Earticle

안락사 및 의사조력자살에 관한 죽음의 선택 접근은 죽임과 죽게 내 버려 둠이라는 행위 유형과 밀접한 해악 금지 원칙에 관한 윤리적 쟁 점을 완화한다. 능동적 안락사의 개념 안에서 자발적 능동적 안락사와 의사조력자살은 환자의 죽음을 가져오는 행위자의 구별 내지는 조력자 (의사)의 역할 차이만을 의미한다. 비첨(Tom L. Beauchamp)은 최선의 이익을 판단하는 주체 개인의 자율성에 근거하여, ‘죽음에 대한 요청’ 이 ‘치료에 대한 거부’와 동일하게 유효하다고 주장한다. 후커(Brad Hooker)는 자율성을 존중하는 규칙의 수용이 사회적 기대 효용이 크 다는 점을 근거로 자발적 안락사의 합법화를 옹호한다. 그러므로 개인 의 죽음 선택이라는 관점에서 안락사 및 의사조력자살에 관한 논의는 이러한 선택이 개인의 자율성을 존중하는 방식에서 허용될 수 있는지 와 개인의 자율적 행위인 죽음을 실현하기 위해 타인의 도움을 받을 근거가 있는지의 문제로 전환한다.

In the discussion of Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide, the approach that bases itself on patient’s choice, is a way of bypassing the principle of nonmaleficence, which is closely linked to the ethical distintion of killing and allowing to die. The main difference between the concepts of voluntary active euthanasia and physician assisted suicide within active euthanasias, is just the role of the facilitators(doctors). Or it simply distinguishes the agent who causes the patient's death. Beauchamp argues that ‘refusals of treatment’ is the same as ‘requests of death’ in terms of individual autonomy, because an individual is a judge of his or her best interests. Brad Hooker also insists that voluntary active euthanasia could be allowed in law. He argues that this is a likely prospect because respect for individual autonomy is quite useful. Rule-Utilitarians say that social expected good of accepting rules respecting individual autonomy is surely great. When euthanasia is viewed as suicide, the discussion on euthanasia and PAS shifts to whether euthanasia is allowed on the grounds of respect for autonomy; or to the questions of whether the patient has justified reasons to be helped by others in order to realize an individual’s autonomous act of death.

문자와 숫자의 조합으로 이루어진 패스워드는 외우기 쉽고 사용하기 쉽지만 낮은 복잡도를 가지고 있다. 그렇기 때문에 안전하지 않은 환경에서 키보드와 같은 입력 장치를 통하여 패스워드를 그대로 입력하는 행위는 훔쳐보기와 같은 공격으로 쉽게 노출될 수 있다. 이러한 문제를 극복하고자 사용자 비밀의 형태를 다른 것으로 바꾸거나 복잡한 입력과정을 통하여 인증을 수행하는 방법들이 제안되고 있으나, 보안성과 사용자 편의성에 있어서 적합한 타협점을 찾지 못하고 있다. S3PAS는 사용자의 편의성을 만족시키면서 훔쳐보기로부터 사용자의 패스워드를 보호할 수 있는 보안성도 갖추었다고 알려진 인증기법이다. 그러나 공격자가 인증 세션을 여러 번 바라본 이후에 얻어낸 정보를 이용하여 인증을 시도하는 교차 공격에 대해서는 고려하지 않았다. 이 논문에서는 S3PAS에 대하여, 인증세션이 여러 번 공격자에게 노출되었을 때 발생할 수 있는 보안문제에 대해서 살펴보고, 사용자 실험과 모의실험을 통하여 이를 확인한다. 또한, 이러한 문제를 극복하기 위한 대안에 대하여 고찰한다.

While The passwords that combined with characters and numbers are easy to memorize and use, they have low complexity. Therefore they can easily be revealed by the shoulder-surfing attack when they are inputted through the input devices such like keyboard. To overcome these problems, many new authentication schemes, which change the user secret different form or let users input their secrets through the more complex manners, have been suggested, but it is still hard to find the balanced point between usability and security. S3PAS is one of well-known schemes which had both usability and security against shoulder-surfing attack. However, this scheme was not considered about intersection attack that the attacker tried to pass the authentication system after observing several authentication sessions. In this paper, we consider the security problem of S3PAS; what the attacker can do when he can observe the authentication sessions in several times. We confirm it through user study and experiments. And also we consider the alternative that overcomes the problem.

