을 분석하였다. 굴곡/신전 및 내외측 운동범위는 3그룹에서 최대, 1그룹에서 최소로 나타났고 유의한 차이를 보였으며, 전체 보행주기에 걸쳐 내전/외전의 최고점은 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 본 연구 결과는 느리고 정상적인 보행보다 달리기 중에 무릎 관절의 회전 운동이 더 크다는 것을 시사하며 속도가 다른 이동운동에 대한 기초자료로서 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the kinematic parameter of knee rotational movement in the gait transition from slow walking, normal walking to running. Twenty male subjects were participated in the study (Age: 22.3±1.72 years, Height: 175.65±5.50 cm, Weight 76.3 ±10.12 kg). The subject walked in treadmill with the velocity of 2km/hr, 4km/hr, and 6km/hr, kinematic data obtained were classified into 3 speed groups. Group 1 was slow walking (2km/hr), Group 2 normal walking (4 km/hr), Group 3 running (6km/hr). The range of motion and maximum value were analyzed. The range of motion of flexion/extension and internal/external were found maximum at group 3 and minimum at group 1. Whereas, no statistically significant difference were seen in the peak of adduction/abduction over the whole of the gait cycle. Finding of this study suggest that there is greater rotational movement of the knee joint during running than in slow and normal walking.

본 연구는 전기자극(EMS)의 주파수(0Hz, 55Hz, 70Hz, 85Hz, 100Hz)에 따라 가장 효과적인 에너지효율과 상하지 근력을 알아보고자 하는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 B광역시의 건강한 20대 남성 13명(나이: 21.1±2.11yrs, 신장: 174.5±5.16cm, 체중: 73.8±14.06kg)을 대상으로 주파수에 따라 목표심박수 75% 강도로 러닝 시 가스호흡분 석 변인인 산소섭취량, 이산화탄소배출량, 대사당량, 시간당 에너지소모량과 부위별 도수근력검사(어깨관절 굴근, 어깨 관절 외전근, 팔꿈치 굴근, 팔꿈치 신근, 무릎 신근, 무릎 굴근)를 실시하여 유산소성 능력 및 근 기능 능력을 살펴보았으며, 통계처리는 IBM SPSS 28.0 프로그램의 일원배치분산분석(One-way ANOVA)으로 그룹별 차이를 비교 검증하고, 유의수준은 ɑ=.05로 설정하였다. 연구결과는 첫째, 전기자극(EMS) 주파수별 가스호흡분석 변인에서 70Hz에서만 에 너지소모량(p<.001)이 유의한 차이를 보였으며, 다른 주파수와 상호작용효과가 나타났다. 둘째, 도수근력검사는 85Hz 에서 어깨관절 굴근(p<.001), 어깨관절 외전근(p<.004), 팔꿈치 굴근(p<.012), 팔꿈치 신근(p<.008), 무릎 신근 (p<.001), 무릎 굴근(p<.004) 유의한 차이를 보였으며 상호작용효과는 0Hz, 55Hz, 70Hz, 100Hz에서 나타났다. 따라 서 EMS 슈트 착용 후 러닝 시 70Hz는 에너지소모량에 효과가 있는 것으로 알 수 있었으며, 85Hz의 주파수는 근 기능에 긍정적인 것으로 나타났다. 향후 EMS 연구에서는 연령, 성별, 신체적 특성, 장애유무를 고려하여 적용한다면 EMS트레이 닝을 더 효과적이고 폭넓게 사용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

The purpose of this study is to find out the most effective energy efficiency and upper and lower extremity muscle strength during learning according to the frequencies (0Hz, 55Hz, 70Hz, 85Hz, and 100Hz) of electrostimulation (EMS). The subjects of the study were 13 healthy men in their 20s in B Metropolitan City (age: 21.1±2.11 yrs, height: 174.5±5.16 cm, weight: 73.8±14.06 kg), and were examined for oxygen intake, carbon dioxide emissions, metabolic equivalent, energy consumption per hour, and flexor shoulder muscle joint skills.It was set to 05. First, the study results showed a significant difference in energy consumption (p<.001) only at 70 Hz in gas respiration analysis variables for each EMS frequency, and an interaction effect with other frequencies. Second, shoulder joint flexor muscles at 85 Hz for the manual muscle test (p<.001), external muscle of the shoulder joint (p<.004), elbow flexor (p<.012), elbow extensor (p<.008), knee extensor (p<.001), knee flexor (p<.004) There was a significant difference, and the interaction effects were found at 0 Hz, 55 Hz, 70 Hz, and 100 Hz. Therefore, it was found that 70 Hz was effective in energy consumption during running after wearing an EMS suit, and 85 Hz frequency was found to be positive for muscle function. In future EMS studies, it is thought that EMS training can be used more effectively and widely if applied in consideration of age, gender, physical characteristics, and disability.

