Earticle

The objectives of this study are 1)to evaluate PMIS with quality of connections and services among construction processes ,design modeling (eg: architectural, structural, mechanical, and electronic modeling), and documents (eg: specifications, contract document etc), 2)to develop prototype of repository system, for managing interrelations about improved PMIS processes, output of process with evaluations and improvements, These improvements enable 1)construction planning with valid and latest informations, about method of construction, estimation, schedule planning information, budget planning through existing knowledge at the phase of design, 2)and providing to the point, informations and knowledges of each execution processes (such as construction planning/architectural structures/facilities/electrical systems at the phase of execution).

본 연구에서는 일반 방사형 기저 함수 신경망을 확장한 새로운 분류 방법을 제안한다. 제안된 분류 방법에서 RBFNN의 확장 버전은 두 가지 주요 부분으로 구성된다. 첫 번째 부분은 출력 분포를 다항 분포로 처리하는 데 도 움이 되는 소프트 맥스 함수이다. 둘째, 기존 신경망에서 히든노드로 간주될 수 있는 방사형 기반 함수를 클러스터링 알고리즘을 사용하지 않고 무작위로 정의한다. 소프트맥스 함수를 네트워크에 적용할 경우 비선형 최소자승추정, 오 류역전파 알고리즘 등의 반복학습 알고리즘을 사용하여 네트워크의 계수 값을 구해야 한다. 제안된 분류 방법을 검 증하기 위해 여러 가지 기계 학습 데이터 세트가 사용된다.

In this research, we proposed a new classification method which is an expanded version of the generic radial basis function neural networks. In the proposed classification method, the expanded version of RBFNNs consists of two main parts. And the first part is the soft-max function to help us handle the output distribution as a multinomial distribution. Secondly, radial basis functions, which can be considered as hidden nodes in the conventional neural networks, are defined not by using a clustering algorithm but in a random manner. When the soft-max function is applied to the networks, iterative learning algorithms such as nonlinear least square estimation and error back-propagation algorithm should be used to value the coefficient of the networks. In order to validate the proposed classification method, several machine learning data sets are used.

본 연구는 온라인 건강 지식 커뮤니티(VHC)를 대상으로 회원들의 지식 기여가 비즈니스 및 사용자에 게 유익할 수 있다는 것을 밝히고, VHC 사용자의 심리적 계약이 커뮤니티 동일성과 지식 공유 행동에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 규명하는 것이다. 구조방정식 모델을 활용한 333개의 유효한 응답 분석을 통 해 이용자의 거래 심리적 계약이 해당 커뮤니티의 동일성을 약화하고 지식 기여에 직간접적으로 부정 적 영향을 형성함을 확인하였다. 반면, 관계 심리적 계약은 커뮤니티 동일성을 높이는 방법으로 지식 기여를 직간접적으로 증가시켰다. 특히, 자기효능감이 커뮤니티 동일성과 지식 기여 간의 긍정적 관계 를 강화하는 역할을 한다는 점을 확인하였다. 이는 VHC 운영과 사용자 참여 전략 개발에 중요한 시사 점을 제공하며, 온라인 커뮤니티에서의 지식 공유 촉진을 위한 이론적 및 실무적 기반을 마련하는데 기여한다. 다만, 거래 심리계약에서 지식 기여로의 경로는 유의미한 영향력이 확인되지 않았다. 본 연 구는 기존 연구에서 다루지 않은 새로운 관점인 온라인 환경에서의 심리적 계약과 지식 공유 행위의 관계를 규명함으로써, VHC를 포함한 다양한 온라인 커뮤니티의 이해를 돕고 관리 전략에 지침을 제공 한다. 또한, 실증분석 결과에 기초하여 해당 기업과 소비자 측면의 의미 있는 통찰과 시사점을 도출함 과 동시에 학문적인 기여도에 대해서도 상술하였다.

