Earticle

본 연구에서는 Fishbein & Ajzen(1975)이 제창한 합리적 행위이론을 근거이론으로 활용하였다. 그리고 억제 이론의 구성요인인 제재와 보호동기이론의 보호동기 일부요인을 선행변수로 채택하여 이론적 확인과 정보보호 분야에서 인용된 사례를 제시하였다. 합리적 행위이론의 변수인 주관적 규범을 매개변수로 채택하여 제재와 지각된 취약성, 반응비용 및 자기효용성과 정보보호정책 준수 행위 의도간의 인과관계를 분석하였다. 연구가설 검증 결과 제재를 제외한 지각된 취약성, 반응비용과 자기효용성은 행동 의도와 유의미한 인과관계가 있었으며, 주관 적 규범은 선행요인과 의도 간에 매개효과를 입증하였다.

This study applied the Theory of Reasoned Action by Fishbein & Ajzen(1975) as the grounded theory and adopt sanctions of the General Deterrent Theory and protection motivation of the Protection Motivation Theory as the antecedents to discuss the theoretical factors and the cases of application in the field of information security. Then, it adopted subjective norm, a variable of the Theory of Reasoned Action, as a parameter to analyze the causality of sanctions, perceived vulnerability, response cost, and self-efficacy with the intention to follow the information security policies. As a result, all of the antecedents except for sanctions had causality with the intention and subjective norm proved its mediating effect as a parameter between the antecedents and the intention.

With the growing adoption of electronic financial payment services across both wired and wireless environments, the importance of managing personal information in FinTech has become increasingly critical. Incidents such as hacking and phishing within the FinTech ecosystem have caused significant harm to users, making personal information protection a paramount concern. This study presents a research framework based on Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) to analyze the psychological responses of FinTech payment services users. Specifically, it examines the impact how prior experiences of privacy invasion influence users’ emotional concerns (i.e., threat appraisals), perceived security (i.e., coping appraisals), and compliance intentions regarding personal information protection. Data were collected through an online survey of FinTech users with relevant experience. The empirical results show that privacy invasion experiences increase emotional concerns and reduce perceived security, although they do not affect FinTech-related knowledge. Additionally, while FinTech knowledge does not influence emotional concerns, it has a positive effect on perceived security and compliance intentions. Perceived security was found to alleviate emotional concerns and enhance compliance intentions. These findings provide valuable insights for FinTech services providers seeking to strengthen user behavior concerning personal information protection.

오늘날 온라인 소셜네트워크(OSN: Online Social Network)는 전 세계 수십억명의 사람들이 활용하는 대표적인 인터넷 서비스로, OSN은 사용자들로 하여금 다양한 정보를 공유하고 다른 사람들과 상호작용하는 것을 가능하게 함으로써 그 사용이 점점 증가하고 있다. 하지만 OSN 활용이 늘어나면서 OSN에서 사용자가 노출하는 개인정보가 악용되는 사례 역시 함께 증가함으로써 사용자들은 OSN 상에서의 정보보안에 대해 우려감을 가지게 된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 OSN에서 사용자가 가지는 정보보안우려감 개념을 중심으로 정보보안우려감에 영향을 미치는 선행요인을 보호동기 이론(Protection Motivation Theory)에 기반하여 개인적 차원(개인 사용자의 위험평가와 자기통제력)을 연구모형에 포함한다. 나아가 본 연구는 개인적 특성과 정보보안우려감 간 관계가 사용자의 성별에 따라 달라질 수 있음을 조절효과로 검증하고자 한다. 이러한 본 연구의 연구모형은 OSN을 활용하는 233명을 대상으로 한 설문지를 통한 실증분석으로 검증된다.

Our study investigated factors influencing online privacy preserving behaviors using Protection Motivation Theory (PMT). It highlighted the roles of privacy concerns, counter-intentional habit, privacy cynicism, and implementation intention in shaping users' privacy preserving behaviors. The study employed a comprehensive survey among online users in South Korea and used SmartPLS 4.0 for data analysis. The findings indicated that perceived threats and perceived efficacy positively affect online privacy preserving behaviors, while response costs and counter-intentional habit have negative effects. Additionally, we confirmed the crucial mediating role of implementation intention and the significant moderating role of privacy cynicism. The study extended PMT by incorporating unique constructs such as habit, privacy cynicism, and implementation, providing insights into the complex dynamics of online privacy and offering implications for effective privacy preserving strategies. This contributes to theoretical advancements and practical applications in privacy preserving, informing policy and technology design to enhance users’ online privacy.

