Earticle

When individuals collaborate in virtual settings, communication is mediated through a variety of communication technologies, and is associated not only with communication effectiveness but also with socio-emotional interactions among group members. In this regards, scholars have examined how technology-mediated communication systems can be designed and used to facilitate communication interaction. However, the empirical results of the previous studies have revealed inconsistencies in the effects of communication media on users’ behavioral or attitudinal responses, and on their viable effectiveness in organizations. Some studies claim that computer-mediated communication (CMC) is task-oriented but not suitable for emotional expression since it hinders close interpersonal interaction. On the other hand, some studies argue that individuals are able to develop interpersonal relationships more effectively in a CMC environment than in an FtF environment. Due to the different perspectives, a theoretical gap exists, and it leads to the inconsistent research findings. The purpose of this paper is to combine the two different perspectives into a single unified model, thereby providing a more realistic and comprehensive understanding about virtual collaboration. The present study here sought to answers the following questions with organizational communication perspective: What are the major components of virtual collaboration? What factors affect the performance of virtual collaboration? And what kind of managerial efforts should organization make in order to facilitate CMC media effectiveness in virtual collaboration? Although there is a certain belief that new media, namely technology-mediated communication support would create new opportunities, the problem of “how” or “why” has been an important question that is still not fully addressed. In this regards, we collectively reexamined previous literatures with major issues which are still controversial and integrated various theoretical activity within computer-mediated communication domain: task-oriented approach, socio-emotional approach, and evolutionary psychological approach. Our first contribution is to develop a framework for virtual collaboration by combining two different perspectives into a single unified model, providing a more realistic and comprehensive understanding. The second main contribution is the joint modeling of both social presence and cognitive effort, and the effects on two distinct but important communication outcomes (i.e., task performance and relational development). We tested the research hypotheses which were developed based on the various CMC theories using data gathered through a self-administered mail survey of 127 individuals of 69 virtual workgroups. The proposed model was supported, providing preliminary evidence that the tension between two opposite view should be integrated. The results show that the individual’s psychological processes (social presence and cognitive effort) in a virtual environment significantly mediated the effect of CMC inputs (media richness, user adaptation, and shared context) on the CMC outputs (task performance and relational development). Furthermore, this study shows that the lack of perceived media richness of CMC media can be complemented by user adaptation and shared context. Based on the results, we discuss how communication system should be designed and implemented so as to promote virtual interaction as well as how a virtual workgroup should be composed to complement the lack of media richness. A virtual collaboration using CMC media may create new value by overcoming the logistical constraints. On the other hand, it may also generate various managerial risks such as communicational depersonalization, process dissatisfaction, and low cohesion. Therefore, this study suggests that organization managers should carefully choose the CMC mediums and monitor individual member’s cognitive and affective psychological processes during virtual collaboration to reduce potential risks in virtual collaboration.

이 연구는 메이커 교육과 STEAM 교육과 핵심 요소와 장점 등을 융합한 형태의 MBS( Maker-Based STEAM) 교육을 위한 절차 모형을 이론적으로 탐색하고, 실과 교과를 중심으로 실천하는 방안을 제안하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 통합적 문헌 고찰(integrative literature review)의 절차에 따라 문헌 연구를 수행하였다. MBS 교육 관련 이론들을 분석한 결과를 바탕으 로 MBS 교수․학습을 위한 절차 모형의 포괄적인 형태를 구안하고 해당 모형에 MBS 교육의 핵 심 구성 요소 및 개념적, 실제적 절차를 구조화하여 제시하는 과정을 거쳤다. MBS 교육을 위한 절차 모형은 문제 상황 탐색, 산출물 설계, 프로토타입 만들기, 만들기 과제 평가 및 공유, 성찰하 기로 구성하였으며, STEAM 학습 준거를 바탕으로 프로젝트 기반 학습의 일반적인 절차와 디자인 사고 프로세스를 통한 문제 해결 절차, 메이커 교육과 STEAM 교육의 활동 요소를 반영하여 도출 하였다. 이 연구에서 제안하는 MBS 교육을 위한 절차 모형은 실과 교육과정의 가정생활 영역과 기술의 세계 영역의 다양한 내용 요소에 적용하여 실과 수업의 개선에 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to theoretically explore the process model to practice MBS(Maker-Based STEAM) education, which combines maker education and STEAM education and key elements and advantages based on the standard orientation and theoretical basis of maker education and STEAM education. To this end, the literature review was carried out according to the integrated literature review procedures. Based on the analysis of the theories related to MBS education, the comprehensive form of the process model for MBS teaching and learning was developed and presented to the model by structuring and presenting the key components, conceptual and practical procedures of MBS education. The process model for MBS education consists of exploring problem situations, designing prototypes, making prototypes, evaluating and sharing the making tasks, and reflecting the general procedures of project-based learning and problem-solving procedures through design thinking processes, and the elements of activities of maker education and STEAM education based on STEAM learning compliance. A process model for MBS education could be used to improve practical arts classes in various areas, ranging from the practical arts curriculum to the ‘home life’ area and the ‘world of technology’ area.

