Earticle

Defense offset program is one of the important acquisition practices to invest defense budgets efficiently, promote the defense industries, and strengthen armed forces capability throughout the acquisition of defense core technologies, parts production, depot level maintenance capability, and the upgrades of weapon systems. Therefore, it provides a window of opportunity to obtain defense core technologies and other valuables from the seller while not violating the relevant WTO agreements. The current procedures of offset proposal priority selection needs more appropriate criteria based on the relevant guidelines and theories. Therefore, this paper presents the Defense Offset Proposal Priority Selection(DOPPS) Model with in-depth analyses and its actual applications to Defense Agency for Technology and Quality(DTaQ) for the last two years. It provides more credible and objective methods for the purchaser that prioritize their total defense offset proposals for their acquisition projects in the future.

본 연구는 방산수출 시 걸림돌로 작용하고 있는 절충교역에 대해 정부지원의 한계와 이에 대한 극복방안을 모색하고자 하 였다. 그동안 정부는 방산수출 시 절충교역에 대한 지원을 특혜로 인식하는 경향이 있어 소극적 입장을 유지해 왔는데, 그러 한 시각이 부적절하며, 방산수출 확대를 위해서도 반드시 수반되어야 하는 분야이기 때문이다. 문헌분석과 관련 제도 및 법규 를 검토하여 수출 절충교역에 대한 용어의 정립에서부터 유상화 방안과 가치상계(Swap) 등의 제도에 대한 문제점을 분석하 고 합리적인 정부지원 방안을 제안하였다. 본 연구는 방산수출 시 절충교역 의무를 원활하게 이행할 수 있는 정부지원의 학술 적 근거가 될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

This study sought to find the limits of government support for offset, and ways to overcome the trade-off that is acting as an obstacle to defense exports. Until now, the government has maintained a passive stance, perceiving support for compromise trade in defense exports as preferential treatment. Such a perspective is inappropriate and must also be included for the expansion of defense exports. Through literature analysis and a review of relevant systems and regulations, terms for export offset were established, and issues with options like offset and Swap were analyzed to propose rational government support measures. This study is expected to serve as an academic basis for effective government support in fulfilling the obligation of offset in defense exports.

본 연구에서는 절충교역을 통해 획득된 연구개발 기술 등의 이행성과를 정량적으로 평가할 수 있도록 2022년에 김기환･ 이상복(2022)이 제안한 절충교역 정량적 성과관리 방법론에 대한 문제점을 식별하여 보완방안을 제안한다. 또한, 절충교역으 로 획득된 주요 기술성과들의 타당성 검증 및 공정한 평가를 위하여 국내 국방 및 민간분야 등급평가 방법론 운용기관들을 자문기관으로 선정 후 각 기관의 특성과 장단점을 분석하여 ‘절충교역 성과평가위원회 운영방안’을 제안한다. 마지막으로 창 출된 성과를 체계적으로 DB화하여 관리할 수 있도록 전산관리 시스템 필수요소 도출 및 시스템 요구도를 분석하여 ‘전산관 리시스템 구축방안’을 제안한다.

This study identifies problems with the Offset quantitative performance management methodology proposed by Kim Ki-hwan and Lee Sang-bok (2022) in 2022 to quantitatively evaluate the performance of R&D technologies obtained through Offset. In addition, domestic defense and private sector rating methodology management institutions are selected as advisory institutions to verify the validity and fair evaluation of major technical achievements obtained through compromise offset, and the characteristics and advantages of each institution are analyzed. Finally, to systematically database and manage the results created, a ‘computer management system construction plan’ is proposed by deriving essential elements of the computer management system and analyzing the system needs.

The world's largest diesel power plant listed in the Guinness Book of World Records is Jordan's Amman Asian power plant, which produces a total of 573 MW of electric power. It consists of 38 units of 15MW capacity, and KEPCO achieved high profitability through the power plant. If a large capacity of 50MW clsss is applied, it will be newly listed in the Guinness Book of World Records even if only 12 units are constructed. Therefore, large-scale overseas orders for diesel power plants that require large capacity are expected in the future. The purpose of this study is to derive a installation offset by performing the shaft alignment analysis for large capacity 50MW shaft system. As a result, the offset of shaft system for the 50MW diesel power generation equipment was successfully derived through the bearing influence assessment and introduction of arrangement slope for main engine bearings.