This study targets online health communities(VHCs) to reveal that members' knowledge contributions can be beneficial to businesses and users, and to determine how the psychological contract of VHC users affects community identification and knowledge sharing behavior. 333 valid responses obtained from major online health communities were used in the final analysis. According to the results of a path analysis of the structural equation, it was confirmed that the user's transactional psychological contract weakens the identity of the community and has a direct and indirect negative impact on knowledge contribution. On the other hand, relational psychological contracts directly and indirectly increased knowledge contribution by increasing community identification. In addition, self-efficacy regarding knowledge sharing confirmed the mechanism that strengthens the relationship between relational psychological contract and knowledge contribution and between community identification and knowledge contribution. However, no significant influence was identified in the path from transaction psychology contract to knowledge contribution. Based on the empirical analysis results, meaningful insights and implications were derived from the relevant companies and consumers. This study enhances VHC management and user engagement by linking psychological contracts with knowledge sharing in online communities, delivering key insights for companies, consumers, and academic research.

-A Study on the State of Recognition and Experience of Love, Sex Knowledge, and Self-esteem of Youths

본 연구의 목적은 우리나라 대학생의 노후인식, 노인에 대한 지식 및 노후준비간의 관련성을 파악하고, 노후인식 및 노인에 대한 지식이 노후준비에 미치는 영향 정도를 규명하기 위함이다. 본 연구는 2019년 10월 1일에서 11월 30 일까지 B시 소재 4년제 대학에 재학 중인 남녀 대학생 133명을 대상으로 하였다. 자료 분석은 SPSS/WIN 19.0 프로그 램을 이용하여 빈도 및 백분율, 평균 및 표준편차, t-test, ANOVA, 상관관계 및 단계적 다중 회귀분석으로 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 대상자의 노후인식 및 노인에 대한 지식은 노후준비와 의미 있는 양의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 대상자의 노후 준비에 미치는 영향요인으로는 노인에 대한 지식(β=0.21, p =.012), 남성인 경우(β=0.28, p =.001), 노후인식수준(β =0.23, p =.005) 순이었으며, 이들 영향요인은 대상자의 노후준비 정도를 17.5% 설명하는 것으로 나타났다(F=9.14, p <.001). 본 연구의 결과는 대학생의 노후준비를 효과적으로 증진시키기 위해서는 노인에 대한 이해도가 높아져야 함을 의미하며, 중재안 구성 시에 성별을 고려하는 것이 필요함을 시사한다.

The purpose of this study is to find out impact of level of awareness about old age, knowledge of the elderly and preparing for later life on college students in Korea. The study was composed of 133 students who were studying in 4-year system at colleges. Data were collected from October 1st to November 31st, 2019. Data analysis included an independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression using the SPSS 19.0 program. As a result of this study, factors influencing the subject's preparing for later life included knowledge of the elderly (β = 0.21, p = .012), men (β = 0.28, p = .001), and level of awareness about old age (β = 0.23, p =. 005), and the accounting power of these factors was 18% in total (F=9.14, p<.001). The results of this study suggest that understanding of the elderly must be improved in order to effectively prepare for later life and gender should be taken into account when planning for intervention.

현대 사회에서 평균수명은 증가하였으나 운동, 흡연, 식습관 등의 행동적 인자에 따른 심혈관계통의 질환이 증가하였으며 이에 따라 병원 밖 심정지가 증가하는 추세다. 이에 본 연구는 최초반응자에 해당하는 전공 학생들이 최초반응자의 역할과 심폐소생술 및 자동제세동기에 대한 올바른 지식 및 수행인지를 가졌는지 알아보기 위해 수행 되었다. 자료는 충청남도 B 대학에 재학 중이며 졸업 후 최초반응자의 역할을 수행하게 될 학생을 대상으로 각 학과 임원이 대상자들에게 URL 형식의 주소를 공유해주는 방식으로 설문을 배부, 수거하였다. 설문 기간은 2021년 4월 9 일부터 2021년 4월 24일까지로 총 134부의 설문지를 분석하였다. 대상자들 모두 심폐소생술의 개념에 대해 알지만 흉부 압박 깊이, 심정지 환자의 소생률에 기여하는 것에 대해서는 각 41.0%, 25.4%의 낮은 정답을 보였다. 또한 제세 동 후 즉시 환자의 호흡 확인에 대한 문항에 72.1%나 모르거나 잘못 알고 있었다. 그러나 전공에 심폐소생술 강의가 개설된다면 신청 여부에 대한 문항에 서는 87.3%가 긍정적으로 나타났다. 최초반응자는 법에 따라 정기적인 응급처 치 교육을 받고 있는 바 졸업 후 최초반응자가 될 예비 최초반응자에게도 정확한 심폐소생술 및 자동제세동기 교육 을 주기적으로 실시하는 것이 필요하다고 생각된다.