본 논문의 목적은 이론적으로는 과정적 관점에서 심리적 특성과 기업가정신의 관계에 관한 종합적 모형을 구성하고, 실무적으로는 기업가정신에 관련된 심리적 특성에 관한 종합적 진단을 필요로 하는 창업가나 교육훈련 담당자들을 위한 진단도구의 개발을 위한 기초를 제공하고자 하는 것이다. 이러 한 연구목적의 달성을 위하여 다음과 같이 구체적인 연구목표를 설정하였다. 첫째, 과정적인 관점에서 기업가정신에 관한 보다 간결하면서도 포괄적인 과정 모형을 제시한다. 둘째, 기업가정신의 각 과정에 의미있는 영향을 미치면서도 실증적인 뒷받침이 강한 창업가의 심리적인 특성들을 선발한다. 셋째, 창업 가의 심리적 특성들이 기업가정신의 각 과정들에 어떠한 영향을 미치고 있는지를 문헌검토를 통하여 분 석 및 종합한다. 본 연구의 목적 및 구체적 연구목표의 달성을 위하여 과정적 관점과 문헌 연구방법에 의거하였다. 문헌 연구방법으로서는 메타분석 결과를 주로 활용하고, 개별 연구결과를 보완적으로 사용하였다. 또한 본 연 구의 초점은 개인적 수준, 특히 창업가의 심리적 특성중 의향에 관련된 비인지적 특성(will do factor)인 성격과 동기부여에 초점을 두었다. 본 논문은 과정적 관점에서의 기업가정신에 관한 연구모형의 설정, 기업가정신에 관련된 성격 특성요인 들의 도출, 문헌 검토에 의한 창업가의 심리적 특성과 기업가정신 과정의 관계에 관한 분석 및 종합, 논문의 의의, 한계, 및 향후 연구방향의 순으로 구성되었다. 이러한 구성순서에 의하여 본 논문을 조금 더 상세하게 고찰해 보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 과정적 관점에서 문헌 검토에 의하여 기업가정신에 대한 간결하면서도 포괄적인 과정 모형을 제시 하였다. 이 2단계 과정 모형은 기업가정신 과정을 크게 설립 단계와 운영 단계로 구분하고, 각 단계는 계 획된 행동 이론(theory of planned behavior)과 시스템 이론에 의거하여 의도-행동-결과로 구분하였다. 설립 단계는 창업의도-기회인식/자원재배열-창업의 과정으로 세분화하였으며, 운영 단계는 전략적 의도 -창업전략/조직관리-창업성공의 과정으로 세분화하였다. 둘째, 슘페터식 기업가정신의 정의에 의거하여 혁신, 성장, 기회에 초점을 두고 창업가의 개념을 정의하 였다. 또한 성격 특성과 기업가정신에 관한 메타분석 결과를 이용하여 기업가정신과 관련된 의미있는 성 격 특성요인들을 도출하였다. 그 결과 13가지 성격 특성들을 본 논문의 분석대상으로 선정하였다. 그것 들은 5대 성격요인, 기업가적 성향의 3가지 구성요인, 5가지 동기요인이다. 5대 성격요인은 경험에 대한 개방성, 신중성, 외향성, 포용성, 정서적 안정성이고, 3가지 기업가적 성향은 혁신성, 진취성, 위험감수성 이며, 5가지 동기요인으로서는 욕구(성취욕구, 자율욕구), 신념(일반적인 자기유능감, 통제위치), 스트레 스 내성이 선정되었다. 셋째, 창업가의 심리적 특성과 기업가적 과정간의 관계에 관한 문헌조사에 의하여 다음과 같은 결과가 도출되었다. (1) 심리적 특성은 일반적으로 창업의도, 창업여부, 그리고 창업성공과 유의미한 상관관계 를 지니고 있다. 그러나 포용성, 위험감수성, 그리고 자율욕구에 관해서는 기대한 것과는 다른 결과가 나 타났다. 포용성은 창업의도 및 창업성공과 유의미한 상관관계가 나타나지 않았으며, 자율욕구와 창업의 도간의 연구결과들 혹은 위험감수성과 창업성공간의 연구들은 서로 상충되는 결과들을 보여주고 있었 다. (2) 심리적 특성들은 기업가적 과정들에 대하여 영향 강도의 차이에도 불구하고 일관된 영향을 미치 고 있었지만, 세 가지 심리특성들 - 포용성, 위험감수성, 자율욕구 – 는 기업가적 과정들에 대하여 다소 상이한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 포용성은 창업가와 비창업가를 잘 구분함으로써 창업여부에 유 의미한 영향을 미치지만, 창업의도나 창업성과에 대해서는 유의미한 영향을 미치지 않고 있다. 위험감수 성은 창업의도나 창업여부에 대해서는 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있지만, 창업성과에 미치는 영향에 관해 서는 연구결과들이 상충되고 있다. 자율욕구는 창업여부나 창업성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있지만 창업의도에 미치는 영향에 관해서는 연구결과들이 상충되고 있다. (3) 마지막으로, 창업의도, 창업여부, 창업성공과 같은 기업가적 과정의 의도 및 결과와 심리적 특성들간의 관계에 대해서는 연구조사가 상당 히 이루어지고 있었지만, 기회인식 및 자원재구성, 전략적 목적, 전략경영, 조직관리와 같은 기업가적 과 정들과 심리적 특성들간의 관계에 대해서는 연구조사가 전혀 이루어지지 않고 있거나 혹은 한두 개 정 도의 연구가 이루어지고 있는 상황인 것으로 나타났다. 벤처 창업 단계에 있어서 창업가의 심리적 특성 과 기회인식에 관한 연구들은 일부 있었지만, 자원재구성에 관한 연구들은 찾아볼 수 없었으며, 벤처 운 영 단계에 있어서도 성격 특성과 전략적 목적, 창업전략, 및 조직운영에 관한 연구들은 매우 적은 것으 로 나타났다. 전반적으로 심리적 특성들과 기회인식 및 자원재구성, 전략적 목적, 전략경영, 그리고 조직 관리와 같은 기업가적 과정들간의 관계에 관한 연구들은 많은 부분이 공백상태인 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 본 논문의 의의, 한계와 향후 연구방향은 다음과 같다. 본 연구의 이론적 의의로서는 과정 모형에 의거한 문헌검토 방법에 의하여 창업가의 심리적 특성과 기업가적 과정에 관한 기존 연구결과들 을 종합하고, 기존 연구의 공백부분과 미흡한 부분을 규명함으로써 창업가의 심리적 특성과 기업가정신 연구의 향후 연구방향과 연구과제의 파악에 도움을 주었다는 점을 들 수 있다. 본 연구결과의 실무적 의 의로서는 기업가적 과정의 각 단계의 활동에 관련된 개인특성에 관한 실증적으로 뒷받침된 포괄적인 모 형을 구성함으로써 기업가적 활동에 관련된 개인적인 자질의 진단을 위한 보다 의미있는 표준적인 종합적 방법의 개발에 한걸음 다가갔다는 점을 들 수 있다. 본 연구의 한계로서 두가지 점을 고려할 수 있다. 첫째, 창업가의 심리적 특성중 기업가정신과 의미있는 관계를 지니고 있으면서도 많은 연구가 이루어진 특성들을 선택하여 연구하였지만, 그럼에도 불구하고 지면상의 한계로 인하여 일부 심리적 특성들만을 대상으로 조사가 진행될 수밖에 없었다는 점이 한계로 지적될 수 있다. 둘째, 창업가의 심리적 특성과 기업가적 과정간의 관계에 관해서 연구결과가 미흡하거 나 공백이 있는 부분들을 보다 철저한 검색을 통하여 연구성과물을 충분히 반영하지 못한 점도 본 연구 의 한계로 지적될 수 있다. 향후 연구의 방향으로서 세가지 점을 제시하고자 한다. 첫째, 여러 단계의 기업가적 과정을 동시에 고려 하는 연구모형을 구성하고 이에 의한 실증연구를 수행함으로써 창업가의 심리적 특성과 기업가적 과정 의 각 단계간의 차별화된 효과를 보다 구체적으로 확인하는 연구가 필요하다. 둘째, 기업가적 과정 중 창업가의 심리적 특성과의 연구공백 부분들, 즉 창업을 위한 배태과정에서의 기회인식과 자원재구성에 관련된 성격 특성들에 관한 연구들, 창업성과를 창출하는 혁신적 창업전략 및 조직관리 과정들에 관련된 성격 특성들에 관한 연구들이 필요하다. 셋째, 심리적 특성들 간에 그리고 심리적 특성과 기업가적 과정 변수들간의 매개효과와 조절효과를 구체적으로 반영한 연구가 필요하다.

