Earticle

본 연구에서는 청년패널 자료에서 동일 시점에 고교를 졸업한 이들을 동시점 코호트로 구성하여 고졸과 대졸 학력간 차이를 파악하고자 하였다. 즉, 고교 졸업 후에 진학을 선택한 자와 취업을 선택한 자로 나누어 각 선택에 따른 경로 및 성과 차이를 파악하고자 하였다. 그러나 본 연구에서 청년패널 자료가 6차년도 까지 만 분석에 활용되었기 때문에 고교를 졸업하고 4년제 대학에 입학한 이후 군대에 다녀온 패널은 아직 대학 을 졸업하지 않아서 분석에서 제외되었다. 취업여부에 영향을 주는 변수를 파악하기 위해 로짓분석을 실시한 결과, 취업을 선택할수록, 학력이 높을 수록, 졸업 후 자격을 취득할수록 취업가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 현재 일자리 임금수준에 영향을 주는 변수를 파악하기 위해 위계적 회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 진로지도를 경험할수록, 진학을 선택하지 않은 경우 가 선택한 경우에 비해, 최종학력이 높을수록 임금에 정의 효과를 주는 것으로 분석되었다. 분석결과를 바탕 으로 보면, 재학 중 진로지도를 경험한 경우에 본인의 진로를 설계하고 경로를 관리함에 있어 단기적인 성과 보다는 장래의 임금 수준 등과 같은 고용의 질적 측면을 강화하는데 도움이 된다는 것이다. 진로지도를 담당 하는 교사의 배치를 확대하는 양적인 개선 외에도 진로지도 교사의 질적 수준을 향상할 수 있는 지원제도 개 선 및 프로그램 향상 등에 대한 아낌없는 정부의 지원과 학교의 노력이 필요하다.

The purpose of this study is to explore the difference of education level between high school graduates and university graduates. So this study select the cohort who graduates from high school in the same time. As a longitudinal data, Youth Panel (YP) collected by Korea Employment Information Service (KEIS) has been used for the analysis. The cohort group is divided into the employed group and enrolled group after graduating from high school. Because of using wave 6, the panel who attend the university after leaving military duty was excluded in the model. Meanwhile, it has been used the hierarchical logit model for the analysis where the hierarchy has been set based on the survey process: activities on career preparation while in high school, activities on career preparation after graduating from high school. It is found that employment selection, schooling, and certification after graduating from high school have relatively higher interaction with job attachment. Likewise, it has been used the hierarchical regression model. According to the result, career guidance, enroll selection, and schooling have relatively higher interaction with wage of present job.

연구목적: 지하공동구는 도시 지하에 전기, 수도, 가스 등의 인프라를 공동 수용하는 시설로 공기 흐름 이 부족하여 계절에 상관없이 결로가 자주 발생한다. 결로는 전기 설비의 누전 화재를 일으키는 원인이 되므로 지하공동구 내의 조명 등 각종 시설물 관리를 위해 필요한 제어반은 결로에 노출되지 않도록 문 이 닫힌 상태로 관리되어야 한다. 본 논문에서는 딥러닝 객체인식 기술을 활용하여 수km 거리에 반복 배치된 공동구 제어반의 문 열림 여부를 이동 카메라 조건과 조명이 꺼진 조건에서도 인식하고자 한다. 연구방법: 지하공동구를 순찰하는 로봇이 촬영한 영상데이터를 이용하여 딥러닝 객체인식 모델인 YOLO를 모자이크 이미지 증강기법으로 학습시켜 제어반 문 열림과 문 닫힘을 인식한다. 연구결과: 모 자이크 이미지 증강기법으로 학습시킨 모델과 사용하지 않은 모델의 성능을 비교한 결과, 모자이크 학 습 모델이 더 우수한 성능(모든 클래스에 대한 mAP가 0.994 이상임)을 보이는 것을 확인하였다. 결론: 지하공동구의 조명이 꺼진 상태에서도, 공동구 내부 시설물이 복잡한 환경에서도 제어반의 문열림 여 부를 우수한 성능으로 인식하여 지하공동구 재난안전관리에 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

Purpose: Underground utility tunnel is facility that is jointly house infrastructure such as electricity, water and gas in city, causing condensation problems due to lack of airflow. This paper aims to prevent electricity leakage fires caused by condensation by detecting whether the control panel door in the underground utility tunnel is open using a deep learning model. Method: YOLO, a deep learning object recognition model, is trained to recognize the opening and closing of the control panel door using video data taken by a robot patrolling the underground utility tunnel. To improve the recognition rate, image augmentation is used. Result: Among the image enhancement techniques, we compared the performance of the YOLO model trained using mosaic with that of the YOLO model without mosaic, and found that the mosaic technique performed better. The mAP for all classes were 0.994, which is high evaluation result. Conclusion: It was able to detect the control panel even when there were lights off or other objects in the underground cavity. This allows you to effectively manage the underground utility tunnel and prevent disasters.