In modern society, life expectancy has increased, but cardiovascular diseases have increased due to behavioral factors such as exercise, smoking, and eating habits, resulting in an increase in cardiac arrest outside hospitals. Accordingly, this study was conducted to find out whether major students who are the first responders have the role of themselves (first responders) and the correct knowledge and performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automatic defibrillators. The data were distributed and collected by executives of each department in the form of a URL to students who are attending B University in Chungcheongnam-do and will serve as the first respondent after graduation, and a total of 134 questionnaires were analyzed from April 9, 2021 to April 24, 2021.. All subjects know about the concept of CPR, but the correct answer to contributing to the depth of chest compression and the resuscitation rate of patients with cardiac arrest was 41.0% and 25.4%, respectively. In addition, 72.1% of the questions about confirming the patient's breath immediately after defibrillation were unknown or incorrect. However, 87.3% of the questions about whether to apply were positive if CPR lectures were opened in the major. Therefore, since the first respondent receives regular first aid education according to the law, it is considered necessary to periodically provide accurate CPR and automatic defibrillator education to the prospective first respondent who will be the first respondent after graduation.

본 연구의 목적은 20대 성인의 치과보험지식과 구강건강지식이 치과보험인식만족도에 미치는 융합적 관계를 보고자 함이다. SPSS WIN 18.0로 분석해 유의성 있는 결과를 얻었다(p<.05). 치과건강보험인식만족도 ‘치과치료에 적 용되는 진료과목의 수는 확대시킬 필요성이 있다’가 높았으며 ‘치과보험이 적용되는 치과치료 진료비에 만족한다’가 낮 았다. 치과보험유무지식은 치아미백, 교정치료, 구강건강지식은 ‘섭취하는 음식이 치아에 영향을 미친다.’ 높았다. 치과 건강보험인식만족도는 민간치과보험을 가입한 경우 높았다. 치과건강보험인식만족도는 치과건강보험지식과 양의 상관 관계를 나타냈다. 총괄적으로 치과건강보험 인식 만족를 높이기 위해서는 치과보험지식과 구강건강지식에 대한 체계적 인 교육이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

The purpose of the study was to analyzed the convergence effect of dental insurance knowledge and oral health knowledge on dental insurance recognition satisfaction of adults. Dental health insurance satisfaction recognition, “Need expand the number of treatment subjects of dental treatment” was high, “satisfied cost of dental treatment covered by dental insurance” was low. Dental insurance knowledge was high teeth whitening, orthodontic treatment. Oral health knowledge was high, "the food you eat affects your teeth.". Dental health insurance recognition satisfaction was high when enrolled in private dental insurance. Dental health insurance recognition satisfaction showed a positive correlation with dental health insurance knowledge. Collectively in order to increase the dental health insurance recognition satisfaction, systematic education on dental insurance knowledge and oral health knowledge should be provided.

This study investigated the difference of the university students’ recognition, attitude, and knowledge level of health by the health education in Daejeon and Chungnam province. First, in the survey analysis result regarding the health related recognition, the students who had attended lectures of health education were surveyed not only to have higher health related recognition than the students who did not have attended the lecture of health education, but also to appear meaningful in statistics by showing significance level p<0.05 in total score. Second, in the research regarding the health related attitude, the attendance or nonattendance of health education lecture were surveyed not to have high effect on the attitude of daily lives of the university students. Third, in the analysis of health related knowledge, the knowledge level between the students who had attended lectures of health education and who did not have attended the lecture of health education showed that the students who had attended lectures of health education got more excellent correct answer rate. In this survey result, the students who had attended lectures of health education showed higher health related recognition and knowledge than the students who had not attended lectures of health education.