The goals of this study are theoretically to build the comprehensive model of the relationships between entrepreneur’s psychological traits and entrepreneurship from a process perspective, and practically to suggest the bases for the development of diagnostic tools for the entrepreneur or the education and training agents who need comprehensive diagnosis on the psychological traits related with entrepreneurship. To achieve the research goals, the following specific objectives are established. First, it is to suggest a parsimonious and comprehensive process model of entrepreneurship from a process perspective. Second, it is to select the empirically supported psychological traits significant to the entrepreneurial processes. And third, it is to analyze and synthesize the influence of entrepreneur’s psychological traits on the entrepreneurial processes through the literature review. To achieve the research goals and the specific objectives, literature review is performed from the process perspective. While reviewing literatures, meta-analysis results are mainly used and complemented by the results of the individual studies. The focus of this work is on the individual level, especially entrepreneur’s psychological traits related with ‘will do’ factors like personalities and motivations. This paper is constructed with building the research model on the entrepreneurship, selecting the personality traits related with entrepreneurship, analyzing and synthesizing the relationship between the entrepreneur’s psychological traits and entrepreneurship processes by reviewing the related literatures, and suggesting the significance and limitations of this paper and the future research directions. In line with this order the more specific descriptions of this paper are as follows: First, we suggest the parsimonious and inclusive process model about entrepreneurship based on the process perspective and literature review. In this two stage process model, the processes are divided by venture creating stage and venture running stage and each stage is divided by intention-behavior-outcome. The venture creating stage is consisted with three phases like entrepreneurial intention – recognition of opportunities / resource rearranging – venture creation. The venture running stage is consisted with three phases like strategic intent – entrepreneurial strategy and organizational management – venture success. Second, the definition of entrepreneur is focused on the innovation, growth, and opportunities based on the Schumpeter’s entrepreneurship. And several significant psychological traits are selected using the meta-analysis results about the relationship between psychological traits and entrepreneurship. 13 psychological traits are finally selected as an objects of analysis like “Big Five”, three traits of entrepreneurial orientation, and five motivation factors. Big Five are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and emotional stability. Three factors of entrepreneurial orientation are innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking propensity. Five motivation factors are need(need for achievement, need for autonomy), beliefs(self-efficacy and locus of control), and stress-tolerance. Third, by the literature review about the relationship between the entrepreneur’s psychological traits and entrepreneurship, the following results are presented. (1) Psychological traits generally have significant relationships with entrepreneurial intentions, venture creation, venture success. In relation to such three psychological traits as agreeableness, risk-taking propensity, and need for autonomy, the unexpected results are presented. Agreeableness has no significant correlation with the entrepreneur’s intentions and success, and the research results about the relationship between the need for autonomy and the entrepreneur’s intentions or between the risk-taking propensity and the entrepreneur’s success show mixed results. (2) Although most psychological traits have consistent relationships to the different entrepreneurship phases, the three traits - agreeableness, risk-taking propensity, and need for autonomy – have different influences to the different entrepreneurship processes. Agreeableness has negative relationship with venture creation but no significant relationship with entrepreneurial intentions and venture success. There are mixed results about need for autonomy-entrepreneurial intentions relationships and risk-taking propensity-venture success relationships. (3) Lastly, there are many researches about the relationship between the psychological traits and entrepreneurial intentions, venture creation, and venture success, however there is no or little research about the psychological traits related with opportunity recognition, resource arranging, strategic goal, entrepreneurial strategy, or organizational management. In the venture creation stage, there is a little study about the psychological traits related with opportunity recognition, but there is no studies about the the psychological traits related with resource arranging. In the venture success stage, there are few studies about the psychological traits related with strategic goals, entrepreneurial strategy, or organizational management. Generally, there is no research result about the relationship between the psychological traits and such entrepreneurial processes as opportunity recognition, resource arranging, strategic goals, entrepreneurial strategy, and organizational management Lastly, the significance and limitations of this paper and the future directions are as follows: The theoretical implication of this paper is that this paper synthesizes the existing research results by reviewing the literatures with the process model, identifies the untouched areas of the entrepreneurial researches, and suggests the research tasks and the future directions. The practical implication of this paper is that this paper contributes to the development of significant comprehensive standard tools to diagnose the individual’s entrepreneurial qualities by building the comprehensive and empirically supported model of the individual’s psychological traits related with the each phases of the entrepreneurial processes. There are two limitations of this work. First, it must be pointed that only 13 psychological traits are researched because of the limitations of this short papers although significant and frequently researched psychological traits are included. Second, it is also the limitation of this research that significant research results might not be fully counted in such areas as having no or few research results. We would like to suggest. three future directions. First, it is needed to specifically identify the differential effects of psychological traits to the phases of entrepreneurial process by building such research model as including the multiple phases of entrepreneurial process and performing the empirical studies. Second, such studies are needed to fill the blank areas of research as studies on the influence of psychological traits to opportunity recognition and resource arranging in the venture creation or to the innovative entrepreneurial strategy and organizational management linked to the venture success. Third, such studies are needed to reflect the moderating effects or mediating effects between the psychological traits or between the psychological traits and the entrepreneurial processes.