With growing concerns about digital privacy, understanding the mechanisms that motivate or hinder privacy-protective behavior has become increasingly critical yet challenging. While Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) traditionally emphasizes motivational determinants, this study highlights the often-overlooked role of habitual resistance. Drawing upon PMT, we propose a dual-pathway model that simultaneously examines factors that both encourage and disrupt privacy-protective behavior. Our proposed extended PMT model was empirically tested via an online survey targeting Korean internet users, yielding 309 valid responses. We used SPSS 29.0.2.0 to obtain descriptive statistics and SmartPLS 4.1.0.3 to estimate the structural equation model. Findings revealed that both perceived threats and perceived efficacy significantly enhanced motivation, which in turn strongly predicted privacy-protective behavior. However, maladaptive habits negatively affected protective behavior, even when motivation was strong. Interestingly, perceived efficacy did not significantly reduce maladaptive habits, indicating that motivation alone was insufficient to change established behavior patterns. Our study advances online information privacy research by synthesizing motivational drivers and habitual barriers within a unified framework. The findings call for more comprehensive interventions that address often underestimated automatic behavioral tendencies. This study also offers insights for designing privacy education and policy tools that target unintentional barriers to protective action.

하나의 모바일 기기에 모든 기능을 담은 스마트폰의 사용이 빠른 속도로 확산됨에 따라 스마트폰도 PC와 같이 악성코드 작성자들의 표적이 되고 있다. 그 결과 악성코드를 잘 인식하지 못하고 있는 15억 스마트폰 사용자들의 스마트폰 사용을 위협하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 악성코드 위협을 줄이기 위한 스마트폰 사용자들의 위험통제행위의도를 이해하는데 있다. 본 연구에서는 심리학에서 사용되어 온 보호동기이론을 이용하여 스마트폰 사용자들의 위험통제행위의도에 대한 연구모형을 개발하였다. 연구결과 지각된 위협의 심각성과 지각된 위협의 취약성 모두 스마트폰 사용자들의 반응효능감과 자기효능감에 부의 영향을 미치고, 반응효능감과 자기효능감 모두 행위의도에 정의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 스마트폰 사용자들의 정보보안행위의도를 이해하는데 기여하고, 나아가 본 연구 결과는 스마트폰 사용자들의 정보보안행위의도를 높이기 위한 정책적 시사점도 제공하고 있다.

Smartphones being all in one featured mobile devices are spreading faster than ever. No doubt, attackers have revealed several vulnerabilities of smartphones and they are becoming a target for malware writers as their counterpart PCs. This jeopardizes the mobile life of over one and half billion smartphone users who are far from malware awareness. The objective of this study is to extend prior models to mobile technology by analyzing the smartphone users’ behavioral intention in accepting danger control actions to reduce malware threat. This paper attempts to understand individuals’ cognitive process in the context of fear in decentralized IT security environment. We test a theoretical model based on Protection Motivation Theory. We found that all latent factors significantly determine the smartphone users’ behavioral intention in adopting the recommended action against malware threat. Findings suggest that response efficacy has the greatest influence. Our analytical results manifest strong support for the proposed model. The theoretical framework and given implications of our study can be generalized and applied within the domain of smartphone security to understand users’ threat control behavior and persuade them adopt protective measures against smartphone malware threat.

While many surveys show very positive attitudes on the part of consumers towards eco-friendly products, the market share actually reflecting green IT purchases remains low in most countries. The motivations behind green IT purchase behavior are still obscure. Several studies have addressed the question of green IT diffusion from economic and normative viewpoints in an attempt to interpret IT adoption behavior. This study comes at the question from a different angle, namely negative frame, examining threat and coping behaviors using the Ordered Protection Motivation (OPM) model and threat appraisal theory. The results show that attitudes toward fairness and positive change, which are precedents of threat appraisal, play an important role in determining threat appraisal. Perceived threats in the green IT arena include habit change and ecological change. Appraisal for coping with these threats directly affects initial adoption behaviors regarding available green IT, and then indirectly encourages the purchase of new green IT products.