스톡홀롬 국제평화연구소(SIPRI)에 의하면 전 세계 국방비 규모는 2010년 글로벌 경제위기 이후 서서히 감소하다가 2015년부터 증가하고 있으며, 우크라이나-러시아 전쟁이후 2023년부터 유럽 국가들의 국방비가 눈에 띄게 증가하고 있다. 우리나라도 최근 고조되고 있는 북한의 미사일 위협과 중국, 러시아 등 주변국의 군사력 강화에 대응하기 위해 최첨단 무기체계를 해외 구매로 추진하고 있다. 무기체계는 국내조달이 원칙이지만 국내 개발이 제한되고 전력화 시기 충족을 위해 단기간 내 획득이 불가한 경우 해외에서 구매해야 한다. 해외업체를 상대로 협상력을 발휘하려면 해외업체의 경영정보, 세계 방산시장 환경, 국내외 국방과학기술 수준 및 제조업경쟁력 등 강점과 약점을 분석하여 협상전략을 수립하여야 한다. 본 연구에서는 국외구매사업 개요, 기존 주요 국외구매 사업의 성과 및 한계를 살펴보고, SWOT 분석을 통해 향후 대형 무기체계를 해외구매 방식으로 추진하는 경우 해외 정부 또는 업체를 상대로 우리의 협상력을 높일 수 있는 방안을 제시하고자 한다.

According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute(SIPRI), the scale of global defense expenditure has gradually decreasing since the global economic crisis in 2010, but has been increasing since 2015, and the national defense expenditure of European countries has been increasing noticeably since 2023. R.O.K is also pursuing the purchase of cutting-edge weapon systems from overseas to respond to North Korea’s recently heightened missile threatened the strengthening military capabilities of neighboring countries such as China and Russia. Weapon systems are, in principle, procured domestically, but if domestic development is limited and acquisition is not possible within a short period of time, it must be purchased from overseas. When purchasing a weapon system overseas, in order to exercise negotiation power against large overseas defense companies, the global defense industry market environment, the level of domestic defense science and technology, and the strengths and weaknesses of manufacturing competitiveness must be analyzed and reflected when establishing a negotiation strategy. This study shows an overviews of overseas purchasing projects and examples of the achievements and limitation of major overseas purchasing projects that been promoted so far, and propose ways to improve the negotiation power of large-scale overseas purchasing projects through SWOT analysis.

The increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon and fine particulate matter (PM) is a cause of serious climate change. To solve the challenges facing society, research is being conducted on the reduction effect according to the function of greenspace. The subject of this study is street trees, a public greenspace The purpose of this study was to quantify the carbon uptake and PM2.5 reductions in an urban street in Gangneung, Korea. A total of 42 streets were sampled applying a systematic sampling method to survey tree-planting structures. The mean tree density and cover in the study streets were 0.9 ± 0.1 trees/100 m2 and 11.2 ± 1.4%, respectively. The annual carbon and PM2.5 reductions per unit area by the trees averaged 1.1 ± 0.2 t/ha/yr and 4.1 ± 1.3 kg/ha/yr. The annual carbon emissions from the energy consumption of transport and the annual PM2.5 emissions from transport were 121 t/yr and 26 t/yr in the study city, respectively. Gangneung’s urban street trees annually offset the carbon emissions by 3.8% and the PM2.5 emissions by 4.8%. Thus, urban street trees played an important role in reducing the atmospheric carbon and PM2.5 concentrations. This study is expected to contribute to sharing the importance of urban street trees and their contribution to carbon and PM2.5 reductions.