The purpose of this study is to help care workers to do their best as first respondents by analysing their recognition, knowledge, and self-efficacy on basic CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) that is directly connected to the lives of patients and thus their education and methods can be improved for their positive basic lifesaving work. Method: For this purpose 360 structured questionnaires were used to the subjects in the eastern area of Jeonnam province from June 20 to July 4, 2011. Of these questionnaires 217 were used excluding 113 incomplete, 27 error, and 3 male ones. The collected data were analysed by the real number, the percentage, the average, the standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, and Tukey with SPSS WIN 18.0. Results: 1. In the view of subjects, those aged over 51 accounted for 96(44.2%) as the majority, high school graduates, 95(43.8%), worked for 1 or more than 1 year-less than 2 years, 66(30.4%), experienced to see persons collapsed losing their consciousness, 46(21.2%), took the education, 184(85.7%), had 1 session of education, 80(43%), got the last education for 2 or more than 2 years 68(37%), and practiced through mannequin for the education aids, 86(46.7%). 2. There was significant difference in the view of recognition with the length of work (p=.010) and experienced to see persons collapsed losing their consciousness (p=.020), in the view of knowledge with academic background (p=.040) and the length of work, and in the view of self-efficacy with academic background (p=.002), the length of work (p=.010) and experienced to see persons collapsed losing their consciousness (p=.000). 3. There was significant difference in the session of education (p=.000), last education (p=.025) and education aids for basic CPR. Self-efficacy had significant difference according to the session of education for basic CPR (p=.001) and the time of education (p=.000). 4. There was correlation between recognition and self-efficacy (r=.41). The higher the recognition is, the better the self-efficacy improves. However the correlation between knowledge and self-efficacy was so low that the former did not have influence on self-efficacy. Conclusions: It needs to offer education to the lifesaving workers based on their experiences. If there is education more than 2 sessions in a year with mannequin and the simulation providing sufficient hours, care workers' recognition would be increased resulting in higher self-efficacy and thus they could keep the role of active lifesaving worker at the first practical site.

본 연구의 목적은 대학생의 노인접촉경험과 노화지식이 노인차별인식에 영향을 주는 관계에서 공감능력의 매개 효과를 검정하고자 하였다. 연구목적을 위해 2018년 12월 20일~30일까지 J도 D대학 학생 355명에게 설문조사를 실 시하였다. 조사자료는 SPSS 21.0 프로그램을 사용하여 신뢰도 분석, 상관관계 분석, 위계적 다중회귀분석을 실시하였 다. 매개효과의 통계적 유의성은 Sobel의 검증을 통해 확인하였다. 분석결과 노인접촉경험과 노인차별인식의 영향 관계 에서 공감능력의 부분매개효과가 검증되었다. 또한 노화지식과 노인차별인식 간에도 공감능력의 부분매개효과가 검증 되었다. 이와 같은 연구결과를 통해 대학생의 노인차별인식을 개선하기 위해서 노화지식 함양과 노인 접촉경험을 확장 하고 공감능력을 향상시킬 수 있는 실질적인 교육 및 훈련프로그램 개발의 필요성을 확인하였다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effects of empathy in relation to contact experience of the elderly and their knowledge level of ageing. For this study data was collected from 20th Dec. to 30th of Dec. 2018 355 university students from D university in J. province were surveyed. Data was analysis by using reliability test, correlation analysis, hierarchical multiful regression analysis. The statistical significance of the mediating effects was confirmed by Sobel's verification. The results of the analysis showed that the partial mediation effect of empathy was verified with regard to the relationship between elderly contact experience and discrimination of elderly people. In addition, the partial mediation effect of empathy was verified between level of aging knowledge and the perception of elderly discrimination. The results of this study confirmed the necessity of developing practical education and training programs to improve the level of aging knowledge and to increase contact experience with elderly people. There is also a need to enhance empathy in order to improve the awareness of discrimination against elderly people in health and welfare departments among university students.