본 연구에서는 정보보안정책 준수 의지에 미치는 영향에 대하여 Ajzen(1991)이 제시한 계획행동이론을 토대이론으 로 활용하여, 계획행동이론이 정보보안정책 분야에서 활용된 선행연구 사례를 분석하고, 경영진 역할 및 보호동기 요 인이 계획행동 선행요인인 태도, 주관적 규범, 지각된 행동조절력을 매개변수로 정보보안정책 준수 의지에 미치는 영 향에 대한 인과관계를 검증하고자 연구모형을 설계하여 가설을 검증하고, 경쟁모형을 활용하여 연구모형과 경쟁모형을 비교 검증을 실시하였다. 그 결과 연구모형에서 태도와 주관적 규범은 경영진 신뢰, 반응효용성, 반응비용 및 자기효용 성과 준수 의지간의 매개역할을 하고, 지각된 행동조절력은 경영진 신뢰와 자기효용성과 준수 의지간의 매개역할을 하 였다. 그리고 경영진 역할, 보호동기 요인과 준수 의지간의 관계를 설명하는 데 있어 매개변수를 활용한 연구모형이 경쟁모형보다 적합도 검증을 통해 우월한 것으로 확인할 수 있었다.

This study examines antecedents of the intention of compliance with information security policies based on Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior. The study conducted the following: Verification of casual relations between role of management and protection motivation and the antecedents of planned behavior as parameters to determine the effect on the intention of compliance with information security policy, and comparative analysis between the research model and a competition model. The result of the study disclosed that, in the research model, attitude and subjective norm took an intermediary role on management beliefs, response efficacy, response cost, self-efficacy, and compliance intention, and perceived behavior control on management beliefs, self-efficacy and compliance intention.

본 연구는 조직 구성원들의 정보보안 중요성 인식에 영향을 미치는 요인을 탐색하고자 한다. 이를 위해 예방 동기 이론을 근간으로 인지된 처벌 확신성, 인지된 대응 비용, 묵인이 인지된 정보보안 중요성 인식에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 인지된 처벌 확신성은 정보보안 중요성 인식에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 인지된 처벌 확신성은 묵인에 부정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 대응 비용은 정보보안 중요성 인식에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 대응 비용은 묵인에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 묵인은 정보보안 인식 중요성에 부정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 구성원들의 정보보안 중요성 인식을 위해서 보안 위반 행위에 확실한 처벌이 뒤따를 수 있다는 것을 인식시킬 필요가 있다. 동시에, 조직은 구성원들이 보안 행동을 수행하는 데 있어서 장해가 되는 요소들을 제거하는 시도도 해야 한다. 마지막으로, 조직의 보안에 관한 열린 소통이 가능하도록 해야 한다.

This study attempts to explore factors that influence the perception of importance of information security. Three possible exogenous variables including perceived certainty of punishment, perceived response cost, and acquiescense are suggested that are based on the protectiom motivation theory. As a result, we found followings. First, The perceived punishment certainty has a significant effect on the perceived importance of information security. Also, it influences a negative effect on acquiescence. Second, the response cost has a negative effect on the perceived importance of information security. In addition, the response cost positively effects on acquiescence. Finally, acquiescence negatively influences on the perceived importance of information security. The results show that, in order to increase the perceived importance of information security among employees, it is necessary to make them aware that a security violation can result in certain punishment. At the same time, organizations should also attempt to remove major obstacles accompanying security behaviors of employees. Finally, organizations encourage open communication relating to information security among employees.

Many countries are gradually developing through globalization, but risk factors such as infectious diseases are sometimes hindering their development. At the end of last year, COVID-19 from China spread around the world at a very rapid rate. The industry most affected by COVID19 is the tourism industry. The purpose of this study is to examine consumer's travel behavior intent in a sudden crisis situation caused by an infectious disease. This study applied Protection Motivation Theory to analyze travel behavior intentions of travelers due to infectious diseases. In the case of unmarried, high-income, and white-collar workers groups, it was found that travel intention did not decrease due to infectious diseases. Among the theory of protection motivation, it was found that Severity had a negative effect on travel intention, and Response Efficacy had a positive effect. On the other hand, Vulnerability and Self-efficacy were found to have no effect. The more positively evaluated the government policy on COVID-19, the greater the travel intention, and the higher the level of knowledge about COVID-19, the higher the travel intention. In addition, the more negative attitudes toward COVID-19, the lower the travel intention. Strategic responses are needed for the travel industry to revive, which is currently in a recession due to COVID-19. In order to increase the effectiveness of the policy direction, the results of this study can be appropriately reflected.