Objective: This study was carried out to use pine needles as a passive air sampler (PAS) for atmospheric polychlorinared dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs). Methods: PCDD/Fs concentrations in ambient air ($C_a$, $pg/m^3$) and deposited pine needles ($C_p$, pg/g dry) were analyzed simultaneously from June 1 to December 31. Air samples were taken using two low volume PUF active air samplers with an overall average air volume of approximately $1,200Sm^3$. Pine needles were collected the end of December near the air sampler. PCDD/Fs was analyzed by HRGC/HRMs. Results: A good correlation was shown ($R^2=0.6357$, p=0.0001) between $C_a$ and $C_p$, but a better correlation ($R^2=0.7372$, p<0.0001) existed between the logarithm of octanol-air partitioning coefficient ($LogK_{oa}$) and Log($C_p/C_a$). The average PCDD/Fs sampling rates from air to pine needles were 0.045($0.018-0.185m^3/day-g\;dry$). Conclusion: It was found that pine needles can be used as PAS for atmospheric PCDD/Fs, and they are especially suitable for long time PAS compared to PUF disk PAS.

Objective: This study was carried out in order to estimate atmospheric Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) concentrations using pine needles as a passive air sampler (PAS) in urban, semi-rural and rural regions. Methods: One-year old pine needles were collected to analyze their PCBs concentrations ($C_p$, pg/g dry) at the end of December. PCBs concentrations in ambient air ($C_a$, $pg/m^3$) were calculated with the $logK_{oa}-log(C_p/C_a)$) model. Results: PCBs concentrations in ambient air ($C_a$) were high in the order of urban, semi-rural and rural regions. The lower-chlorinated PCBs showed a higher concentration in ambient air. However, the distribution of PCBs congeners was similar in all three regions. Correlation between $C_a$ and the population density of the three regions was significant ($R^2$=0.9834, p<0.001). Conclusions: It was concluded that although the production and use of PCBs was banned in the1970s, PCBs are currently being produced unintentionally by human activities.

Objective: This study was carried out to determine the depositional characteristics of pine needles, pine tree bark, moss, and soil, which are used as a passive air sampler (PAS) of atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Methods: All four media were sampled from the same site. PCB concentrations were analyzed by GC/MSD, and the lipid contents were measured using the gravimetric method. Results: The total PCB concentration (IUPAC No. 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) was the highest in soil (227.97 pg/g dry), followed by pine needles (71.36 pg/g dry), pine tree bark (44.58 pg/g dry), then moss (21.91 pg/g dry). Pine needles contained the highest lipid contents (21.31 mg/g dry), whereas soil (10.01 mg/g dry), pine tree bark (4.85 mg/g dry), and moss (1.92 mg/g dry) contained less. The concentration of lower-chlorinated PCBs was relatively high in pine needles, pine tree bark and moss, but not in soil. The PCB concentrations were proportional to their lipid contents in pine needles, pine tree bark and moss, but a different trend was revealed in soil. Conclusions: The PCBs concentrations in the media were affected by various factors including atmospheric PCB concentrations, lipid contents, and depositional pathways. However, each of these factors had a varying influence depending on the type of medium.

