Earticle

The Online business model for purchasing agent service is getting more popular. However, consumers perceive more risk when buying products from foreign online purchasing agents (FOPA) than from common online sellers (COS). This study focuses on finding out how consumers manage risk when they perceive risk and what different risk-reliever strategies they use when buying from high-risk FOPA and low-risk COS. This study has proved the following two. First, when consumers perceive risk at online purchasing, they tend to select risk-reliever strategies, such as the use of communication media, online assurance mark, seller’s record, and secure payment to mitigate risk. With the application of those risk-reliever strategies, they built trust with the seller. Second, risk-perception of FOPA influences usage of communication media and check of online assurance mark more strongly than that of COS. On the contrary, risk -perception of COS influences the check of seller record more strongly than that of FOPA. This study helps to explain why FOPA is proliferating, despite its inherent high risk due to the fact that buyers and sellers are separated in time and space and that buyers and sellers have different social and cultural backgrounds. This study also helps managers of E-commerce to relieve consumer’s risk-perception and to build trust.

본 논문의 연구목적은 미정부가 추진하는 sUAS 안전성 정책을 검토하는 것이다. 그래서 본 논문에서는 sUAS 위험 요소와 함께 미 정부가 관심을 가지는 sUAS의 위험 요인들에 대해 살펴보았다. 아울러 위험 요소는 물리적인 요소 와 비 물리적인 요소에 대해 분류하였고, FAA 재허가법에서 언급하는 조항들을 살펴보았다. 그 외 위험 시나리오는 비행 운영 방해, 인프라 구조 피해, 시설 무단침입 등 FAA에서 관심을 가지는 대상 시나리오 항목을 중심으로 분석하였다. 물론 미 FAA가 추진하는 위험관리 원칙을 살펴보았다. 본 논문에서 연구방법은 국외 주요 저널 분석과 정책 분석으로부 터 FAA의 sUAS 정책방향과 내용을 연구 검토하였다. 본 논문의 연구 결과에서는 FAA sUAS 안전성 위험관리 정책을 분석함으로써, 국내에 sUAS 안전성 위험관리 가이드 수립에 필요한 운영과 안전성 통합정책, 물리적인 위험관리 정책, 운영과 안전성 규정, 그리고 sUAS 정책과 기술 방향을 제시하였다. 본 연구의 기여도는 선도적인 미 sUAS 안전성 정책 방향을 파악하는데 있고 이로부터 향후 국내 정책 방향 수립을 도출하는데 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있다. 향후 제시된 연구 결과를 바탕으로 세부 실행 방안 등을 도출하기 위한 정책 연구가 필요하다.

The purpose of this paper is to review the small unmanned aerial system (sUAS) safety policy promoted by the United States(US) government. Therefore, in this paper, along with sUAS risk factors, the risk factors of sUAS that the US government is interested in are described. In addition, the risk factors were classified into physical and non-physical factors, and provisions mentioned in the Federal Aviation Administration(FAA) Relicensing Act were reviewed. Other risk scenarios were analyzed focusing on target scenario items that the FAA is interested in, such as flight operation disruption, infrastructure damage, and facility trespassing. Of course, we looked at the risk management principles promoted by the US FAA. In this paper, as a research method, the direction and contents of the FAA's sUAS policy were studied and reviewed from the analysis of major foreign journals and policy. In the research result of this paper, by analyzing the FAA sUAS safety risk management policy, the integrated operation and safety policy, physical risk management policy, operation and safety regulation, and sUAS policy and technology direction necessary for establishing the sUAS safety risk management guide in Korea are presented. The contribution of this study is to identify the leading US sUAS safety policy direction, and it can be used as basic data for deriving future domestic policy directions from this. Based on the research results presented in the future, policy studies are needed to derive detailed implementation plans.

Previous empirical studies find a negative and significant relation between risk measures and expected future stock returns. Using four risk measures, we document that the negative risk-return relation is more pronounced among firms that receive high levels of attention from investors, while a standard positive risk-return relation holds among stocks to which investors pay little attention. Regardless of our proxy for risk, we find that the magnitude and statistical significance of the risk-related puzzle monotonically decreases as we move from high to low levels of investor attention. These findings suggest that investor attention may play a central role in risk-related anomalies. We also find that the risk-related puzzle is prominent in stocks to which individual investors pay more attention but almost non-existent in stocks to which institutional investors pay attention.