The purpose of this study is to determine the levels of delirium-related knowledge, recognition, and practice, and to identify their correlation in nurses working at general hospitals. This study is a descriptive correlation study attempting to provide raw data for the development of a tool to assess groups at high risk for delirium, as well as preventive intervention programs. The sample size of this study is 206 nurses working at medical surgical units, the intensive care unit (ICU) and the emergency room (ER) with primary assessment of delirium-related knowledge, followed by the secondary assessment of delirium-related recognition and practice one day after. Before commencement, the study was able to obtain the approval of the Institutional Review Board. The data analysis is conducted using the PASW statistic 18 program, by frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation, t-test and ANOVA. The delirium-related knowledge was 69.8 out of 100 points. The cause-related knowledge was shown as the highest point, followed by patient care-related knowledge and symptom-related knowledge in that order. The mean value of delirium-related recognition was 82.26±8.74 out of 100 points, whereas the practice had shown the mean 74.43±12.17 out. There was no statistically significant correlation between delirium-related knowledge and practice, but it was reported that there was a statistically significant correlation between recognition and practice. Since making nurses become more aware of the group at the highest risk for delirium is the most important factor in connection to preventive intervention, it is necessary to develop a tool to assess the group at high risk of delirium for nurses to be more easily aware.

Incorporating prior knowledge (PK) into learning methods is an effective means to improve learning performance. On the bases of requirements of engineering practice and the characteristics of knowledge representation of extension neural network (ENN), with the purpose of further improving the performance of ENN in engineering practice, a prior-knowledge-based ENN (PKENN) recognition method is proposed and applied in the application of safety status pattern recognition of coal mines in this paper. The PKENN recognition method effectively combines domain knowledge with training data set. The prior knowledge can provide additional information about the classical domain of characteristic vector that may compensate for the low quality of training data in a complex application environment. This method can set the initial weights of ENN, guide the learning of ENN and alleviate the learning burden. To demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed method, a real-world application on the geological safety status pattern recognition of coal mines is tested. Comparative experiments with existing methods and other ANN-based methods are conducted. The experimental results show that the proposed PKENN recognition method has a better performance.

본 연구의 목적은 대학생의 치매교육에 따른 치매태도가 치매정책인식에 미치는 영향을 치매지식 매개효과 중심 으로 파악하였다. 대상자는 2개의 G 시에 소재한 U와 K 대학교 1∼2학년 대학생, 306명이었다. 자료수집은 2017 년 9월 4일부터 9월 29일까지였고, SPSS / WIN 21.0 프로그램을 사용하여 t-test, Pearson 상관계수 및 다중단계 회귀분석을 하였다. 대상자의 치매교육 여부에 따른 치매정책인식, 치매지식과 치매태도에서 모두 교육집단이 비교육집단에 비해 유 의한 차이가 있었다. 치매정책인식, 치매지식과 치매태도 정도는 보통 이상이었고, 치매정책인식, 치매지식과 치매태도 모두 정상관관계가 있었다. 치매지식은 치매정책인식의 예측요인(t=2.35, p=019)이면서 유의미한 부분매개효과를 나타냈 고, 설명력은 17.8 %였다. 따라서 올바른 치매지식과 긍정적인 치매태도 및 치매정책인식을 높이기 위한 전 국민 대상 치매 교육프로그램 개발과 적용을 지속적이고 체계적으로 제공해야 할 필요가 있다.