정보산업의 발전에 따라 다양하고 복잡한 업무 처리가 가능한 소프트웨어의 필요성이 비약적으 로 증가 되었다. 이에 따라 소프트웨어 사용자들은 복잡한 처리도 가능하면서 더욱 안정적이고 유지 보수가 용이한 프로그램 개발 기업을 선호하게 되었다. 이러한 현상은 소프트웨어 개발 조직의 능력 을 정량적으로 평가하기 위한 연구로 이어졌고, 미국 국방부의 지원으로 능력성숙모델평가기준(CMMI) 이 개발 되었다. 소프트웨어 개발 기업이 CMMI 상위 단계 인증을 받을 경우 해당 기업의 개발 프로 세스와 유지보수가 우수한 것으로 평가되기 때문에 높은 단계의 인증을 받는 것은 의미있는 일로 평 가된다. 본 논문에서는 국내 한 소프트웨어 개발 기업의 사례를 통해 정량적 우수단계인 4단계를 달 성하기 위한 다양한 요소를 분석하였으며 국내 소프트웨어 기업이 개발 및 보수의 성숙된 프로세스를 확보하기 위한 기존 소프트웨어 개발 기업의 실제 사례분석을 통해 의미있는 요소를 찾아내고자 하였 다. 특히 국내외 소프트웨어 판매 시 프로그램신뢰 부족 및 유지보수에 대한 안전장치 부족으로 인식 될 수 있으므로, 이러한 사례분석을 통해 이러한 문제의 단초를 분석하고자 하였다.