Using a combined panel data of Chinese and Korean banks from 1991 to 2007, we study the effects of market structure and ownership structure of banks on their returns on assets. We focus, especially, on the effects of shares of government, the largest shareholder, and foreign shareholders of banks in the two countries. While the banking sector in Korea is more competitive and deregulated, the Chinese market is considered still in transition to a market-based system. We test such hypotheses that the banking sector in a market economy like Korea is more effective than that in the transitional economy like China in achieving higher profitability for their stakeholders, that the higher the governmental shares in banks such as most banks in China and the governmental banks in Korea, the less effective the banking sector is, and thus that banks controlled more by the government would be less profitable. Interestingly, we find that while banks owned by the government might be less effective in operation, banks with larger governmental shares in China perform better in terms of profitability and many other aspects, compared with Korean commercial banks, that banks with larger governmental and foreign ownership in Korea are less profitable but more effective, and that banks achieved higher profitability even with much higher wages per employee.

The purpose to recognize change of average pixel value of acquisition image by control panel's density and right set up method of speed(sensitivity) and exposure dose(mAs) change that dose in purpose digital flatpanel- detector. X-ray generator DHF—158H2(Hitachi，Japan). Detector CXDI 40G(Canon, Japan), 12 : 1 grid and exposure ray 135 kVp, 250 mA, 10 ms. focus-detector distance 180 cm and used ABC mode. DICDM reflex analysis program used image J that is digital reflex analysis program that offer in United States America National Health Center(National Institutes of Health : NIH) phantom used chest phantom(Anthromorphic : Flukebrome.inedical USA). An experiment chest phantom that consist by formation equivalence material use because density value(-3~+3) in X-ray control panel and seep that is speed step(slow, medium, fast) each control experimentalize, image analysis reflex neted through an experiment using image j each image compare. These was change in dose according to slow, medium, fast and density's change in an experiment result. According to detector sensitivity and density condition set, dose was relationship dissimilarity 500% from 200%. The dose came highest when is density +3 to slow, and dose more increases gray scale’s extent could know that rise. Could know whether how equipment set is important through this experiment, cause of disease which change by digital radiography system forward is thought to increase more, it is considered that suitable education by this and continuous interest about equipment need absolutely.

The purpose of this study was to develop the systemic architectural walls for the middle-low rise steel structure. To analyze the construction method of the systemic architectural walls, we developed the new fundamental unit walls by strengthening steel plate to the basic unit using existing wire panel and manufactured full-scale walls. As a result, we found that the structural performance, especially bending capacity, was much more excellent compared to the existing walls. And we figured out the problems through manufacturing full-scale walls, and we want to derive an wall sub-system for the systemic architectural package.

본 연구는 글로벌 금융위기 이후인 2009년부터 2015년까지 7년간 우리나라 생명보험회사를 대상으로 효율성 변화를 살펴보기 위해, 정태적 효율성은 Radial 모형인 DEA-CCR, DEA-BCC 모형을 이용하였고, 동태적 효율성은 DEA/Window 모형을 이용하였다. 그리고 효율성 결정요인을 다양한 방법으로 비교하기 위해 정태적 패널모형으로 가중최소자승추정법(GLS), 토빗모형, 고정효과모형, 확률효과모형을 이용하였고, 동태적 패널모형으로 일반화적률추정법(GMM)을 이용하였다. 분석결과 첫째, 정태적 효율성 변화를 살펴보면 분석기간 동안 평균 기술효율성은 9.5%의 비효율성을 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 비효율성은 순수기술효율성과 규모효율성 모두 원인이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 추세와 안정성 여부를 판단하기 위한 DEA/Window 분석결과 기간에 따라 생명보험회사별로 표준편차, LDP, LDY 값이 차이를 나타내고 있었다. 셋째, 기술효율성 결정요인 분석결과 고정효과 모형의 설명력이 다른 모형들보다 높았고, 기술효율성 증대를 위한 전략으로 사업비와 신계약비 축소를 통한 수입보험료와 투자영업이익율 증대가 가장 중요한 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the efficiency change and determinants factor of life insurance industry in Korea. In order to measure the efficiency change, we used the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model and the dea / window model and measured the efficiency determinants factor using GLS, Tobit model, fixed effect model, random effect model and GMM. We use panel data for 21 life insurers from 2009 to 2015 First, the average technological efficiency is 9.5% inefficiency during the analysis period, and this inefficiency is caused by both pure technology efficiency and scale efficiency. Second, according to the results of the DEA/Window efficiency analysis, the standard deviation, LDP, and LDY values of life insurance companies appeared differentry according to the period. Third, the analysis of the determinants factor of technological efficiency showed that the explanatory power of the fixed effect model was higher than that of the other models. As a strategy for increasing the technological efficiency, it was found that the increase of the insurance premium and the investment profit margin were the most important.