Trust and perceived risk have been identified as the two primary factors affecting engagement in online transactions. However, earlier studies have conceptualized the directionality of the causal link between these two factors differently. Some researchers have conceptualized trust as an antecedent to risk, while others see it as a consequence. To resolve this issue, we develop a mutual model in which trust and perceived risk bidirectionally influence each other. We then test the ability of the mutual model to provide a more realistic explanation of buyers’ decision-making than previously offered one-way models. We find a nearly equal effect of trust and perceived risk, which means that the bidirectional model should be more preferred by researchers than others. Based on these empirical findings, we discuss the implications of our research, including the appropriateness of our research question and several paradoxes identified in prior studies.

본 연구는 모조품에 대해 사람들이 가질 수 있는 위험 또는 수익이 점화되었을 때 그들이 자신을 어떻게 추론하는 지에 따라 구매의도가 상이함을 밝히고자 하였다. 실존하는 브랜드의 모조품을 활용하였고 358명의 대학생이 피험자로 참여한 실험의 결과, 위험의 도메인 하에서는 독립적인 자아추론을 할 경우 재정적인 위험이 크다고 지각할 때 사회적인 위험이 크다고 지각할 때보다 구매의도가 낮았으며, 상호보완적인 자아추론을 할 때는 반대의 양상이 나타났다. 한편, 수 익의 도메인 하에서는 비대칭의 양상이 나타났는데, 독립적인 자아추론을 할 경우 재정적인 수익이 크다고 지각할 때 사회 적인 수익이 크다고 지각할 때보다 구매의도가 낮았으며, 상호보완적인 자아추론을 할 때는 사회적인(vs. 재정적인) 수익 이 크다고 지각할 때가 높은 구매의도를 보였다. 이 같은 연구결과는 모조품에 대한 지각과 행동적 반응에 대한 다양한 각도의 접근이 필요함을 시사한다.

The objective of this research is to investigate how consumers react differently to financial and social risk/return, referred to as an ‘asymmetric effect’. A lab-based experiment using a counterfeit but real-branded product examined the robustness of the statement that priming the interdependent versus independent self can result in differences in financial and social risk taking behavior in the context of counterfeit product purchase choice. Three hundred fifty-eight participants took part in the experiment. They were primed with different self-construal and evaluated purchase intention to the counterfeit product. As predicted, when evaluate in the context of loss claim of counterfeit product, risks were more activated, however, there was an asymmetric effect that self-construal priming had on financial and social risks. Interdependence primed participants were more likely to take a financial risk thus perform more purchase intention of counterfeit product and less likely to take a social risk than their independence primed counterparts, which led to lower purchase intention. The results of this research shed light on the various directions of future studies on the responses toward counterfeit product.

The proposed conceptual framework is based in the relationships among knowledge of personal information security, trust on the personal information security policies of parcel delivery service companies, privacy concern, trust in and risk of parcel delivery services, and user satisfaction with parcel delivery services. Drawing upon both cognitive theory of emotion and cognitive emotion theory that complement each other, we propose a research model and examine the relationships between cognitive and emotional factors and the usage of parcel delivery services. The proposed model is validated using data from customers who have previously used parcel delivery services. The results show a significant relationship between the cognitive and affective factors and the usage of parcel delivery services. This study enhances our understanding of parcel delivery services based on the consumers’ psychological processes and presents useful implications on the importance of privacy and security in these services.

The literature on tax-expense momentum is unclear as to whether its effect is due to anomaly or risk. We apply the approach developed by Ohlson and Bilinski (2015) to assess whether the positive relationship between tax expense momentum (surprise) and future stock returns is explained by anomaly or risk. We find that tax expense momentum increases the probability of a high return and decreases that of a low return. This supports an anomaly-based explanation for the tax expense momentum.