Objective: This study was carried out to use pine needles as a passive air sampler (PAS) of atmospheric Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). Methods: PCB concentrations in ambient air ($C_a$, ng/$m^3$) and deposited on pine needles ($C_p$, ng/g dry) were analyzed simultaneously from June 1 to December 31. Air samples were taken using a low volume PUF active air sampler and the overall average air volume was about 900-1,000 $m^3$. Pine needles were collected at the end of August and December near the air sampler. Results: $C_a$ were higher at higher air temperature and lower chlorinated PCB congeners, but $C_p$ showed irregular distribution. The average PCB sampling rates from air to pine needles were 0.116 (0.002-0.389) $m^3$/day - g dry. Conclusions: A poor correlation was shown between $C_a$ and $C_p$. However, a good correlation was shown between the logarithm of octanol-air partitioning coefficient ($logK_{oa}$) and log ($C_p/C_a$), and the interrelation was better with longer sampling time (June to December) than shorter sampling time (June to August). The average PCB sampling rates from air to pine needles were the lowest with respect to PUF disk, XAD-2 resin and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) PAS. The average ratio ($C_{a-calc}/C_{a-meas}$) of calculated ($C_{a-calc}$) and measured ($C_{a-meas}$) PCB concentration was 0.69 with a shorter sampling time and 1.24 with a longer, so $C_{a-calc}$ was close to $C_{a-meas}$. It was found that pine needles can be used as PAS of atmospheric PCBs, and are especially suitable for long-time PAS.

In this paper, the key assembly of the recently developed light machine gun-Ⅱ sighting device was identified as prone to experiencing horizontal noise caused by unstable voltage fluctuations under high-temperature conditions during the defense environmental stress screening test. The primary objective ot this study is to address the issue of horizontal noise through circuit analysis and device parameter tuning, aiming to eliminate its presence.

본 연구의 목적은 활동보조서비스가 시범사업으로 수행되고 있는 서울,인천, 대구의 서비스 이용 장애인의 만족도를 알아보고, 이러한 활동보조서비스 만족에 차이를 발생시키는 요인을 탐색하는 것이다. 이번 시범사업은 다양한 형태로 이루어졌는데, 어떠한 세부 제도적 조합이 이용 장애인 측면에서 효과적인가를 살펴보고자 하였다. 활동보조서비스 형태 중에 전달기관 유형, 자부담 설정 여부, 판정결과 통보방법, 서비스 판정처에 따른 만족도를 비교하기 위해 일반선형모형 주에서 요인분산분석을 활용하였다.

이 연구는 부모의 양육기저 요인과 양육태도 유형에 따른 자녀의 문제행동 양상을 비교함으 로써 부모-자녀 관계의 특성을 이해하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 만 3세에서 16세 자녀를 둔 전국의 부모 1,241명을 대상으로 통합적 양육태도-스트레스 검사(Integrated Evaluation- Parenting Attitude and Stress, IE-PAS)를 실시하였으며, 수집된 자료에 대해 계층적 군집분석과 K-평균 군집분석(K-means clustering)을 실시하였다. 연구 결과 첫째, 양육기저 척도는 ‘안정’, ‘불안정’, ‘평범’, ‘우울’의 네 가지 프로파일 유형이 나타났으며, 안정적인 양육 기저 요인을 지닌 부모일수록 자율지지, 합리, 온정과 같은 긍정적인 양육태도를 보였고, 우울하거나 불안 정한 기저 요인을 가진 부모일수록 통제, 비일관성, 무관심, 거부와 같은 부정적인 양육태도를 보였다. 둘째, 부모의 양육태도 척도는 ‘긍정적’, ‘부정적’, ‘평범한’의 세 가지 프로파일로 분류되었으며, 각 프로파일에 따라 부모가 지각한 자녀의 문제행동 수준에 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구는 부모의 양육태도와 자녀의 문제행동 간의 관계를 다차원적 으로 이해하는 데 필요한 기초 자료를 제공하고, 부모 교육 및 개입 프로그램 개발에 시사점을 제시한다.

The purpose of this study is to understand the characteristics of parent-child relationships by comparing children’s problematic behavior patterns according to the type of parenting foundation factors and parenting attitude. To this end, 1,241 parents across the country with children aged 3 to 16 were subjected to Integrated Evaluation-Parenting Attitude and Stress (IE-PAS), and hierarchical cluster analysis and K-means clustering were conducted on the collected data. As a result of the study, first, four profile types were found in the underlying parenting scale: ‘stability’, ‘unstability’, ‘normal’, and ‘depression’. Parents with stable underlying parenting factors showed positive parenting attitudes such as autonomy support, rationality, and warmth, and parents with depressed or unstable underlying factors showed negative parenting attitudes such as control, inconsistency, indifference, and rejection. Second, the parenting attitude scale was classified into three profiles: ‘positive’, ‘negative’, and ‘normal’, and there was a significant difference in the level of problem behavior of children perceived by parents according to each profile. This study provides basic data for a multidimensional understanding of the relationship between parenting attitudes and problem behaviors, and provides implications for parental education and intervention program development.