With the overwhelming development of information technologies, the need for software development that can deal with diversified and complex business processes has increased dramatically. As a result, companies prefer softwares that can handle far more complex processing ability and also it should be stable as well as easier to maintain. These ambivalent requirements keep the software development organizations from assessing the quantitative abilities, so that under the support of the U.S. Department of Defense the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) and Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) have been developed. The CMMI upper levels for the software development companies will be evaluated to be excellent and authenticated, which drives the companies to get and maintain high levels of maturity. In this paper, a case study for a domestic software company has been exploited how to achieve CMMI level 4 and what kind of factors have been played an effective role. These issues at the domestic and international software and maintenance program, can influence the trustworthiness and marketing effects for the global market. In this paper, the company's actual case study will give clues to find out the important factors for the development and maintenance of software companies maturity levels.

본 연구의 목적은 SRI펀드와 일반주식형펀드 간 투자성과에 있어 차이가 있는지를 분석하는 데 있다. 투자성과의 차이를 알아보기 위해 샤프지수, 젠센지수, 트레이너지수를 사용하여 초과수익률을 t검정을 통해 살펴보았다. 또한 이 투자성과의 차이가 일반적으로 펀드 성과에 영향을 미치는 것으로 알 려진 펀드의 연령, 설정액 규모, 위험, 판매회사의 수, 정보비율의 변수들을 통제한 상태에서도 유의한 차이가 나타나는지 검정하였다. 구체적으로 국내주식형펀드의 실제 자료를 토대로, SRI펀드와 전체일반 주식형펀드 비교분석, SRI펀드와 동종 운용사이며 설정액 규모가 비슷한 일반주식형펀드를 추출하여 1:1비교분석함으로 위험을 반영한 펀드의 성과 평가 실증분석을 실시하고자 한다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음 세 가지로 정리할 수 있다. 첫째, 일반주식형펀드가 SRI펀드에 비해 높은 수익률을 보여주고 있다는 것을 t검정을 통해 확인하였 다. SRI펀드와 일반주식형펀드의 성과 간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는지를 알아보기 위해 초과샤 프지수, 초과젠센지수, 초과트레이너지수에 대해 t검정을 실시하였다. t검정에 있어서 SRI펀드에 대한 일반주식형 펀드의 표본을 두 가지로 나누어 t검정을 실시하였다. 하나는 SRI펀드와 일반주식형펀드의 전체표본을 대상으로 검정을 실시하였으며, 또 하나는 SRI펀드와 일반주식형펀드의 비교대상표본을 선 택하여 1:1검정을 실시하였다. 이때, 일반주식형펀드의 대응표본은 SRI펀드와 동종의 운용사이며, 설정 규모가 비슷한 표본을 선정하였다. t검정 결과, 두 가지 검정 모두에 있어서 통계적으로 유의적인 음의 t값으로 대 부분이 나타났다. 이것은 일반주식형펀드의 성과가 SRI펀드의 성과에 비해 유의적으로 높다고 볼 수 있을 것 같다. 둘째, SRI펀드와 일반주식형펀드의 성과에 영향을 주는 일반요인과 SRI펀드 여부를 더미변수로 추가 하여 어떤 변수들이 수익률에 영향을 주는지를 알기 위해 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 회귀분석 결과, 펀드 의 투자성과에 영향을 줄 것으로 기대되는 펀드의 연령, 설정 규모, 위험, 판매회사의 수와 투자활동을 나타내는 정보비율의 변수들을 통제한 후에도 SRI펀드 여부를 나타내는 더미변수가 통계적으로 유의한 음(-)의 값을 나타내었다. 분석기간에서는 기대와는 반대로 일반주식형펀드가 SRI펀드보다 수익률이 더 높은 것이 확인되었다. 셋째, SRI펀드와 일반주식형펀드 중 대응표본을 중심으로 샤프지수를 종속변수로 하여 1:1회귀분석한 결과, IR과 SRI 변수는 대부분의 기간에 걸쳐서 통계적으로 유의적인 것으로 나타났으며 IR은 양의 t값 을, SRI은 음의 t값으로 나타나 앞에서 일반주식형펀드의 전체표본을 대상으로 회귀분석한 결과와 동일 하였다. 또한, 설정액 규모는 1년과 3년의 기간에 있어서 통계적으로 유의적인 양의 t값으로 나타났으며 판매 사 수는 3개월과 1년의 기간에 있어서 통계적으로 유의적인 음의 t값으로 나타났다. 종속변수를 각각 젠 센지수와 트레이너지수로 분석해 보았으나 그 결과는 비슷하였다. 여기에서 주목해야 될 것은 IR인데 세 기간 모두에서 양의 t값으로 유의적인 것으로 나타난 것으로 보 아 펀드매니저의 적극적인 투자활동과 운용능력이 성과에 유의적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 볼 수 있을 것 같다. 그리고 IR변수의 SRI펀드와 일반주식형펀드 간의 평균을 비교한 결과를 볼 때에도 일반주식형 펀드의 IR수치가 유의적으로 높은 것으로 보아 펀드매니저들이 SRI보다 일반주식형펀드에 더 적극적인 투자활동과 운용능력을 나타낸다고 볼 수 있다. 이것은 펀드의 성격에 있어서 SRI의 펀드의 경우 대기 업주식이나 우량주가 많이 포함이 되어있기 때문에 다소 소홀히 하고 방치하는 경향이 있기 때문에 주 가의 하락기의 경우 민감하게 펀드매니저가 투자활동을 하고 운용능력을 발휘하는 일반주식형펀드보다 낮은 수익률을 나타내는 것이라고 판단된다. 또한, 일반변수를 통제하고 난 뒤에 SRI펀드와 일반주식형 펀드의 수익률에 차이가 나타나는지를 확인하기 위해 추가한 더미변수는 음의 유의한 값을 보였다. 이것 은 일반주식형펀드가 SRI펀드보다 수익률이 높다는 것을 보여주는 것이라고 볼 수 있을 것 같다. IR변 수가 전 기간에 걸쳐 통계적으로 유의한 양(+)의 값으로 나타난 것으로 보아, 펀드매니저의 적극적인 투자활동과 운용능력이 펀드의 수익률에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 해석할 수 있다.