본 연구는 보안실무자의 보안교육과 보안성과의 관계에서 보호동기와 물리보안활동의 매개효 과를 밝혀 보안실무자들의 보안성과를 높일 수 있는 이론적 토대와 교육전략 등의 마련에 도움 이 될 수 있는 기초자료를 제공하는 데 목적을 둔다. 분석을 위하여 보안실무자 320명을 대상으로 설문지를 통해 자료를 수집하였고 SPSS 21 프 로그램을 이용하여 자료를 처리하였다. 보안교육이 보안성과에 영향을 미치는 관계에서 보호동 기와 물리보안활동 두 개의 매개효과를 검정하기 위하여 Hayes(2012)가 제안한 SPSS 프로세스 매크로 모델 6을 분석하였으며 매개효과의 분석은 부트스트래핑을 통하여 실시하였다. 연구결과, 보안실무자들이 인식하는 보안교육과 보안성과의 관계에서 보호동기와 물리보안활 동은 개별적인 매개효과 외에도 보호동기와 물리보안활동의 이중 매개효과가 확인되었다. 즉, 보안교육은 보안실무자들의 보호동기와 물리보안활동에 영향을 미쳐서 결과적으로 보안성과에 변화를 주는 간접효과를 갖는데, 보안실무자들에게 보안교육을 효과적으로 실시하는 경우 보안 실무자들의 보호동기가 상승하고 이러한 변화로 인하여 물리보안활동이 활발하게 이루어지면서 최종적으로 보안성과로 이어지게 된다고 볼 수 있다. 따라서, 내부에서의 심리적인 측면에서 보 호를 하고자 하는 동기인 보호동기에 대한 보안교육이 집중적으로 이루어져 보안실무자들이 보 안성과를 이뤄내는 데 필요한 교육정책과 제도가 구축되어야 하겠다.

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data that can help prepare theoretical foundations and educational strategies to improve security performance by revealing the double mediating effect of protection motivation and physical security activities in the relationship between security education and security performance of security officers. For analysis, data were collected through a questionnaire for 320 security officers, and data were processed using the SPSS 21 program. In order to test double mediating effects of protection motivation and physical security activities in the relationship between security education and security performance, it was analyzed through SPSS PROCESS Macro model 6 proposed by Hayes(2012), and bootstrapping was conducted to analyze the mediating effect. As a result of the study, in the relationship between security education and security performance recognized by security officers, protection motivation and physical security activities were identified as double mediating effects of protection motivation and physical security activities. In other words, security education has an indirect effect that affects security officers' protection motivation and physical security activities, and if security training is effectively conducted to security officers, the protection motivation of security officers increases and these changes lead to security performance. Therefore, the education policy and system necessary for security officers to achieve security performance should be established by concentrating security education on the protection motivation, which is a psychological motive within humans.

모바일 광고의 형식 중 하나인 플레이어블 광고(Playable Ads)는 해외의 광고업계에서 굉장히 주목받고 있음에도 불구하고, 국내에서는 실질적 효과 검증 등 관련 연구가 매우 부족한 상황이다. 사용자들의 새로운 모바일 광고 서비스와 광고기술을 사용하는 요인 등에 대해 충분히 이해해야만 고객에 대한 서비스의 질을 제고할 수 있으며, 또한 미개척된 국내 플레이어블광고의 효과성과 가치를 확산시키기 위하여 관련 연구가 활발해야 할 것이라 믿는다. 본 연구는플레이어블 광고 형식을 통해 접하게 된 게임 어플 다운로드 유도 광고에 대한 수용 의도 결정요인을 예측하기 위해 기술수용모델의 인지된 유용성과 인지된 사용 용이성 변인을 독립변인으로, 보호동기이론의 인지된 심각성 변인을 조절변인으로 가정하였으며, 게임 어플 이용의도를 종속변인으로 설정하여 조절회귀분석을 통해 각 변인들 간 통계적 유의성을 확인하고자 하였다. 스마트폰 이용자 258명 대상 온라인 서베이를 통해 수행된 본 연구의 결과는, 플레이어블 광고에 대한 스마트폰 이용자들의 인지된 유용성은 게임 어플 이용의도에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤지만인지된 사용 용이성은 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았음을 밝혀낼 수 있었다. 게임 어플 이용(다운로드/사용/제거)에 대한 인지된 심각성은 게임 앱 이용의도에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 동시에 플레이어블 광고에 대한 인지된 유용성과 상호작용하여 게임 앱 이용의도에 정(+)의 영향을 나타냈다. 하지만 플레이어블 광고에 대한 인지된 사용 용이성과 게임 어플의 이용(다운로드/사용/제거) 에 대한 인지된 심각성은 상호작용효과가 파악되지 않았다. 본 연구는 그동안 국내에서 활발하게 논의되지 않았던 플레이어블 광고를 대상으로 초기적 시사점을 탐색적적으로 도출했다는 데중요한 의의가 있다고 믿는다.