준현재 Low-voltage Panel에서 사용되는 계측기 또는 계전기들은 통신을 지원하지 않거나, RS485와 같은 시리얼 통신을 주로 사용 한다. 시리얼 통신을 사용하는 경우 기기의 상태와 측정값을 원격으로 확인하거나, 연결된 기기가 많은 경우 관리에 한계가 있다. 본 논문에서는 Low-voltage를 사용하는 Panel에서 기존의 시리얼 통신을 사용하는 기기들까지 대상으로 하여, 전력기기들의 사용 효율 및 관리의 편의성을 높일 수 있는 IoT 시스템과 통신 구조에 대해서 소개한다.

중력모형에 의존하여 경제효과를 설명할 경우, 지금까지 주로 패널데이터(panel data) 분석을 통한 개별 고정효과 패널 분석(individual fixed effect)을 수행하였다. 본 연구에서는 기존의 패 널 데이터의 고정효과 분석이 아니라 새로운 인공신경망(Artificial Neural Network)을 이용한 예측을 시도하였다. 특히, 그 중에서도 파라미터부분과 인공신경망의 비-파라미터 방식의 혼 합으로 이루어진 반-모수 패널 신경망(semi-parametric panel neural network)을 방법론으로 채택 하였다. 이 방법을 이용하여, 일본과 한국의 2개 국가에 대하여, 각각의 10년 예측과 5년 예측 의 두 종류의 기간에 대하여, 전통적 고정효과 패널 분석(panel individual fixed effect)과 함께 반-모수 패널 신경망(semi-parametric panel neural network) 분석을 시도하여 총 여덟 종류의 학 습과 예측을 실시하였다. 결과 반-모수패널 인공신경망이 여덟 개 케이스 중에서 일곱 개 케이 스에서 전통적 고정효과 패널 추정 방식보다 예측에서 우수한 결과를 보여 주었다.

Purpose : To compare the predictability of gravity model based on panel data, the two methodologies are used and compared. One comes from the traditional panel individual fixed effects and the alternative methodology comes from semi-parametric panel neural network. Research design, data, methodology : The exporting cases of Korea and Japan, for 30 years of data with 247 countries of export partners, were analyzed. Two scenarios dividing the learning period into 20 years with 10 years’ prediction period and the 25 year learning period with 5 years’ prediction periods are performed and compared. Results : The semi-parametric panel artificial neural network outperformed than the traditional panel fixed effect method in 7 out of 8 cases in terms of MSE. Conclusions : The results showed the superiority of semi-parametric neural networks in the analysis and forecasting based on panel data compared to traditional fixed effect panel analysis.

대중교통은 정류장까지의 접근 통행이 필수적이며, 이러한 접근 통행은 외부환경에 많은 영향을 받는다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 특성을 고려하여 외부환경에 따른 대중교통 이용변화를 분석하고자 한다. 서울특별시의 25개 행정구를 분석 대상으로 설정하였으며, 2023년 대중교통 이용실적과 기상 및 대기환경 관련 데이터를 바탕으로 분석을 수행하였다. Panel-SUR 모형을 활용하여 분석을 진행하였으며, 기상 및 대기환경 악화는 대중교통 이용을 감소시키는 것으로 도출되었다. 변수의 영향력은 주중에 비해 주말에 더 크게 나타났는데, 이는 주말에 주로 발생 하는 비필수 목적통행은 외부환경에 의해 통행 발생 여부를 선택할 수 있기 때문으로 판단된 다. 대기환경 관련 변수는 버스에 비해 지하철에서 영향력이 작은 것으로 도출되었는데, 이는 버스 정류장이 외부환경에 더욱 노출되어있기 때문으로 판단된다.