본 연구는 걷기와 달리기 시 만성 발목 불안정성 그룹, 코퍼 그룹, 대조군 간 압력 중심 경로의 차이를 확인하기 위해 수행되었다. 그룹 당 18명씩 총 54명의 연구 대상자가 연구에 참여하였으며, 걷기와 달리기에 대한 3번의 운동학적 및 운동역학적 데이터가 수집되었다. 압력 중심 경로를 산출하기 위해 지면반력기 데이터를 가공하였으며, 디딤기를 100%로 정규화하여 각 10% 구간별로 평균 값을 산출하였다. 또한, 최대 및 최소 안가쪽 압력 중심과 안가쪽축의 압력 중심 범위를 도출하였다. 그룹 간 평균 비교를 위해 일원 배치 분산분석을 수행하였고 Omnibus test가 유의할 경우 사후 검사로 Tukey 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 만성 발목 불안정성 그룹과 코퍼 그룹은 대조군에 비해 가쪽 편위된 압력 중심 경로를 보였고 코퍼 그룹은 만성 발목 불안정성 그룹보다 더 가쪽 편위된 압력 중심 경로가 관찰되었다. 본 연구 결과를 고려할 때, 외측 발목 염좌가 있는 사람은 가쪽 편위된 압력 중심 경로를 보이기 때문에 외측 발목 염좌 위험에 노출되어 있으며, 이를 예방하기 위해 운동학적 및 운동역학적 요소, 발목 근육의 활성화를 통해 안정성을 높일 필요가 있다고 생각된다.

The present study was conducted to identify differences in center of pressure (COP) trajectory among the chronic ankle instability (CAI), coper, and control groups. A total of 54 participants, 18 participants in each group, were recruited. All participants walked and ran until three valid data for kinematics and kinetics was collected. Ground reaction forces data was processed to export COP trajectory. COP trajectory data during stance phase was normalized into 100% and separated into each 10%. Maximum and minimum COP position in mediolateral (ML) axis and COP range in ML axis were also computed. One-way analysis of variance was carried out to compare group differences. When omnibus test showed significant difference, Tukey test was used for post-hoc analysis. The CAI and coper groups showed laterally deviated COP trajectory compared with the control group. Given our findings, individuals who have a history of lateral ankle sprain are predisposed to recurrent ankle sprains. Therefore, they need to utilize movement strategies including kinematics, kinetics, and ankle muscle activation to increase joint stability of the ankle complex.

This study examined the dietary nutrient intake of Korean adolescent distance runners and analyzed the difference between weekdays and weekends. The participants were 40 male middle- and long-distance runners aged 13 to 18 years, 36 of whom were analyzed. The 3-day diet records including 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day, were investigated according to the food record method and analyzed using the comput-er-aided nutritional analysis program. A paired t-test was used to com-pare the energy and nutrient intakes of the weekdays and weekends, and the chi-square test was used to compare the distribution of the nu-trient intake below the estimated average requirement. The results showed that the energy intake per day was quite low at 2,051.0±304.3 kcal, with a body mass index percentile of 16.8±9.8. The nutrients that showed remarkably lower levels than the dietary reference intakes for Koreans were vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin B2, and calcium, among which calcium was the highest at 86.1% in the proportion of those who con-sumed less than the estimated average requirement. The intakes of vi-tamin C and calcium, in particular, showed a significant decrease during the weekends. Therefore, to improve the dietary nutrient intake of ado-lescent male runners, appropriate management of the weekend diet as well as school meals should be considered.

The neuromechanical reorganization required to change gaits imposes an energetic cost 75% greater than either a walking or running step at the same speed. By combining walking and running with the requisite gait switching transition steps, an exercise protocol can be generated with virtually any desired metabolic output even at relatively slow tread-mill speed. Gait switching increases metabolic demand through dis-crete events, which can be tolerated more easily by individuals recov-ering from health problems, just as interval training allows greater work production for healthy individuals. In addition to cardio-respiratory ben-efits, ‘mini-intervals’ with frequent gait switching also provides positive effects and attributes such as distributing muscle group activation, re-training neural coordination, and avoiding repetitive joint overloading. It has the added benefit of developing stability during transitions while a safety hand rail is present which can lead to greater stability in more complex natural environments. Finally, increased mental focus may help avoid the monotony of usual treadmill workouts, aiding adherence to an exercise program. We review evidence for the cost increase of the gait transition step and explain the mechanisms involved. We also discuss literature supporting the range of benefits for mini-interval gait switching as a training and rehabilitation tool.