Background: This study aims to analyze the individual laws regulating radiation risks in South Korea in order to understand the legal framework for radiation risk regulation and to propose improvements necessary for effective radiation risk regulation. Materials and Methods: This study is qualitative in nature. Expert consultations were conducted, and current laws related to radiation risk regulation were identified through the legal information center’s search engine. Previous studies on radiation risk regulation were also reviewed. First, a total of 31 individual laws related to radiation risk were identified. Second, the objectives of each law, the scope of radiation risk regulation, and the responsible administrative departments were organized. Third, the structure of the current legal framework for radiation risk regulation was organized. Results and Discussion: The legal framework for regulating radiation risks in South Korea appears to be classified into two categories. One for regulating the risks associated with nuclear power generation and another for regulating radiation risks unrelated to nuclear power plants. Although the Nuclear Safety Act is not formally classified as a fundamental law, it exhibits characteristics typically associated with such laws. In contrast, the other laws, while related to radiation safety, do not possess the characteristics of a fundamental law and are thus considered individual statutes. Conclusion: The Nuclear Safety Act functions as a fundamental law, the administrative organizations specified in this law would be able to perform functions such as risk determination, management, and judgment under the principles of a rule-of-law state, in relation to the individual laws regulating radiation risks. If it is not feasible for the Nuclear Safety Act to serve as the fundamental law, the normative systems within the individual laws regulating radiation risks must be improved to enable them to perform standardized functions for risk determination, management, and judgment.

Consumers require various quality characteristics including safety. The reduction of risk concerned on product safety becomes an urgent issue in leading companies. The strategy for customer satisfaction by choosing attractive quality characteristic is not enough for risk reduction in view of producer. This paper presents a method for choosing quality characteristics and risk characteristics by integrating QFD based on quality requirements and AHP based on safety requirements, also shows its application for complex equipment.

This study outlines possible risk factors in the SCM of a company and correlates risk assessment, the strategy of risk management, and the supply chain performance. The data is surveyed from an international Korean company and is analyzed by the structure equation model of actual proof. The research model verifies the correlation between the risk assessment, the strategy of risk management, and the supply chain performance as dependent variables after the risk factors of the SCM are defined as independent variables. The research shows that there are consecutive links among the risk factors of the SCM, the risk assessment, and the strategy of risk management. The strategy of risk management was conclusively determined to have an effect on supply chain performance. Therefore, improving the supply chain performance of a company requires the constructive process for risk management based on a correlation between risk assessment and the strategy of risk management.

본 연구는 직업군별 좌식시간과 고위험음주가 고요산혈증의 유병률과 위험도에 차이가 있는지 성별 분석을 중심으 로 수행되었다. 이를 위해 국민건강영양조사 자료를 활용하였으며, 연구대상으로 16,366명을 선정하였다. 분석방법으로 카이제곱 독립성 검정과 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하였다. 남성은 여성보다 좌식시간과 고위험음주에 따른 고요산혈증 유병률이 각각 22.2%와 25.2%로 상대적으로 높았으며 위험도는 1.274와 1.310으로 유의하였다. 고요산혈증에 대한 좌식 시간의 유병률과 위험도는 남성에서만 ‘농림어업종사자’ 직업군에서 유의하였다. 반면, 고위험음주의 유병률과 위험도는 남녀 모두 ‘관리자, 전문가 및 관련종사자’, ‘사무종사자’에서 유의한 차이를 보였으며, 여성에서만 ‘서비스 및 판매종사자’, ‘기능원, 장치 및 기계조립 종사자’, ‘무직’에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 남성에서 고요산혈증의 유병률과 위험 도가 높다는 것을 알릴뿐만 아니라 직업군별로 이를 예방할 수 있는 보건의료정책과 의료서비스가 필요함을 시사한다.

This study was conducted to analyze with a focus on gender whether the prevalence of hyperuricemia varies depending on sitting time and high-risk drinking by occupational group. For this study, the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data were used, and 16,366 people were selected. The chi-square independence test and logistic regression model were used as the analysis method. The prevalence and risk of hyperuricemia by sitting time were different in the ‘agricultural, forestry and fishery skilled workers’ only in men. On the other hand, the prevalence with high-risk drinking, both men and women showed differences in ‘managers, experts and related workers’ and ‘office worker’. Also, only women have differences in ‘service and sales workers’, ‘technicians, equipment, machine operation and assembly workers’ and ‘unemployed’. These results inform men have a higher prevalence and risk of hyperuricemia and suggest that health care policies and medical services are needed to prevent it by occupational group.