Public transportation require access trips to the stops, which are significantly affected by external environmental factors. This study examined the changes in public transportation usage based on these characteristics in relation to external environments. The analysis focuses on the 25 administrative districts of Seoul, using data on public transportation usage, weather, and air quality from 2023. The analysis used a Panel-SUR model, showing that deteriorating weather and air quality reduce public transportation usage. The impact of the variables was greater on weekends than on weekdays, likely because non-essential trips, which mainly occur on weekends, can be influenced by external environmental conditions when choosing whether to travel. The air quality-related variables have a smaller impact on subways than buses, likely because bus stops are more exposed to external environments.

본 연구에서는 우리나라 각 지역별 미세먼지의 농도를 관찰하고 미세먼지로 인한 질병의 사회경제적 손실가치와 국민경제적 파급효과 그리고 국민 의료비지출을 분석하였다. 즉, 각 지역별 미세먼지의 발생 농도와 미세먼지 원인 질병(호흡기 질환, 만성폐쇄성 질환, 간질성 폐질환 등)의 환자 수, 의료비 등을 추적하였으며, 미세먼지 농도와 환자 수 및 의료비의 인과관계를 계량적 기법으로 추정하였다. 그리고 미세먼지 원인 질병의 치료를 위한 의료비의 증가는 직간접적으로 가계 소비지출을 감소시키고 이것이 국민경제 거시변수(생산, 부가가치, 고용)에 미치는 손실가치를 측정하였다. Panel VAR 모형을 이용한 미세먼지 농도와 환자 수 및 의료비의 관계를 추정한 결과, 미세먼지 농도가 월평균 1% 증가하면 환자 수는 연간 2백 6십여만 명 증가하고, 이에 따른 의료비는 연간 649억 원이 증가하는 것으로 추정되었다. 이러한 의료비 증가는 가계소비에서 의료비 외 부분의 지출을 감소시킨다고 볼 때 국민경제적으로 민간소비를 위축시키고 그 결과 미세먼지 농도 월평균 1%의 증가는 총생산(경상가격 기준, 2014년)을 0.0052% 감소(경상가격 기준 185,675백만 원)시키며, 이에 따라 부가가치는 0.005%(경상가격 기준 68,263백만 원), 고용은 0.0058%(취업자 인원 1,371명) 감소하는 것으로 추정되었다.

This study is to observe the concentration of particulate matter in each region of Korea, identify the occurrence of diseases caused by particulate matter, and to analyze the socioeconomic value of disease caused by particulate matter and its economic impact. We use the descriptive statistic approach to analyze the concentration of particulate matter in each region and the number of patients with micro dust-causing diseases. The causal relationship between dust concentration, number of patients, and medical costs is estimated by using econometric models such as Panel and Panel-VAR model. Finally, the value of loss on national economy due to increase of particulate matter concentration is measured by using the Input-Output analysis model. We found that if the concentration of particulate matter increases by 1% per year, the number of patients will increase by 2.6 million per year, and the medical expenses will increase by 64.9 billion won. In addition, 1% increase in particulate matter concentration will reduce 0.0052% (based on current price 185,675 million won) of total production (current price base, 2014), decrease 0.005% (current price 68,263 million won) of value added, and decrease 0.0058% (1,371 employed persons) of employment. It is necessary to recognize that the socioeconomic impact of particulate matter generation on the national economy is significant, and continuous research and development activities in the related fields such as medicine for prevention of fine dust are needed. It also emphasizes the need for international consultation efforts to solve the cross-border particulate matter problem, and the need for diverse policy support and social consensus for this.

Purpose: Early adolescence is a pivotal developmental stage characterized by rapid physical, emotional, and social changes. Happiness during this period is crucial as it in fluences later life outcomes. This study examined 4-year changes in happiness and iden tified predictors among Korean early adolescents. Methods: A secondary analysis of longitudinal panel data was conducted using latent growth modeling to assess changes in happiness over 4 years, utilizing data from the Panel Study on Korean Children (11th?14th waves) with a total of 1,177 participants. De scriptive statistics were computed using IBM SPSS ver. 29.0, and latent growth modeling, including unconditional and conditional models with associated factors variables, was conducted using IBM AMOS ver. 29.0. Results: A nonlinear trajectory was identified with a sharp decline in happiness, particu larly between the ages of 11 and 12 years. Self-esteem, peer attachment, and a creative school environment emerged as protective factors mitigating this decline, whereas pa rental attachment influenced baseline happiness but not its trajectory. Higher self-es teem, stronger peer attachment, and supportive school environments were associated with a slower decline in happiness. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the importance of early interventions beginning around the age of 11 years, a critical period when happiness decreases more steeply. Practical implications include developing school-based and psychosocial programs that strengthen self-esteem and positive peer relationships, and fostering autonomy-support ive, creative educational environments. Coordinated efforts between schools and fami lies are essential to promote adolescents’ emotional well-being and ensure balanced de velopment in academic and socio-emotional domains.