이 연구는 통합적 양육태도-스트레스 검사(IE-PAS)의 양육태도 척도의 7개의 하위척도 점수를 요인분석 하여 구성타당도를 검증하고, 상위척도를 구성하기 위한 기초 자료를 제공하는 데 목적이 있다. 만 3세에서 16세의 자녀를 둔 부모들이 평정한 IE-PAS의 표준화 표본 1,241명의 자료를 SPSS 23.0과 R version 4.4.2로 분석하였다. 탐색적 요인분석을 실시한 결과 긍정적 양 육태도(자율성, 온정, 합리)와 부정적 양육태도(무관심, 비일관성, 거부, 통제)라는 2개의 요인 이 도출되었고, 확인적 요인분석을 실시한 결과 2요인 구조의 간명도와 적합도가 양호한 것 으로 나타났다. 이 연구는 IE-PAS에 내재되어 있는 척도의 요인 구조를 탐색하고 확인하여 임상 및 상담 현장에서 활용 가능하도록 하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

The purpose of this study was to verify the construct validity of the Parenting Attitude Scale of the Integrated Evaluation Parenting Attitude–Stress Test (IE-PAS) by conducting factor analyses of its seven subscales, and to provide basic data for establishing higher-order factors. Data were collected from a standardized sample of 1,241 parents with children aged 3 to 16, and analyzed using SPSS 23.0 and R version 4.4.2. Results from the exploratory factor analysis revealed two factors: positive parenting attitude (autonomy, warmth, rationality) and negative parenting attitude (indifference, inconsistency, rejection, control). The confirmatory factor analysis further demonstrated that the two-factor structure showed acceptable parsimony and model fit. This study is significant in that it explored and confirmed the factor structure inherent in the IE-PAS, thereby supporting its applicability in clinical and counseling settings.

이 연구는 통합적 양육태도－스트레스 검사(Integrated Evaluation of Parenting Attitude and Stress, IE-PAS)를 구성하여, 그 신뢰도와 타당도를 알아보는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 다음과 같은 과정을 거쳐 연구를 진행 하였다. 첫째, 양육태도와 스트레스 및 그 영향을 다룬 국내외 연구 문헌 등을 토대로 IE-PAS의 구성 요인 과 문항을 도출하였고, 5명의 전문가에게 이 문항들의 적절성을 평가하도록 하여 262개의 예비 문항을 도 출하였다. 둘째, 연구진의 지인과 소개를 통해 모집한 만 3~16세의 자녀를 둔 부모 181명에게 온라인으로 예비 연구를 실시하여 문항의 기술 통계치, 문항간 상관, 내적 합치도 등을 검토하여 209개의 문항을 추출 하였다. 셋째, 연구진의 지인과 소개를 통해 모집한 전국의 만 3~16세의 자녀를 둔 부모 1,241명에게 온라 인으로 자료를 수집하여 문항 특성을 도출하고 문항반응이론을 적용하여 애착(8), 지지(8), 효능감(8), 기대 (8), 귀인(8), 우울(10), 통제(8), 자율지지(8), 합리(8), 온정(8), 비일관성(8), 무관심(8), 거부(8), 기질(12), 언어(8), 운동(7), 사회성(6), 우울(7), 불안(8), 주의산만(7), 과잉행동(8), 분노공격(13)으로 이루어진 22개 요인의 최종 182개의 문항을 선정하였다. 이러한 과정을 거쳐 구성한 하위영역을 양육기저 척도와 양육태도 척도로 나 누고, 양육스트레스를 간접적으로 측정하기 위한 자녀의 문제행동 척도로 구분하여 최종 IE-PAS를 구성하 여 신뢰도와 타당도를 알아보았다.