해외 플랜트 건설 프로젝트는 대규모 프로젝트 특성상 다양한 리스크가 존재한다. 최근 국내 건설기업의 해외 플랜트 건설 프로젝트 수주는 증가하고 있고, 그에 따라 발생 가능한 리스크의 관리, 사업비 예측의 중요성 이 더욱 강조되고 있다. 이에, 본 연구에서는 해외 플랜트 건설 프로젝트의 사업비(CAPEX, OPEX) 변동을 초래 하는 리스크 분석을 통해 사업비 변동성을 예측하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 수행 절차는 다음과 같다.. 첫째, 해외 건설프로젝트수행을 위해 고려해야 할 주요 리스크 요인을 정의하였다. 둘째, CAPEX, OPEX에 영향을 미치는 리 스크의 영향강도와 발생확률에 대해 전문가 설문조사를 수행하였다. 셋째, PI 평가를 통해 CAPEX, OPEX 리스 크 관리 우선순위를 도출하고 특수성을 비교분석 하였다. 넷째, 몬테칼로 시뮬레이션을 활용하여 사업비의 변동 확률밀도함수를 도출하였다. 다섯째, 신뢰구간 90% 내 CAPEX와 OPEX 변동성을 추정하였으며 각각 초기 예측 가치 대비 8.56%, 4.57% 변동할 확률이 있음을 도출하였다. 본 연구결과는 CAPEX, OPEX 리스크 관리 방안을 구축하고 예비비를 산정하는데 활용할 수 있다.

Overseas plant construction projects have various risks due to the nature of large-scale projects. Recently, orders for overseas plant construction projects by domestic construction companies have been increasing, and the importance of managing risks and predicting project costs has been further emphasized. This study aims to predict the volatility of project costs (CAPEX, OPEX) in overseas plant construction projects through the analysis of risk factors causing fluctuations. The procedure for conducting this study is as follows.: First, we defined major risk factors to be considered in overseas construction projects. Second, an survey was conducted to assess the impact and probability of risk factors affecting CAPEX and OPEX. Third, through PI assessment, we derived the priorities of CAPEX and OPEX risk management and conducted a comparative analysis of their characteristic. Fourth, by using Monte Carlo Simulation(MCS), the probability density function of cost fluctuations (CAPEX, OPEX) was derived. Fifth, within a 90% confidence interval, the volatility of CAPEX and OPEX was estimated, revealing probabilities of 8.56% and 4.57%, respectively, for deviations from the initially estimated costs. This study can be used to establish strategies for CAPEX and OPEX risk management and to calculate contingency funds.

전통시장은 시간적인 차이를 두고 필요에 의하여 공간이 생성 및 구획되어 불규칙적인 공간 활용 패턴을 갖는 경우가 많아, 내적으로는 시설노후화, 점포의 과밀화 등과 같은 문제로 화재발생 위험성이 높고, 외적으로는 노후 주거 및 상업 시설과 인접 한 경우가 많아 화재확산의 위험성이 높다. 본 논문에서는 서울중앙시장, 황학동시장 주변을 대상으로 화재 위험 요인 및 화재 확산 위험성에 대하여 조사하였다. 조사 결과, 시장을 중심으로 노후 주거 지역과 다양한 상업시설이 불규칙하게 혼재되어 전통시장에서 화재가 발생하는 경우, 주변지 역으로 화재 확대 위험성이 매우 높고, 반대로 주변지역에서 화재가 발생하는 경우에도 전통시장으로 화재가 확대될 가능성이 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 따라서 전토시장과 주변지역을 함께 묶어서 화재안전 관리할 수 있도록 화재경보 및 대피체계를 연계 해야 한다.

이 연구는 중소기업을 대상으로 CSR 수행이 경영성과에 영향을 미치는지와 더불어 경영환경을 둘러싼 사업 리스크 인지도에 따라 CSR의 수행 효과가 달리 나타나는지를 분석하였다. 이를 위해 먼저 중소기업이 사업 리스크 를 어느 정도 인지하고 있느냐를 기준으로 분석대상 기업을 두 집단으로 분류하고, 이들 두 집단의 CSR 수행 효과와 함께 두 집단 간 CSR의 수행 효과가 차이가 있는지를 잠재평균 비교를 통해 판별해 보았다. 그 결과, 우선 CSR의 수행은 중소기업의 경영성과에 긍정적으로 작용함이 재확인되었다. 그리고 CSR의 수행 효과는 사업 리스크의 인지 도가 낮은 집단에 비해 리스크 인지도가 높은 집단에서 통계적으로 유의한 수준에서 상대적으로 더 크게 발휘되는 것으로 나타났다.