The objective of this paper is to analyze investment performance comparatively between SRI Funds and General Stock funds in Korea. To find the difference of investment performance, using Sharpe Ratio, Jensen's ratio, Treynor ratio, t-test was conducted to confirmed the excess return index. In addition, differences in investment performance are generally known to affect fund performance of the fund age, fund size, risk, and the number of sales companies, the information ratio even when controlling for the variables appear significant differences were conducted t-test. Specifically, based on actual data of domestic stock funds, comparative analysis between SRI funds and General Stock funds overall , SRI funds and matching is to conduct empirical analysis. The research results can be summed up as follows: First, General Stock Funds outperformed the SRI funds during the study period through t-test. To find a significant difference between Performance of SRI funds and General Stock Funds, t-test was performed using Sharpe ratio, Jensen's ratio, Treynor ratio. SRI funds and the General Stock Funds is divided into two kinds of t-tests were conducted. One of SRI funds and General Stock Funds targeting the entire sample test was conducted, and one of the SRI funds and 1:1 matching General Stock Funds was conducted t-test. In this case, 1:1 matching General Stock funds sample were same type of management companies with SRI funds and a similar sized sample were selected. T-test results, negative for t-values were statistically significant in the two test. This is likely to be significantly higher the performance of General Stock Funds than SRI funds. Second, General Stock Funds outperformed statistically significantly even after controlling variables such as age of fund, size of fund, risk of fund, numbers of sales firms, and information ratio of fund which are expected to affect investment performance. Regression analysis results, even after controlling the fund's investment performance is expected to affect the fund's age, fund size, risk, numbers of sales, and information ratios, SRI Fund dummy variable statistical as negative (-), respectively. Analysis period, the General Stock Funds performance was found to be higher than the SRI fund. Third, IR variable across the whole period indicated a significant positive value which implies that active investment activities of fund managers and fund management capabilities might influence the rate of return. These results are contrary to what we expect since there are many evidences for outperformance of SRI. It seems that fund managers tend to have more aggressive investment activities in General Stock Funds than SRI funds because General Stock Funds included lots of large firms' stocks. IR variable in all three periods appeared to be significant positive t-values suggesting active investment activities of fund managers and operational capacity to affect significantly the performance. And the average comparison of the result in IR variable of SRI funds and General Stock Funds, the IR levels of General Stock Funds were significantly higher suggesting fund managers the General Stock Funds than SRI to more aggressive investment activities and management skills. This is the nature of the Funds in the case of SRI funds, including a lot of big blue-chip stock or major firm because it tends to neglect. Therefore, In the case of share price drop period, SRI funds had a lower rate of return than the General Stock Funds that was sensitively investment activities and operational capability. In addition, after controlling the general variable, the difference between returns of SRI funds and General Stock Funds appears to verify that the added value of the dummy variables were significantly negative. In other words,, it is show that the General Stock Funds return is higher than SRI funds. IR variable throughout the life of a statistically significant positive (+) appeared suggesting the fund manager's active investment management activities and operational capability to have a significant effect on the fund's returns can be interpreted.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify effects of the variables of Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) Model on physical activity. Methods: This study has conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Sixteen articles were searched through electronic databases (PsycINFO, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of science, Science Direct, RISS, KMBASE, KoreaMed, KISS, DBpia) and additional journals from 2000 to July, 2017. To estimate the effect size (ES), the meta-analysis of the studies was performed by using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis programs. Results: The overall effect size of the variables of HAPA on physical activity was median (ES=.28). Of the core variables of HAPA model, action control (ES=.43) showed the largest effect size, followed by coping self-efficacy (ES=.31) and planning (ES=.31).Additional variables were identified as preparatory behavior (ES=.39) and past physical activity (ES=.24). Through the moderator effect analysis, the effect size was higher in the volitional phase than in the motivational phase, and higher in the healthy group than in the patient group. The higher the proportion of males and the lower the age, the larger the effect size. Conclusion: This finding shows empirical evidence that all core variables of the HAPA model are useful for predicting physical activity. We propose the use of the HAPA model to develop physical activity promotion intervention.