The purpose of this study is to construct an Integrated Evaluation of Parenting Attitude and Stress (IE-PAS) to find out its reliability and validity. To this end, the study was conducted through the following process. First, the components and questions of IE-PAS were derived based on domestic and international research literature dealing with parenting attitudes, stress, and their effects, and 262 preliminary questions were derived by having five experts evaluate the appropriateness of these questions. Second, a preliminary study was conducted online on 181 parents with children aged 3 to 16 recruited through the introduction of the researchers' acquaintances, and 209 questions were extracted by reviewing the descriptive statistics, correlation between questions, and internal consistency of the questions. Third, the final 182 items of 22 factors, consisting of 1,241 parents with children aged 3 to 16 across the country recruited through the introduction of the researchers, were selected by collecting data online to derive the characteristics of the items and applying the item response theory to attachment(8), support(8), efficacy (8), expectation(8), attribution(8), depression(10), control(8), autonomy support(8), rationality(8), warmth(8), indifference(8), rejection(8), temperament(8), language(8), exercise(7), sociality(7), anxiety(7), distraction(7), hyperactivity(8), and anger attack(13). The final 182 items were selected by dividing the sub-areas formed through this process into a parenting base scale and a parenting attitude scale, and dividing them into a child's problem behavior scale to indirectly measure parenting stress.

정보통신기술의 급격한 발달은 새로운 정보와 지식의 양을 급속하게 증가시켜 지식기반사회로의 체제를 굳건히 만들고 있다. 지식기반사회에서 전통적 교수-학습 방법은 더 이상 학습자의 문제해결에 도움을 주기 어렵다. 이런 이유 때문에 전통적 교수-학습 방법을 대신할 수 있는 지식기반사회의 적합한 수업모형인 문제중심학습이 대두되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 e-러닝과 PBL(문제기반학습)을 결합시킨 수업모형인 온라인 기반의 e-PBL을 제안한다. 이는 전통적인 교수-학습 방법의 문제점을 극복할 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 초등학교 정보소양교육 분야에서 활용할 수 있는 e-PBL 수업모형, 수업문제를 개발하고 이를 실제 교육현장에 적용하여 타당성과 효과성을 검증하였다. 또한 e-PBL을 지원하기 위한 e-PAS 시스템을 구축하여 학업성취도 및 자기주도적 학습능력을 향상시키고 학습만족도를 신장시켰다.

With the development of the Information and Communication Technology(ICT), this society is changing rapidly to information based society. Also, the amount of new information and knowledge are increased quickly. Today, the traditional teaching-learning method based on teaching and learning of simple knowledge is not supported to problem solving any more. Because the learning and practice of ICT is affected not only personal growth but also the right to live. Due to this reason, it is important to teach and study using PBL(Problem Based Learning) in future. This paper proposes on-line based e-PBL which is combined e-learning with PBL. The e-PBL will be able to overcome the problem of traditional teaching-learnign method. Therefore, this paper developed the e-PBL teaching model for information literacy education of computer in elementary schools and inspected its effectiveness and validity. In addition, this paper built and utilized the e-PBL on-line learning support system including e-Mentoring which was defined as e-PAS system. It is effective for learners to improve the ability of self-leading, the accomplishment and satisfaction of studying.

This article aims to analyze the launch of Apple Watch under a semiotic-anthropological viewpoint and the perspective of openly religious symbolism implemented by the Cupertino company in order to create a real community of loyal and insiders.

Cet article se propose d’analyser le lancement de l’Apple Watch sous un angle sémio-anthropologique et sous l’angle de la symbolique ouvertement religieuse mise en oeuvre par la firme de Cupertino pour créer une véritable communauté de fidèles et d’initiés.