This study analyzed the effect of CSR activities on SME’s depending on the degree of risk perception of business environment. We first classify the analysis target SEM’s into two groups according to the degree of risk perception, and to examine whether there is any difference in the effect of CSR activities through latent mean analysis. Findings revealed that at First, CSR activities has a significantly positive effect on the improvement of management performance. Also, risk perceptions motives affect positively on CSR activities, the high risk perceptions group was noted to be strongly the effect of CSR activities.

Purpose: This research aimed to provide baseline data for undergraduate safety education by evaluating paramedic student risk perception and safety practice behavior regarding transport and disaster-related accidents. Methods: A total of 367 paramedic students at three different universities were surveyed using questionnaires. Risk perception questions about hazard, feeling of dread, and uncontrollable factors regarding seven items in transport and disasters were asked on a 7-point scale. Safety practice behavior consisted of 14 transport-related questions and 12 disaster-related questions in 4-point scale. All data were analyzed using SPSS Window 21.0. Results: Of 367 surveyed, 54.8% (201) were females, and 28.9% (106) were freshmen. In risk perception, ‘drunk driving’ in transport was the highest on average obtaining 6.49 points for hazard and 5.12 points for the feeling of dread. In disasters, ‘war’ recorded the highest average with 6.61 points for hazard and 5.71 points for the feeling of dread. In safety practice behavior regarding transport and disasters, a higher awareness of the need for safety education correlated with a significantly higher the rate of safety practice behavior (p＜.001 respectively). Conclusion: The results indicate that undergraduates have inadequate perception of risk in emergencies. Safety education programs are needed to raise awareness of risks and to increase the safety practice rate.

최근 유가 상승 및 급격한 기술개발에 기인하여 세계적으로 확대되고 있는 셰일가스 개발 기대로 인해 해외 플랜트 시장의 근간 급변화가 발생하고 있다. 특히 세계 최대의 천연가스 보유국가인 러시아에 관심이 집중되고 있으며, 주변국들은 러시아 플랜트시장으로의 진출을 급속하게 추진하고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 국내 종합 건설 회사들의 러시아 시장 진출을 위한 기본적인 연구로서 러시아 플랜트 건설사업에 참여할 때 발생 가능한 리스크들을 분석하였다. 러시아 시장에 직접적인 경험을 가지고 있는 전문가들과의 인터뷰 및 설문조사를 실시하고 계층화 분석법(AHP 기법)을 적용하여, ‘러시아 현황’, ‘러시아 건설시장 여건’, ‘발주처-러시아의 사업관리 능력’, ‘국내 건설기업의 러시아 시장진출에 부족한 역량’ 등 네 개의 각 영역별로 총 20개 리스크 인자들의 중요도를 산정하였다. 이러한 결과는 향후 국내 건설 회사들이 성공적으로 러시아 플랜트 시장에 진출하는 데 매우 유용하게 활용 될 수 있을 것이다.

Recent high expectation on shale gas development in the world led by rise of oil price and rapid technology advance induces huge changes in global plant industry. In particular, the world shows much interest in Russia since the country has the largest natural gas reserves in the world and many surrounding nations are busy for preparing to enter the large market. Risks are analyzed and identified that should be managed for Korean construction companies considering of newly entering the industry. Total of 20 risks were listed and weighted under four categories, namely ‘Russia status,’ ‘Russia construction industry status,’ ‘Insufficient capability of Korean companies for entering Russian market.’ ‘Project management ability of Russia’, from series of expert interviews and application of Analytic Hierarchy Process. The result will be beneficial for Korean construction companies to enter and run successful projects.