Although Playable Ads, one of the forms of mobile advertising, is drawing keen attention from the overseas advertising industry, there is a dearth of research in Korea, including verification of practical effects. Only when users have a good understanding of the new mobile ad service and the factors that use the ad technology can they improve the quality of service to their customers, and also believe related research should be active to spread the effectiveness and value of the playable advertisement. This study assumed that the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use variables of the technology acceptance model are independent variables and the perceived severity of the protective motivation theory as controlling variables in order to predict the factors of intent to accept game download-inducing advertisements that were encountered through the form of the playable advertisement, and that the degree of use of game apps was set as dependent variables to confirm statistical significance among each variable through the adjustment return analysis. The results of this study, conducted through online surfacing for 258 smart phone users, found that the perceived usefulness had a positive effect on intention to use the game apps, but the perceived ease of use did not have a significant impact. The perceived severity of the use of game apps (download/use/remove) has a positive effect on the intent of using game apps while interacting with perceived usefulness for playable advertising. However, the perceived ease of use and perceived severity of the use of game apps (download/use/remove) have not been identified. We believe that this study is significant in that it has explored the initial implications of player ads that have not been actively discussed in Korea.

최근 조직 구성원의 보안행동은 기업 차원의 정보보안에 중요한 부분으로 인식되고 있다. 정보유출 및 정보보안에 대한 연구는 보안 위협에 대한 개인행동이나 보안 기술을 사용하는 조직 구성원을 대상으로 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 조직구성원들이 정보보안 활동을 촉진할 수 있는 효과적이고 효율적인 발전방안을 제시하고자 한다. 이를 위해 계획된 행동이론과 보호동기이론의 통합을 중심으로 주요 변수들을 적용한 연구모형을 제시하였다. 본 연구모형을 실증적으로 검증하기 위해 기업에서 보안 경험이 있는 조직원들을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 이를 통해 조직구성원들이 정보보안 행동에 대해 긍정적인 구전을 유도하는 것이 중요하다. 이를 통해 기업에서는 조직구성원들이 정보보안 사고에 대해서 내 외부에서 발생 가능한 보안위험을 예방 및 대응하고 관리하기 위해 다양한 보안 솔루션 도입해야하며, 정보시스템에 대한 취약점 점검과 보인 패치 등의 보안 사항을 만족시키기 위한 행동을 실시해야할 것이다.

Recently, security behavior of members of organizations has been recognized as a critical part of information security at the corporate level. Leakage of customers' information brings more attention to information security behavior of organizations and the importance of a task force. Research on information breach and information security is actively conducted of personal behavior toward security threats or members of organizations who use security technology. This study aims to identify factors of influence on information security behavior of members of organizations and to empirically find out how these factors affect information security behavior through behavior toward attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavior control. On the basis of the research, this study will present effective and efficient ways to foster information security activities of members of organizations. To this end, the study presented a research model that applied significant variables based on integration of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Theory of Protection Motivation (TPM). To empirically verify this research model, the study conducted a survey of members of organizations who had security-related work experience at companies. So, it is critical for members of organizations to encourage positive word of mouth (WOM) about information security behavior. Results show that based on the integration of TPM and TPB, perceived vulnerability, perceived severity, perceived efficiency and perceived barriers of information security behavior of members of organizations had significant influences on mediating variables such as behavior toward attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior control and intention. They also had significant influences on organization information security behavior which is a dependent variable. This study indicates companies should introduce various security solutions so that members of the organizations can prevent and respond to potential internal and external security risks. In addition, they will have to take actions to inspect vulnerability of information system and to meet security requirements such as security patches.