본 연구는 장애인활동지원제도의 급여와 대상의 차원에서 지자체의 장애인활동지원 추가지원 서비스가 장애인이용자들의 삶에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지, 그들의 삶의 맥락을 통해 살펴보고자 하였다. 자료수집은 장애인이용자 8명에 대한 심층면접을 통해 이루어졌고, 자료분석은 질적연구방법으로 수행되었다. 분석결과 장애인이용자의 추가지원서비스 이용경험은 크게 두 가지 차원으로 분석되었다. 첫 번째 차원은 추가지원 급여와 관련하여 ‘주체적 삶으로의 진입과 제약’으로 분석되었으며, 두 번째 차원은 추가지원 대상자와 관련하여 ‘제한된 대상에 대한 보충적 지원’으로 분석되었다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 장애인활동지원서비스의 제도 개선에 대한 논의사항을 제시하였다.

The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of users with disabilities using Personal Assistance Services (PAS) additional support managed by Sungnam City. The main issue of this study was to explore how PAS additional support managed by local governments affect users with disabilities through the context of life in the dimension of fees and target users. To solve this research question, In-depth interviews were carried out with 8 disabled people using PAS additional support. The data was analyzed by qualitative research methods. The results has been analyzed in two dimensions. First, in relation to PAS additional support fees, the result was analyzed ‘Entry into independent life and restrictions’. Second, in relation to users with disabilities using Personal Assistance Services (PAS) additional support, the result was analyzed ‘Supplementary support for the limited users’. Based on these results, the discussions were presented for the improvement of Personal Assistance Services System.

The purpose of study on the PAS release therapy used by myofascial release was to Introduce for clinical therapists whose want to relict pain on myofascia or soft tissue lesion patients by pas. According to review the earlier studies for a myofascial pain syndrome, myofascial release is not only to decrease muscle tone but also the effect of pas therapy has to facilitate a circulation of the human energy called Ki, so PAS release which was combined therapy pattern would be Possible relief Pain in the musculoskeletal lesion's Patients. Therefore I would be suggested to physical therapists in domestic the PAS release therapy used by myofascial release.

이 연구의 목적은 성격 5요인 이론에 기반을 두고 한국 상황에 맞게 안현의와 안창규(2017)가 개발한 NEO 성격검사 청소년용의 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증하는 것이다. 현재의 NEO 성격검사는 초판(2006년)이 개발되고 표준화 연구가 발표된 이후 몇 차례 문항과 하위요인이 수정되었기에 최근 3년 이내에 표집된 새로운 자료로 검사의 안정성을 확인할 필요가 있었다. 전국 분포에서 중․고등학생 1,665명의 자료를 수집하여 신뢰도 확인을 위해 내적합치도를 계산하고, 구성타당도 및 준거관련타당도 확인을 위해 확인적 요인분석과 Holland 진로검사와의 상관관계를 살펴보았다. 분석 결과 NEO 성격검사 청소년용의 내적합치도는 요인별로 .81~.92, 전체 .90으로 나타나 신뢰로운 것으로 확인되었다. 확인적 요인분석 결과 요인별 적합도 지수가 높지는 않았으나 기존의 성격검사 타당화 연구에서 일반적으로 발견되는 범위에 포함되었고 이에 대한 해석을 제시하였다. 준거관련타당도는 선행연구와 유사한 결과를 나타내었다. 연구의 결과를 종합하여 NEO 성격검사 청소년용의 활용상의 유의사항 및 논의점을 살펴보았다.

This study aimed to validate the latest version of the NEO Personality Assessment System(NEO-PAS) with adolescents in South Korea. The latest version NEO-PAS(Ahn & Ahn, 2017) was developed to assess the trait personality of Koreans based on five-factor model(FFM). As some changes have been made in items and facets of the initial version of the NEO-PAS(2006), researchers conducted revalidation of the NEO-PAS(Ahn & Ahn, 2017). For validation, internal reliability tests, confirmatory factor analysis(CFA), and correlation analysis with Holland personality ability were conducted with 1,665 middle and high school students in South Korea. Results shows that the NEO-PAS(Ahn & Ahn, 2017) for adolescents has good internal reliability and construct validity for each factor with its facets, but not for the whole five-factor model. Because of the complex structure of FFM inventories, this FFM’s misfit from CFA is a relatively frequent issue. Additionally, as shown in previous studies, it has significant correlations with Holland. Potential utility of the NEO-PAS(Ahn & Ahn, 2017) and suggestions for further research are discussed.