To evolve a management plan for rheumatoid arthritis, it is necessary to understand the patient's symptom experience and disablement process. This paper aims to introduce and critique two models as a conceptual foundation from which to construct a new model for arthritis care. A Disability Intervention Model for Older Adults with Arthritis includes three interrelated concepts of symptom experience, symptom management strategies, and symptom outcomes that correspond to the Theory of Symptom Management. These main concepts influence or are influenced by contextual factors that are situated within the domains of person, environment, and health/illness. It accepts the bidirectional, complex, dynamic interactions among all components within the model representing the comprehensive aspects of the disablement process and its interventions in older adults with rheumatoid arthritis. In spite of some limitations such as confusion or complexity within the model, the Disability Intervention Model for Older Adults with Arthritis has strengths in that it encompasses the majority of the concepts of the twomodels, attempts to compensate for the limitations of the two models, and aims to understand the impact of rheumatoid arthritis on a patient's physical, cognitive, and emotional health status, socioeconomic status, and well-being. Therefore, it can be utilized as a guiding theoretical framework for arthritis care and research to improve the functional status of older adults with rheumatoid arthritis.

Purpose: Family caregivers of people living with dementia (PLWD) may experience mental and physical health issues. The purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with family caregiver outcomes and to describe their interrelationships. Methods: Grounded in the stress process model, path analysis was conducted using secondary data from 178 dyads of community-dwelling PLWD and family caregivers in Korea. Caregiver outcome was assessed through caregivers’ health status and stress due to behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Agitation and depression were specified as primary stressors, and PLWD factors were included as background factors associated with BPSD, with separate symptom models. Results: Agitation and depression showed the strongest associations with family caregiver stress related to BPSD. Agitation explained 45.1% of caregiver stress related to BPSD variance (β=.66, p<.001), while depression explained 41.5% (β=.63, p<.001). Agitation and depression were related to caregiver health status (β=.17, p=.006; β=.18, p=.017). In both agitation and depression models, female caregivers (β=.19, p=.008, in both models), older age (β=.21, p=.007, in both models), and lower economic status (β=.32, p<.001, in both models) were associated with poorer caregiver health status. Dementia severity and patient age showed indirect associations with caregiver stress related to BPSD through agitation and depression. Conclusion: Agitation and depression were associated with caregiver stress related to BPSD, while caregiver characteristics were associated with health status. These findings highlight the need for tailored interventions to address BPSD and support caregivers. Family-centered and system-level approaches are essential for improving outcomes for PLWD and their families.

This study assesses if smoking problems in South Korea can be explained by the fundamental cause theory (FCT) and tests the effect of anti-smoking messages (fear appeals and testimonials) on the linkage between socio-economic status (SES: education, income, parental education) and intention to quit smoking, with a focus on perceived efficacy. Two online experiments (N = 331 for Study 1 on fear appeals; N = 342 for Study 2 on testimonials) among South Korean smokers were conducted. The results from Study 1 and 2 reveal that SES was not highly related to smoking cessation intention. In Study 1, fear appeals interacted with SES on smoking cessation intention of individuals with low perceived efficacy (self-efficacy and response efficacy). In Study 2, however, testimonials did not show interaction with SES on smoking cessation intention. The results that focused on South Korean context suggest that public health campaigns must consider individuals’ parental characteristics with efficacy levels in designing anti-smoking messages.

생물학적 폐수처리 시스템은 시간에 따른 유입 폐수량의 변화가 크고, 처리장으로 유입되는 폐수내의 다양한 성분과 농도의 변화 가 클 뿐 만 아니라, 처리공정 내에서 매우 가변적인 생물학적 반응을 나타내는 특징을 가진다. 본 논문에서는 측정된 공정 데이터에 가장 적합한 다변량 동적 공정 모델이 자동으로 생성되도록 고안된 학습기반 유전자 프로그래밍(GBGP)이라는 진화적 전산 지능을 사용한 자동 공정 모델 유도 시스템을 제안하였다. 이 자동 공정 모델 유도 시스템은 유전자 프로그래밍의 진화적 자기구성 시스템 과 유전학 및 자연선택 메카니즘을 통해 학습 시스템을 사용하여 만들어진 다변형 비선형 모델 진화를 위한 다양한 수학적 기능과 결합되어 있다. GBGP에서 4단계의 모델링 절차가 수행되었다. (1) context-free grammar를 이용하여 P 모델의 초기 개체군(세대 K=0)을 생성시키는 초기화, (2) 변수와 상수의 각 모델에 대한 최적화, (3) 각 모델에 대한 적합도 실행 및 평가, (4) 세대 K=Kmax 가 될 때까지 반복 실행하는 유전자 루프(genetic loop). 모델링 결과 학습기반 유전자 프로그래밍(GBGP)으로 만들어지는 다변량 동 적 공정 모델링 기술이 실제 처리장 규모의 KNR 생물학적 고도처리 공정을 높은 정확도로 출력을 예측하고 주요 작동 변수를 식별 하는 데 유용한 도구임을 보여주었다. 이 모델은 엔진니어가 데이터에 숨겨진 중요한 지식을 알아내고 더 나은 처리장 운영 및 제어 전략을 개발할 수 있도록 이해하기 쉬운 수학 공식의 형태로 자동적으로 생성된다