이 논문의 목적은 다자이 오사무가 스포츠를 어떤 시각으로 바라봤는지를 그의 작품을 통해 검토하는 데 있다. 작품의 검토에 앞서 우선 다자이의 중학시절의 스포츠 경험이 담겨 있는 처녀작 ｢추억｣을 통해, 스포츠에 열광하던 당시의 시대 분위기와는 달리, 다자이는 누군가를 이기기 위한 경쟁적인 스포츠에 대해 매우 부정적인 생각을 갖고있었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이어서 <달리기>가 소재로서 등장하는 작품인 ｢달려라 메로스｣와 ｢땅땅땅｣을 중심으로 해서 <달리기>가 다자이에게 있어서 어떤의미를 갖고 있었는지를 검토하고, 그 후에 ｢정의와 미소｣를 통해 다자이가 생각한 스포츠맨의 이상적인 모습을 살펴봤다. 그 결과 기본적으로 다자이는 스포츠에 대해 부정적인 발언을 많이 한 것으로 보이는데, 그 발언의 내용을 좀 더 구체적으로 살펴보면, 경쟁이나 승리를위한 스포츠에 대해서는 일관되게 비판적이었으나 ‘허무의 정열‘을 쏟는 ’무보수의 행위‘로서의 스포츠에 대해서는 긍정적이었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한다자이의 스포츠관은 평생 거의 변함이 없었다. 따라서 다자이가 이상적으로 생각한 스포츠란 다른 누군가와의 경쟁을 위한 것이 아니라 자신과의 싸움을 하며 정신을 단련시키기 위한 것이었다. 그렇기에 다자이는 당시 일본에서 많은인기를 누리던 야구와 같은 구기 종목은 별로 좋아하지 않았다. ｢달려라 메로스｣ 와 ｢땅땅땅｣에도 나타나 있듯이 그가 관심을 가진 것은 오로지 달리기였다. 달리기가 인간의 가장 원초적인 운동이며 오직 자신과의 싸움만이 존재하는 스포츠이기에 관심을 가졌던 듯하다.

The investigation of Dazai Osamu's perspectives on sports based on his writings is the purpose of this paper. Prior to the research, his first novel Memory, which includes his experience of sports during his middle school years, suggested that Dazai had very negative thoughts on competitive sports that one must beat the other, contrary to the phenomenon of the age that sports were beloved with enthusiasm. Secondly, Run Meros and Tokatonton of which running is the main topic unveils Dazai's definition of ‘running’, and Justice and Smile reveals his idea of ideal sportsmanship. This research verifies he often made negative comments on sports, but with closer look on his writings it appeared that he had positive opinions on ‘sports without reward’ played by ‘aimless passion’ while making consistent criticism on sports for competition or victory. This attitude had continued throughout his life. Hence, his ideal goal of sports was not to compete with others but to strengthen one's mind by fighting oneself. That was why he did not like baseball which was very popular in Japan when he was alive. His only interest was running as seen in Run Meros and Tokatonton. The reason seems to be related with the attributes of running since it is the one of most primitive sports of human being and the ultimate goal of running is fighting oneself.