While existing research has focused on how algorithm experiences drive regulation demand, we know little about whether regulation support can reshape algorithm perceptions in return. Using three-wave panel data (2022-2024, N = 2,269) from the Intelligent Information Society User Panel Survey (KCC & KISDI, 2022-2024), we examined bidirectional relationships between YouTube algorithm perception and regulation support. We found temporal asymmetries between transparency and accountability regulations. For forward effects?where negative experiences trigger regulation demand?transparency operated from the outset and strengthened over time, while accountability emerged only later. Reverse effects?where regulation expectations reshape evaluations-- traced opposite trajectories. Transparency gradually improved perceptions, whereas accountability faded. We also found that dimension-specific digital competence patterns. Low rights protection competence users initially demanded stronger regulation but converged with high-competence users, while reverse effects diverged, benefiting only high-competence users. Critically, low critical understanding competence users supporting accountability regulations exhibited decreased harm perception. Our findings advance algorithmic governance and inform competence-tailored regulation communication strategies.

Engaging in leisure activities with a companion plays an important role in individuals’ psychological well-being. This study examines whether, and in what ways, the importance of leisure with a companion (i.e., social leisure) for psychological wellbeing extends to contexts in which aloneness is socially encouraged. Using a national sample of Korean women from the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families, we investigated the relationships between social leisure and psychological well-being?specifically levels of depression and happiness?before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results showed that social leisure predicted decreased depression and increased happiness across time (before and during the pandemic), even after controlling for time spent on leisure and leisure satisfaction. Notably, during the pandemic, compared to the pre-pandemic period, the association between social leisure and reduced depression weakened, whereas its association with increased happiness strengthened. Social leisure before the pandemic predicted lower levels of depression during the pandemic. These results underscore the importance of having a companion(s) in non-work-related free-time activities, even when solitary pursuits were socially reinforced and normalized.

Purpose: We evaluated changes in and factors affecting second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in a panel study of nonsmokers. Methods: This study was based on data from a larger study of tobacco use among a representative sample of adults of Korean descent residing in California. Participants included 846 males and 1,399 females who were nonsmokers at baseline (2005e2006) and at follow-up (2007e2009). Participants were selected by probability sampling and were interviewed by telephone. Results: At baseline, 50.0% were exposed to any SHS, and at follow-up 2 years later, 60.4% were exposed to any SHS (p < .001). SHS exposure at baseline was associated with acculturation, employment, spousal smoking, and having a friend who smoked (p < .001). Employment, spousal smoking, and other family members smoking were associated with SHS at follow-up (p < .001). The odds ratio of SHS in the employed group declined from 2.01 at baseline to 1.53 at follow-up, that of the group having a smoking spouse increased from 1.88 to 2.36, and that of the group having other family members smoking increased from 1.20 to 1.69. Conclusions: We showed that SHS exposure increased among Korean American nonsmokers in California, and the most important variables explaining the change in SHS exposure involved smoking among others with whom the subject is associated. These findings could be used as objective evidence for developing public health policies to reduce SHS exposure.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the factors influencing positive subjective health awareness of middle school-age multicultural adolescents in Korea. Methods: This study used data from the fourth to sixth waves of the Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study conducted by the National Youth Policy Institute. In this study, a panel logit model analysis was performed using the Eviews 8.0 program (p<.050). Results: Socioeconomic status (r=.02, t=2.13, p=.033), body satisfaction (r=.71, t=1.97, p=.048), and depression (r=-.74, t=2.35, p=.018) influenced positive subjective health awareness in multicultural adolescents. When multicultural characteristics were entered into a statistical model with environmental and personal characteristics, multicultural characteristics did not have a significant influence on positive subjective health awareness. Conclusion: Environmental, personal, and multicultural characteristics were related to positive subjective health awareness in multicultural adolescents; thus, an integrated approach considering those variables is recommended. Nursing interventions and educational programs are needed to improve the psychological status of multicultural adolescents and reduce prejudice about them. In addition, nurses need to be sensitive to multicultural characteristics and the developmental characteristics of multicultural adolescents.