Biological wastewater treatment systems are characterized by large temporal variability of inflow, variable concentrations of components in the incoming wastewater to the plant, and highly variable biological reactions within the process. This paper proposes an automatic process model induction system using an evolutionary computional intelligence, called grammar-based genetic programming (GBGP), that is specially designed to automatically discover multivariate dynamic process models that best fit observed process data. This automatic process model induction system combines an evolutionary self-organizing system of genetic programming paradigm with various mathematical functions for a multivariate nonlinear model evolution using a grammar system via the mechanism of genetics and natural selection. In the GBGP, a four-step modelling procedure was performed: (1) initialization: generatr an initial population of P models using contex-free grammar. generation K=0; (2) optimize each model (variables and constants) in the population; (3) execute and evaluate the fitness of each model in the population; (4) genetic loop: repeat until termination criterion is met (maximum generation Kmax). The results demonstrate that the multivariate dynamic process modelling technique presented using a grammar-based genetic programming (GBGP) provides a valuable tool for predicting the out puts with high levels of accuracy and identifying key operating variables for the full-scale KNR biological nutrient removal process. These modells are derived automatically in the form of understandable mathematical formulas that enable engineers to extract important knowledge hidden in the data and develop better operation and control strategies.

Analyzing and defining specific business process in applications such as CRM is complicated and changeable on demand as it has to support the enterprises to meet the business goals and requirements. Also, business process needs to be flexible enough to adapt the dynamic business strategies. MDA provides a standard way of defining business process meta-modeling and unifies the diverse business process containing well defined business rules. In this paper, we have designed the business process meta-model, which focuses on sales, marketing and service areas. The cross-functional relationship between the components within and across the CRM system shows the integrated business process. Thus, this paper provides a meta-modeling paradigm of business processes of the CRM system, and it is able to apply business rules of the domain to have more flexibility of the functional components and increase the system as well as the business value.

This study aimed to explore how Korean EFL university writers facilitated cognitive writing strategies (CWS) and metacognitive writing strategies (MWS) to improve writing performance in a mobile-based writing setting. Along with Kakao-Talk-based composition activities, 43 Korean undergraduates regularly participated in process-oriented writing. This study analyzed the relationship between CWS and MWS and categorized learners’ writing texts from a psychometric perspective. The results revealed that the more the participants were aware of CWS and MWS, the better language proficiency they could acquire. In particular, MWS (r = .786) affected students’ post-test scores more positively than CWS (r = .526). Next, the EFL learners took advantage of the reciprocal effect of elements in the writing strategies. Among the elements, the cognitive comprehending process (CWS-CP) and the memory-retrieval process (CWS-MRP) in CWS showed the strongest interactivity with the metacognitive monitoring (MWS-M) and evaluating writing product (MWS-EP) in MWS. The knowledge shared with peers through short sentence formulation in a virtual space could help the participants to clarify and elaborate their thoughts in the extended writing. While connecting their experience with acquired knowledge, novice writers could increase their self-confidence in writing. In conclusion, the mobile-based process writing model can contribute to activating Korean EFL novice writers’ self-directed writing strategies.

Model-driven engineering (MDE) is a new approach to information systems development, formalizing model representation and utilizing transformation technologies. It has been enthusiastically advocated as a means of increasing the productivity of development efforts and enhancing the quality of developed systems. But MDE technologies have turned out to be limited in capturing semantics of formalized models. Without adequate semantics it is hard to reuse modeled elements and automate transformations. Ontology engineering has recently received interest from members of both academia and industry since it has the potential to solve the semantic interoperability problems. This paper proposes a process model for software development integrating ontology engineering into MDE at a high-level abstraction.

Ho Chi Minh had identified a State model (State type) for Vietnam while he was travelling to find a path to national salvation. In 1920, he chose the state model of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics after deciding to follow the proletarian revolution, typically the October Revolution in Russia. The Party's first political platform (drafted by Ho Chi Minh) officially identified this State model with the name "Government of workers, soldiers and peasants”. Although it was the most advanced State model at that time, some limitations were found when it had been applied to Vietnam. The VIII Central Conference (1941) chaired by Ho Chi Minh made a reasonable adjustment by establishing the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The success of the August Revolution was an objective and concrete demonstration of the correctness of Ho Chi Minh thought, as well as the revolutionary way of the Communist Party of Vietnam. It was also an event that realized his thought on the State model for Vietnam.

Quá trình Hồ Chí Minh lựa chọn mô hình nhà nước (kiểu nhà nước) cho Việt Nam đã diễn ra trong suốt thời gian bôn ba tìm đường cứu nước. Năm 1920, Người đã lựa chon kiểu nhà nước Nga Xô viết, sau quyết định đi theo cách mạng vô sản, Cách mạng Tháng Mười Nga. Cương lĩnh chính trị đầu tiên của Đảng (do Hồ Chí Minh soạn thảo) đã xác định chính thực kiểu nhà nước này với tên gọi “Chính phủ công nông binh”. Mặc dù là mô hình nhà nước tiến bộ nhất lúc bấy giờ, nhưng vẫn có những hạn chế khi áp dụng vào Việt Nam. Hội nghị Trung ương VIII (1941) do Hồ Chí Minh chủ trì đã có sự điều chỉnh hợp lý với chủ trương thành lập nhà nước Việt Nam dân chủ cộng hòa. Sự thành công của Cách mạng Tháng Tám là một minh chứng khách quan, cụ thể về sự đúng đắn của tư tưởng Hồ Chí Minh, cũng như đường lối cách mạng của Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam và hiện thực hóa tư tưởng của Người về mô hình nhà nước ở Việt Nam.