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of dementia attitudes according to dementia education in university students on the recognition of dementia policy, focusing on the mediating effect of dementia knowledge. The participants were 306, 1∽2 grad of students of U and K university in 2 G cities. The data were collected from September 1 to 31, 2017, and analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 21.0 program with t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple stepwise regression. There were significant differences in the education group compared to the non-education group in recognition of dementia policy, dementia knowledge, and dementia attitude according to the subject's dementia education. The level of dementia attitudes, recognition of dementia policy, dementia knowledge and attitudes were more than moderate. The positive correlations among recognition of dementia policy, dementia knowledge and attitudes were significant. Dementia knowledge was a predictor of recognition of dementia policy (t=2.35, p=019) and showed a significant partial mediating effect, and the explanatory power was 17.8%. It is necessary to continuously systematically provide the development and application of dementia education programs for the whole people to raise correct dementia knowledge, positive attitudes toward dementia, and awareness of dementia policies.

Due to higher living standards of beauty service customers and advanced information and technology, beauty service consumer are likely to have a higher level of knowledge about the service. Quality evaluation and service have more impact on the consumer recognition on information and selection for service, leading to diversifying selection of the service providers. The participants are beauty salon consumer and were asked to complete a total of 712(76.55%). The questionnaires were verified in terms of reliability and validity by using SPSS 12.0. Percentage, frequency analysis, regression analysis, t-test, and analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA), Duncan test analysis. In conclusion, research shows that based upon understanding of the consumer beauty knowledge level, it is necessary to enhance understanding into quality assessment of consumer characteristics, including a beauty service quality evaluation and service improvement. Furthermore, beauty service providers should analyze quality service and degree of service improvement according to the consumer knowledge level as part of better understanding into the consumer and at the same time, need to establish strategies of service management promotion in order to increase consumer satisfaction.

본고는 2007 교육과정 개정 과정에서 도입된 교육과정 대강화의 원칙에 따라 구성된 역사과 교육과정 내용체제와 성취기준 진술의 문제점을 분석하고, 그 역할과 구성에 대해 재검토하는 연구이다. 이를 위해 역사 교과서를 활용 가능한 여러 교재 중의 하나로 보는 관점, 학생의 학업성취도 평가 결과와 교육의 책무성을 연동하여 보려는 관점, 학습자를 스스로 지식을 구성하고 의미를 깨닫는 능동적 존재로 보는 관점의 변화 속에서 교육과정 내용체제의 변화 방향을 검토하였다. 현행 국가수준 교육과정은 법적 고시 문서로서 역사교육의 내용을 규정하는 힘을 지니고 있음에도 불구하고, 역사교육의 방향성과 세부 내용을 안내하는 체계성을 갖추고 있지 못한 것으로 나타났다. 학생의 학업성취도에 대한 역사교사의 책무성을 묻는 현재의 접근 속에서 교육과정의 대강화는 역사과의 지식 및 이해 영역에 치중된 성취기준의 진술로 귀결된다. 이는 역사 지식의 성격을 이해하고 관점의 인식과 지식 구성에 참여토록 하는 역사교육의 강조점과 거리가 먼 교과서 구성과 역사 수업 실행을 낳게 된다는 점에서 비판을 받는다. 또한 성취기준의 용례나 의미의 부정확성과 교육과정-교수·학습-평가라는 목적별로 중첩되게 개발된 성취기준의 비체계성, 학교 현장에 형식적으로 보급되어 활용되지 않는 무용성 등이 확인되었다. 따라서 본고에서는 학생들이 역사 지식의 인식과 구성의 본질을 이해하고 적극적으로 그 구성과정에 참여하는 방향에서 역사과 교육과정상의 성취기준 진술이 이루어져야 한다는 점을 강조하였다. 따라서 역사적 사고력과 같은 역사 연구를 위한 방법론적 지식의 습득을 목표로 교육과정상 내용체제와 성취기준 진술을 상세화하고 체계화하는 방향으로 교육과정 내용체제의 개선을 제안하였다.