Purpose: This study aimed to comprehensively explore the associations of socioeconomic status, parenting style, and grit with children's health behaviors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 1,040 parents and their children using data from the 2018 Korean Children's Panel Survey. Socioeconomic status was measured in terms of household income and subjective socioeconomic status. Parenting style and grit and were measured using 62 and 8 items, respectively. Health behaviors were measured by assessing healthy eating habits, physical activity, and sedentary behavior. Results: Higher household income (β=.07, p=.018) and high maternal levels of an authoritative parenting style (β=.20, p<.001) were associated with higher compliance with healthy eating habits among children. Higher grit was associated with a higher number of weekly physical activity days (β=.08, p=.028) and sedentary behavior for <2 hours (odds ratio [OR]=1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.01-1.07) in children. A maternal permissive parenting style was associated with sedentary behavior for >2 hours on weekdays (OR=0.43, 95% CI=0.27-0.69). Conclusion: We suggest that when planning interventions to improve children's health behavior, it is essential to adopt a multifaceted approach that avoids practicing a maternal permissive parenting style, promotes an authoritative parenting style, and incorporates strategies to increase children's grit.

Purpose: Depression and frailty are common health problems that occur separately or simultaneously in later life. The two syndromes are correlated, but they need to be distinguished to promote successful aging. Previous studies have examined the reciprocal relationship between depression and frailty, but there are limitations in the methods or statistical analysis. This study aims to confirm the potential prospective bidirectional and causal relationship between depression and frailty. Methods: We used data from 887 older adults aged 70 to 84 from the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study (KFACS) in 2016, 2018, and 2020 (3 waves). We separated the within-individual process from the stable between-individual differences using the random intercepts cross-lagged panel model. Results: Significant bidirectional causal effects were observed in 2 paths. Older adults with higher depression than their within-person average at T1 had a higher risk of frailty at T2 (β=.22, p=.008). Subsequently, older adults with higher-than-average frailty scores at T2 showed higher depression at T3 (β=.14, p=.010). Autoregressive effects were only significant from T2 to T3 for both constructs (Depression: β=.16, p=.044; Frailty: β=.13, p=.028). At the between-person level, the correlation was significant between the random intercepts between depression and frailty (β=.47, p<.001). Conclusions: We find that depressed older adults have an increased risk of frailty, which contributes to the onset of depression and the maintenance of frailty. Therefore, interventions for each condition may prevent the entry and worsening of the other condition, as well as prevent comorbidity.

Beliefs regarding the controllability of emotions are closely associated with emotional distress, such as depression and anxiety. Most previous studies have focused on the unidirectional prediction of emotional distress based on emotion controllability beliefs. However, it is equally plausible that emotion controllability beliefs and emotional distress influence each other in a bi- directional manner. Using a random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM), this study aimed to elucidate the direc- tionality of the relationship between emotion controllability beliefs and emotional distress, with a focus on depression and anxiety. A total of 393 participants reported their emotion beliefs, and symptoms of depression and anxiety at time 1. They were followed up at 5 weeks (time 2), and 10 weeks (time 3). At the within-person level, higher-than-average levels of a per- son’s depression and anxiety symptoms predicted increases in beliefs that depression and anxiety are uncontrollable. In addi- tion, we found a significant bidirectional relationship between anxiety controllability beliefs and anxiety symptoms. These findings highlight the need to expand our current understanding of emotion controllability beliefs to account for the recipro- cal relationships between these beliefs and emotional distress, especially in the context of anxiety.

The Covid-19 pandemic has profoundly changed the modes of communication and social interactions. This study examines the effects of face-to-face and mediated communication on mental health and the moderating role of social support for younger and middle-aged adults following the Covid-19 pandemic. The longitudinal panel survey was conducted through a specialized survey agency across three periods: the spread of the Omicron variant (T1), the release of social distancing measures (T2), and the normalization phase (T3). The findings indicate that for younger adults, face-to-face communication during T2 reduced anxiety and depressive symptoms. Additionally, during T2, social support moderated the association between mediated communication and anxiety for both younger and middle-aged adults. The results highlight the significance of social support as a protective factor that mitigates the mental health impacts of mediated communication during specific phases of the pandemic. The study offers theoretical and practical implications, suggesting mental health support policies, relevant programs, and interventions tailored to younger and middle-aged adults following the pandemic.