Objective To investigate changes of cardiac and muscle damage markers in exercise-induced hypertension (EIH) runners before running (pre-race), immediately after completing a 100-km ultramarathon race, and during the recovery period (24, 72, and 120 hours post-race).Methods In this observational study, volunteers were divided into EIH group (n=11) whose maximum systolic blood pressure was ≥210 mmHg in graded exercise testing and normal exercise blood pressure response (NEBPR) group (n=11). Their blood samples were collected at pre-race, immediately after race, and at 24, 72, and 120 hours post-race.Results Creatine kinase (CK) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels were significantly higher in EIH group than those in the NEBPR group immediately after race and at 24 hours post-race (all p<0.05). However, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase-myocardial band (CKMB), or CKMB/CK levels did not show any significant differences between the two groups in each period. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels were significantly higher in EIH group than those in NEBPR group immediately after race and at 24 and 72 hours post-race (all p<0.05). A high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level was significantly higher in EIH group than that in NEBPR group at 24 hours post-race (p<0.05).Conclusion The phenomenon of higher inflammatory and cardiac marker levels in EIH group may exaggerate cardiac volume pressure and blood flow restrictions which in turn can result in cardiac muscle damage. Further prospective studies are needed to investigate the chronic effect of such phenomenon on the cardiovascular system in EIH runners.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of visual feedback bicycle training on running performance, maximal oxygen uptake and quadriceps muscle strength. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: Fifteen healthy adult men with no musculoskeletal or nervous system disease and capable of bicycle training were included. After the pretest, subjects were randomly assigned to visual feedback bicycle training group and general fixed bicycle training group. Both groups were trained two times a week for three weeks, each week for a fixed time and number of repetitions, followed by a six week washout period and then crossing the training method. visual feedback bicycle training provides visual feedback of heart rate in real time using a monitor and a heart rate meter during bicycle training, and general fixed bicycle training performed general bicycle training without visual feedback. After training, each item was measured using a wearable technology, gas analyzer, isokinetic equipment. Results: The results of this study was significant differences in running performance, maximal oxygen uptake and quadriceps muscle strength in visual feedback bicycle training group (p<0.05). The differential effect was found between visual feedback bicycle training group and general fixed bicycle training group in running performance, maximal oxygen uptake, and quadriceps muscle strength (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study suggested that that visual feedback bicycle training can be applied as a useful training method to improve running performance, maximal oxygen uptake and quadriceps muscle strength.

Running economy is considered a major determinant of distance run-ning performance. Enhancing the body’s ability for passive force gener-ation could have a positive effect on running economy by minimizing the energy cost required for the propulsion of the body. Thus, the pur-pose of this comprehensive review was to provide a list of modifiable factors that promote this ability. The interest was focused on lower-limb stiffness, as it is a factor of great influence and at the same time can be modified with training and specific biomechanical adjustments. Al-though it appears that no clear instructions can be provided to athletes and coaches, it should be noted that careful consideration of the run-ners’ anthropometric, physiological, and biomechanical characteristics are necessary for optimal performance results.

In this paper, we propose a new fast running FIR filter structure that improves the convergence speed of adaptive signal processing and reduces the computational complexity. The proposed filter is applied to wavelet based adaptive algorithm. Actually we compared the performance of the proposed algorithm with other algorithm using computer simulation of adaptive noise canceler based on synthesis speech. As the result, We know the proposed algorithm is prefer than the existent algorithm.

이제는 모바일 마켓순위에서 많은 게임이 높은 점유율을 차지하지만 점유율을 오랫동안 유지 하는 것은 쉽지 않다. 게이머를 끌어당기는 중요한 요소는 게임 재미(Game Fun)이고, 게임을 재 미있게 만드는 가장 중요한 요소는 게임 난이도이다. 하지만 게임 난이도를 디자인하는 것은 매 우 어려운 일이다. 본 논문은 두 개의 연속적인 컨볼루셔널 레이어를 사용한 컨볼루셔널 신경망과 SVM 분류기를 이용하여 게임 시 플레이어의 얼굴 표정을 실시간으로 검출하고 판단한다. 실험 결론은 CNN을 이용한 표정 시스템은 게임 play-time 및 score를 늘릴 수 있고, 게임 재미를 증진시키기에 도와 준다고 증명하였다.

Many games nowadays have a certain share of the market. However, to maintain the market position for long is not common. The most appealing element for gamers is Game Fun. The element that can make game interesting is the game difficulty. While the game difficulty has no uniform evaluation standard until now. The proposed paper uses a continuous convolutional neural network with SVM classifier to recognize the player's expression in real time. The system infers the player's psychological activity based on different expressions and makes adjustments to the game difficulty level to meet the user's needs. And the experiment result shows that the facial expression recognition system using deep learning could increase the play-time and score of the game, and promote the fun of games.

It still remains controversial whether exercise will help or adversely af-fect the bone formation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of common long-distance running on the magnitude of change in bone properties as measured by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and bone bio-chemical markers. Subjects included 68 long-distance runners and 40 controls. Long-distance runners had been training in the marathon club for at least 6 months, the average period of exercise was 2 years, and running at 48.6±24.9 km per week. Otherwise, controls were people who had not experienced any specific sports before. Bone speed of sound (SOS) was measured by QUS at the distal one third radius and the mid-shaft of the tibia. Serum osteocalcin and urine deoxypyridinolin were measured in all groups. No significant differences were found in tibial and radial SOS between the two groups. Serum osteocalcin was higher in long-distance runners than control (P<0.05) in both the 30s and 40s of the participants, but urine deoxypyridinolin showed no signif-icant difference between the two groups. It is concluded that long-dis-tance running at the club level increases bone formation marker, but seems to do no harmful effect on bone properties as measured by QUS.