This study aims to investigate the adequacy of curriculum framework and curriculum documentation, including stating performance standards, for the current National History Curriculum and to propose the direction and tasks to enhance the curriculum framework. The review of literature and document analysis lead us to the point that history textbooks should be regarded as one of available texts, which the current slimmed national curriculum enables. Also theories and policies guide us to regard teachers responsible for students’ learning performance through the accountability perspectives and learners as active agents of constructing historical knowledge. The analysis of current curriculum reveals that although the slimmed version of Curriculum, performance standards center on the recall of historical information and knowledge, not sequentially allocated in the curriculum. Also performance standards vary depending on the purposes such as a part of national curriculum or national evaluation framework. Since both documentations use the same expression, it is hard to distinguish and customize its usage. This study suggests the documentation of performance standards to be reconstructed sequentially for students to be able to learn the nature of historical knowledge and methodological knowledge including historical thinking.

This study examined how morphemic knowledge influences visual recognition of Sino-Koreansuffixed words. Sixty-three Korean young adults completed a masked priming lexicaldecision task including morphological, semantic, and orthographic priming conditions. Overall results revealed significant priming effects across all conditions, with themorphological priming effect much larger than semantic and orthographic effects. Moreimportantly, semantic and orthographic priming effects diminished or disappeared asmorphemic knowledge increased, while morphological priming remained larger andstable. A further group comparison revealed a significant difference in semantic primingonly; a significantly larger effect in low-knowledge group. These findings suggest thatlexical processing mainly depends on morphological decomposition focusing on themorphological cues, shifting away from semantic or orthographic cues with an increasein morphemic knowledge in individuals.

This paper focuses on the different realizations of /y/ and /h/ in different dialects in Korean. We delve into /y/ when it occurs word initially, post-consonantally followed by a vowel, and as an off-glide; we observe /h/ when it appears as the onset of a word initial and non-word initial syllable. The paper reveals that a different strategy is applied to modify /ye/, /Cye/ and /?y/ in different positions of a word in different dialects. In Jeolla dialect (JD), the glide /y/ does not occur in the output while in Standard Korean (SK) it consistently appears in /ye/ and /?y/ while /Cye/ shows an optional realization. In Gyeongsang dialect (GD), the off-glide /?y/ is simplified to [y] and it is vocalized. For the word initial /h/, there is no difference in its realization among dialects but in non-initial syllable onset /h/ deletes in JD while /h/ and a preceding voiceless stop are aspirated together in both SK and GD. It shows some interesting phonological patterning among dialects. In some cases, SK patterns with JD while in other cases it patterns with GD. The paper shows that intra-dialectal and inter-dialectal realization differences can best be explained by the constraint-based account because it allows that the dialectal variation can be accounted for by ranking permutation of low ranked constraints.

This paper describes a method of designing a pronunciation dictionary which contains an optimal number of pronunciation variants for each word entry. The two key processes, generation and selection of variants, are designed to be performed automatically so that the final version of pronunciation dictionary can be practically used in speech recognition systems. For generation of variants both prescriptive and descriptive rule extraction methods are employed. First, various optional phonological processes are extracted from literature. Second, phone strings obtained by hand labelling are compared with base-form pronunciation strings and the systematic differences are set as rules. After generation of as many variants as possible, it is determined whether each variant deserves to be kept in the dictionary through relative frequency measure and heuristic decision-making criteria. Through experiments, the variant dictionary is found to play a meaningful role in enhancing performance of automatic speech recognition.

The purpose of the study is to examine the structural relationships between L2 phonological awareness (PA), orthographic awareness (OA), morphological awareness (MA), and word recognition (WR) in relation to vocabulary knowledge (VK) in young Korean EFL learners using structural equation modeling (SEM). One hundred twelve Korean EFL fourth graders voluntarily participated in an assessment of L2 PA, OA, MA, WR, and three dimensions of VK: synonym, antonym, and analogy. The results showed that (1) OA and MA have significant direct effects on WR, (2) OA and MA have substantial indirect effects on VK mediated by WR, and (3) WR significantly contributes to overall VK (β = .97) and its sub-dimensions, with stronger effects for synonym (β = .75) and antonym (β = .73) than for analogy (β = .41). The results provide empirical support for the Lexical Quality Hypothesis (Perfetti, 2007), which emphasizes the importance of precise and well-integrated lexical representations for efficient WR and VK. The pedagogical implications of these findings are also discussed.