This study aimed to explore the themes and parameters of environmental health behaviors based on Rogers’ protection motivation theory through a systematic mapping review. Using a systematic approach, a literature review was conducted of articles that adopted Rogers’ protection motivation theory. A total of 11 articles on protection motivation theory using participants and environmental health as outcomes were identified in a search of CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Eric, PsycARTICLES, PubMed, and RISS between September 1 and September 8, 2021. Themes related to the environment and personal behaviors between 2002 and 2021 were extracted. The parameters based on protection motivation theory were identified through systematic mapping as fear appraisal, rewards of maladaptive response, severity, vulnerability, costs of adaptive response, response efficacy, self-efficacy, and intention. Self-efficacy and response efficacy considerably affected environmental health behaviors. Emotional fear appeal related to environmental hazards motivates an internal process that alters the threat appraisal and their coping appraisal. Environmental behavior perception and intention influenced on environmental health behaviors with small effect sizes. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the severity of environmental health issues could lead to the development of helpful, effective, and intensive interventions to promote healthcare among the vulnerable population.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to predict rabies protective behaviors (RPB) based on protection motivation theory (PMT) among fourth-grade students at schools in Chonburi Province, Thailand. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2020 to February 2021. A multistage sampling technique was used for sample selection. The questionnaire was divided into socio-demographic data and questions related to PMT and RPB. Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted using the EpiData program and inferential statistics, and the results were tested using the partial least squares model with a significance level of less than 5%. Results: In total, 287 subjects were included, of whom 62.4% were girls and 40.4% reported that YouTube was their favorite media platform. Most participants had good perceived vulnerability, response efficacy, and self efficacy levels related to rabies (43.9, 68.6, and 73.2%, respectively). However, 54.5% had only fair perceived severity levels related to rabies. Significant positive correlations were found between RPB and the PMT constructs related to rabies (β, 0.298; p<0.001), and the school variable (S4) was also a predictor of RPB (β, -0.228; p<0.001). Among the PMT constructs, self efficacy was the strongest predictor of RPB (β, 0.741; p<0.001). Conclusions: PMT is a useful framework for predicting RPB. Future RPB or prevention/protection intervention studies based on PMT should focus on improving self efficacy and response efficacy, with a particular focus on teaching students not to intervene with fighting animals. The most influential PMT constructs can be used for designing tools and implementing and evaluating future educational interventions to prevent rabies in children.

Purpose: This study examines the association between protection motivation and drought adaptation behavior with the potential role of institutional support for women under climate crisis in Northern Cameroon. Originality: Beyond individual protection motivation, the research proposes the importance of institutional support for adaptive resources to address climate change adaptation challenges embedded in gender inequality across farming communities in low resource settings. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was carried out using non-probabilistic and probabilistic sampling techniques, known as systematic sampling, to recruit women farmers in Northern Cameroon. The data was analyzed using path analysis with moderation modeling. Result: A total of 343 women participated in the survey. The results demonstrated the positive associations between protection motivation and drought adaptation behavior. Specifically, protection motivation constructs such as perceived vulnerability (β=.104, t-value= 2.291, P<0.05), perceived severity (β=.143, t-value= 2.322, P<0.05), self-efficacy (β=.174, t-value= 3.144, P<0.001), and response efficacy (β=.120, t-value= 2.218, P<0.05) were statistically significant. Furthermore, the moderating effect of the institutional support for women farmers was identified, influencing the associations between protection motivation represented as self-efficacy (β =.031, t-value=2.242, P<0.05) or response cost (β =-.060, t-value=-2.107, P<0.05) and drought adaptation behaviors. Conclusions and Implication: The study concludes that protection motivation among women farmers can be insufficient to initiate sustainable drought adaptation in farming communities faced with gender inequality. Therefore, institutional support for women matters in explaining women farmers’ drought adaptation behaviors. The government should provide adequate farm resources to women farmers and train them to adapt to socio-environmental changes. This will contribute to solving climate adaptation challenges embedded in gender inequality.