Large marine product sales facilities are important facilities for the processing and management of fish and related marine products. The importance and recognition of coastal sales facilities as national infrastructure are reviewed, and the status and characteristics of coastal marine products sales facilities are investigated to present the need for maintenance guidelines and construction safety design. Various causes of deterioration in durability, such as salts, natural disasters, sea water use, bird damage, and harmful gases, are analyzed and measures to reduce facilities are taken into consideration in the Life Cycle (LCC). It is intended to develop the construction safety design (DFS) necessary for the entire facility, including maintenance and future planning, design, construction and follow-up management of marine product sales facilities. First, we analyze the actual conditions, types of durability degradation, and maintenance methods of the current facilities through on-site surveys and surveys / Second, review the risk factors (Hazard), risk (Risk) and risk assessment based on the guidelines of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport / Third, the establishment and development of repair and reinforcement methods and alternative measures for durability degradation factors and risk factors for each facility part / Fourth, establishing Hazard Profile and Maintenance Guidelines / Fifth, we would like to develop a construction safety design (DFS) for the entire life cycle of large marine product sales facilities.

Plant projects are increasing with the development of construction projects. Between 2011 and 2012, it had the best results, and its overseas expansion is on the rise. As construction companies and plant businesses develop, they face more risk factors. Risk factors have a potential personality and are difficult to predict when and where they will occur. Preliminary studies and past reports show that to reduce risk factors, you must deal with the initial parts of the project. The risk management process for each prior study is based on different methods, and the criteria and items are also different for each plant company. Accordingly, this study analyzed the risk management processes considered during the plant project stage and proposed the risk management process at the plant winning phase by compiling the expert opinions in the risk - related advance study process and past case analysis. Application to the current projects has led to a review to see if actual use is possible.

The establishment and application of risk management system is one of the current issues in world-wide leading companies. Poor risk management might bring large-scale accident in construction industry by its features(large scale, diversity). Standardization system and standard for risk should be managed timely. In this paper, we do comparative analysis of standardization systems and standards concerned on risk, so thus present basic data for safety reinforcement and risk zero in the construction life cycle process.