Purpose: Prior studies on innovation resistance to IT services have mainly focused on the technology acceptance and use diffusion model. To understand the proliferation power of internet primary banks, an analysis of resistance factors is needed. This paper aims to propose a new integrated innovation resistance model (IRM) to explain the intention of innovation acceptance of internet primary bank services. Design/methodology/approach: This study developed an integrated research model (PMT and IRM) to explain the intention to innovation acceptance of internet primary bank services. It collected 398 online survey responses from non-users of internet primary bank services. This study used the Partial Least Squares (PLS) methodology to verify the research model and hypotheses. Finings: The results suggest that perceived vulnerability, perceived severity, perceived self-efficacy, personal innovativeness, perceived relative advantages, perceived compatibility, and perceived complexity affected innovation resistance. Together, these have a negative influence on the intention to accept the innovation of internet primary bank services. Research limitations/implications: It is necessary to carry out exploratory investigations such as in-depth interviews and parallel observation methods to ensure the validity of the research results. Moreover, we analyzed responses from only non-users and discontinued users of internet primary bank services. In future research, we will conduct a study on innovation resistance that differentiates users and non-users of internet primary bank services. It is also necessary to conduct a longitudinal study to see how the personal innovativeness and perceived innovation characteristics of internet primary bank services change with time. Originality/value: This study makes several contributions to the relevant literature as one of the first attempts to empirically validate an integrated research model for the banking domain. By combining the PMT and IRM, this research proposes and validates a model designed to enrich our understanding of innovation acceptance behavior in internet primary bank users.

Background: Given that there are many Iranian women who have never had a Pap smear, this study was designed to develop and validate a measurement tool based on the Protection Motivation Theory to assess factors influencing the Iranian women's intention to perform first Pap testing. Materials and Methods: In this psychometric research, to determine the Content Validity Index (CVI) and the Content Validity Ratio (CVR), a panel of experts (n=10) reviewed scale items. Reliability was estimated through the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (n=30) and internal consistency (n=240). Also, factor analysis (exploratory and conformity) was performed on the data of the sample women who had never had a Pap smear test (n=240). Results: A 26-item questionnaire was developed. The CVI and CVR scores of the scale were 0.89 and 0.90, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis loaded a 26-item with seven factors questionnaire (perceived vulnerability and severity, fear, response costs, response efficacy, self-efficacy, and protection motivation (or intention)) that jointly accounted for 72.76% of the observed variance. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit for the data. Internal consistency (range 0.70-0.93) and test-retest reliability (range 0.72-0.96) of sub-scales were acceptable. Conclusions: This study showed that the designed instrument was a valid and reliable tool for measuring the factors influencing the women's intention to perform their first Pap testing.

Background: Few Iranian women take the Papanicolaou test despite its important role in preventing cervical cancer. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of an educational intervention based on the protection motivation theory (PMT) variables and implementation intentions in the first and second Pap test practice among Iranian women. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-randomized controlled trial, 200 women who were referred to 30 primary health care clinics in Tehran were randomly selected. PMT variables and Pap test practice were measured at baseline and again after 3 and 15 months. The 4-week educational intervention program was conducted for the intervention group. Results: Following the intervention, the mean scores of self-efficacy, perceived vulnerability, and behavior intention variables were significantly higher in the intervention group when compared to the control group (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in the perceived severity, response efficacy, response cost, and fear between the two groups following the intervention. Higher percent of women in the intervention group had obtained first and second Pap test compared to the controls. Conclusions: The PMT and implementation intentions provide a suitable theory-based framework for developing educational interventions regarding Pap test practice in Iran.

Background: This study investigated how perceived knowledge, threat, and coping appraisals, moral obligation, and social approval influence voluntary mask-wearing intentions within an integrated framework combining Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). Understanding the drivers of protective behaviors after mandates are lifted is essential for sustaining public health practices. In the United States?where mask wearing is not culturally normative?such behaviors rely on internal motivations rather than external enforcement. Methods: Using data from a nationwide online survey of 360 U.S. adults, structural equation modeling was employed to test relationships among perceived knowledge, threat appraisal, coping appraisal, moral obligation, social approval, and behavioral intention. Results: Perceived knowledge significantly predicted both coping and threat appraisals. Coping appraisal influenced moral obligation, while threat appraisal affected both moral obligation and social approval. Among all predictors, only moral obligation significantly predicted behavioral intention, which in turn predicted protective behavior. Conclusions: These findings highlight the central role of moral obligation and coping appraisal as key drivers of voluntary health protective intentions. The integrated PMT?TRA model provides actionable insights for sustaining motivation in low-threat contexts and offers guidance for shaping future public health strategies.