코로나19 팬데믹에 대한 방역 과정에서 개인의 자유에 대한 국가의 다양한 자유제한 조치가 이루어짐에 따라, ‘감염병 예방’이라는 공익을 근거로 국가의 과도한 기본권 제한 이 무분별하게 허용되고 있다는 지적이 이루어졌다. 따라서 국가의 개인에 대한 자유제 한의 허용가능한 한계를 어떻게 설정할 것인가 하는 문제가 감염병 팬데믹 상황에서의 주요한 문제로 떠오르게 되었다. 그러나 ‘감염병 팬데믹’이라는 현상이 지니는 난해한 특성으로 인하여, 감염된 개인으 로 인해 초래되는 ‘공익의 훼손’은 비례성 심사와 같은 법적 평가의 분석 대상이 되지 못하 는 경우가 많았다. 감염(의심)자가 타인을 감염시키고, 감염시킨 타인을 통한 감염의 연 쇄로 인구집단으로 감염이 퍼져나가는 현상은 오직 ‘확률적’으로만 예측되는데, 그러한 ‘확률적 불확실성’의 결과로 초래되는 ‘감염병 리스크(risk)’를 어떻게 법적 분석의 대상 으로 다룰지가 문제가 되었던 것이다. 이러한 이론적 분석틀이 부재한 상황 속에서 감염 병 팬데믹하의 감염(의심)자의 리스크는 법적 차원에서 구체적이고 엄밀하게 분석되지 못하였고, 감염병 팬데믹하의 기본권 제한 조치에 대한 비례성 심사 또한 ‘공익 보호의 중대성’과 ‘개인의 기본권 제한’이라는 추상적 차원의 비교에 그치는 경우가 많았다. 따라서 본 논문은 ① 감염병 팬데믹이라는 공중보건 위기 상황에서의 ‘리스크’를 어떻 게 구체화하고 분석의 대상으로 개념화할 수 있는지에 대한 이론적 검토를 수행하고, ② ‘리스크’ 개념의 구체화에 대한 이론적 검토를 바탕으로 감염병 팬데믹 상황에서의 기본 권 제한 조치에 대한 비례성 심사의 세부 심사기준을 확립하여, ③ 감염병 팬데믹하 방역 조치의 정당성을 보다 엄밀히 판단할 수 있는 이론적 자원을 확보하는 것을 그 목표로 하였다. 우선 2장에서는 고전적 해악 개념이 감염병 팬데믹을 적절히 설명하지 못한다는 점을 지적하고, 선행연구를 발전시켜 ‘해악’에서 ‘리스크’로의 개념 확장을 시도하였다. 또한 감염이 연쇄적으로 발생하며 인구집단으로 퍼져나가는 현상을 법적으로 분석가능한 대 상으로 포섭하기 위해, 감염병 역학의 ‘재생산지수’ 논의를 접목하여 ‘인구집단에 대한 리스크’를 법적으로 분석가능한 대상으로 정립하였다. 3장에서는 기존 비례성 심사의 방법론에 2장의 이론적 논의를 접목하여, 감염병 팬데 믹 상황에서의 국가의 기본권 제한 조치에 대한 과잉금지원칙의 구체적 심사기준을 제시 하였다. 우선 수단의 적합성 심사에서는, 공익에 대한 훼손이 ‘확률적’으로 나타나는 감 염병 팬데믹의 경우에 ‘공익에 대한 수단의 인과적 기여’를 평가하는 구체적 방식을 제시 하였다. 피해의 최소성 심사는 ‘개입 방식에 있어서의 피해의 최소성’과 ‘규율 대상의 범 위에 있어서의 피해의 최소성’으로 나누어 검토하였으며, 법익의 균형성 심사에서는 ‘인 구집단에 대한 리스크’ 방지의 법익과 ‘개인의 자유제한’ 초래의 법익 사이의 비교형량의 구체적 방법론을 제시하였다. 이를 통해 단지 ‘감염병 팬데믹의 리스크가 중대하다’라거 나 ‘리스크가 불확실하다’는 것을 근거로 비례성 심사를 건너뛰어서는 안 되며, 해당 방역 조치로 인한 자유제한과 공익 훼손의 리스크 저감 사이의 비례적 관계를 명확히 논증하 여야 함을 주장하였다. 4장에서는 2장의 ‘리스크’에 대한 이론적 논의와 3장의 감염병 팬데믹에서의 방역조 치에 대한 비례성 심사기준 논의를 종합하여, 감염병 팬데믹하 집합제한조치의 정당성 을 검토하고, 국내외 판례에서의 논증 구조를 비판적으로 분석하였다. 일부 판례에서는 비례성 심사를 누락하고 있다는 점을 지적하였으며, 세부적 논증을 제시한 판례의 경우, 해당 논증이 3장에서 제시한 비례성 심사기준을 통해 보다 엄밀하게 판단되고 해석될 수 있음을 살펴보았다.

As various state restrictions on individual freedom were imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic, concerns have been raised that excessive infringements on fundamental rights were indiscriminately permitted based on the public interest of preventing infectious diseases. Therefore, the question of how to set acceptable limits of liberty restrictions on individuals has emerged. However, since the phenomenon of infections spreading to the population is only predicted statistically, how to deal with the risk of the infected individual as a subject of legal analysis has become a problem. In the absence of a theoretical framework of legal analysis of risk, the risk of infected individuals during the pandemic was not analyzed strictly, and proportionality review of infection prevention measures was often only an abstract comparison of the importance of public interest and individual rights. Therefore, this research aims to conduct a theoretical review on how risk can be conceptualized legally in a public health crisis, and to develop a theoretical framework for proportionality review of the risk of liberty-limiting measures during a pandemic. Chapter 2 analyzes the legal philosophical concepts of risk, which are the basis for liberty restrictions during a public health crisis, and applies and extends them to the pandemic. Chapter 3 reviews previous studies related to liberty restriction measures in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and points out they have a limitation that specific criteria for the proportionality review of public health measures in the pandemic have not been presented. Accordingly, Chapter 3 specifies the methodological framework for proportionality review, referring to the theoretical discussion on risks in Chapter 2. Chapter 4 reviews the legitimacy of gathering restriction orders, applying the theoretical discussion in Chapter 2 and the criteria for proportionality review established in Chapter 3. In particular, Section 4 examines logic of proportionality review in judicial precedents over the ban on gathering restrictions implemented in the COVID-19 pandemic. In analyzing the precedents, the logic of proportionality review in each case is critically reviewed and reconstructed based on the theoretical framework presented in this research.