민사소송 등에서 요건사실론을 살펴보면, 주로 원고가 소장 등을 작성할 때 심판대상, 즉 소송 물에 대한 법률요건을 구성하는 구체적인 공격방법인 요건사실을 중심으로 연구⋅검토가 되고 항변 등은 위 공격방법에 첨부되어 기술되어 있는 것에 불과한 것이 통상적이다. 그러나 민사소 송 등에서 원고의 공격방법만 존재하는 것이 아니라 상대방인 피고의 방어방법도 존재한다는 사실이 있음을 인식하여야 하므로 이를 중심으로 한 검토의 필요성도 중요하다고 말할 수 있다. 민사소송에서는 원칙적으로 원고가 심판대상인 권리의무관계(=법률관계)를 공적으로 인정받 기 위하여 처분권주의와 변론주의에 입각하여 법요건을 구성하는 개개의 요건사실을 법원에 주장⋅입증하는 것이 최대의 관심사일 것이고 피고도 마찬가지의 법리에 따라 원고 주장의 법률 요건을 구성하는 개개의 요건사실을 탄핵하기 위하여 부인, 부지 또는 항변 등의 주장⋅입증을 하게 될 것이라는 사실을 전제로 이 글에서는 민사소송에서 일반적으로 통용될 수 있는 피고의 방어방법을 연구하였다. 외관상으로는 매매대금청구에 대한 항변 등을 중심으로 정리하였지만 사실상 피고가 응소하여 항변을 하는 경우 각각의 개별적 항변사항을 제외하면 후술하는 바와 같이 이 글에서 연구한 변제, 이행기한, 대물변제, 상계, 동시이행, 소멸시효, 착오, 사기, 이행지체, 정지기한부, 해제, 무최고해제특약, 당연해제특약, 하자담보책임에 따른 해제, 계약금계약 등의 각 항변을 중심으로 하는 것이 일반적일 것이다. 따라서 피고 또는 그 소송대리인은 기본적 인 소송전략을 마련하기 위해 반드시 숙지하여야할 것이다. 즉, 통상적으로 원고는 승소를 위해 서는 심판대상(소송물)을 전제로 법률요건을 구성하는 개개의 요건사실을 주장하는 반면, 이 논문은 피고가 일반적으로 원고 주장의 요건사실에 대하여 그것에 대한 항변을 중심으로 연구하였다.

Looking at the requirement facts in civil litigation, the plaintiff studies and examines the requirements facts, which are the specific attack methods that constitute the legal requirements for the proceedings. Therefore, defenses are usually attached and described in the above attack method. However, it is necessary to recognize the fact that not only the plaintiff's attack method exists but also the defendant's defense method exists in civil proceedings, and there is a need for consideration centered on this. Therefore, in a civil lawsuit, as a general rule, in order for the plaintiff to publicly recognize the rights and obligations that are the subject of the trial, the individual requirement facts that make up the legal requirements based on the dispositionism and apology should be asserted and proved to the court. It is is of greatest interest, and the fact that the defendant will also make denial, ignorance or defense allegations and proofs in order to denounce the individual requirement facts that make up the plaintiff's alleged legal requirements by similar doctrine. As a premise, the paper studied the defendant's defense methods that are generally accepted in civil lawsuits. In terms of appearance, the defenses against the purchase price claim are summarized, but in fact, except for each individual defense item in most of the defendants' complaints, the repayment, performance deadline, objective repayment, and phase total studied in the text below, Simultaneous performance, extinction prescription, error, fraud, delay in performance, suspension deadline, cancellation, unannounced cancellation special contract, of course cancellation special contract, cancellation due to defect warranty, contract money contract, etc. As it is common, it can be said that the defendant or its litigation agent is a defense that must be familiar to in order to establish a basic litigation strategy. In other words, the plaintiff asserts to the court the individual requirement facts that make up the legal requirements that can be met on the premise of the subject of trial in order to win the case, while the plaintiff generally asserts in the civil lawsuit in which the defendant proceeds. I researched the facts about the requirements for the legal requirements that make up the legal relationship that is the subject of the trial, focusing on the defense that makes it possible to overcome this and lead to the victory of the defendant.

Increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon and fine particulate matter (PM) is a serious environmental concern in the world. The purpose of this study was to quantify carbon and PM2.5 reduction by urban parks in Gangneung, Korea. A total of 35 parks was sampled applying a random sampling method to survey tree planting structures and areal distribution of land cover types of urban parks. These survey data and GET (Green Evaluation Technique) computer program were used to estimate annual carbon and PM2.5 reduction by trees. Mean tree density and cover in the study parks were 3.2 ± 0.2 trees/100 m2 and 44.5 ± 3.0%, respectively. Annual carbon uptake and PM2.5 deposition per unit area by the trees averaged 2.8 ± 0.2 t/ha/yr and 30.2 ± 2.8 kg/ha/yr. The annual carbon emissions from energy consumption of household and the annual PM2.5 emissions from human activities were 39 kt/yr and 407 t/yr in the study city, respectively. Gangneung’s urban parks annually offset the carbon emissions by 3.4% and the PM2.5 emissions by 3.5%. Thus, urban parks played an significant role in reducing atmospheric carbon and PM2.5 concentration. This study is expected to contribute to sharing the role and importance of urban parks regarding carbon and PM2.5 reduction.

본 논문은 구매국과 판매국이 상대방 정보에 대한 불확실성이 존재하는 상황에서 절충 교역의 존재 여부가 판매국과 구매국의 협상전략과 협상 결과에 미치는 영향을 게임이론의 이중경매(double auction) 모형을 활용하여 분석한다. 주요 결과로는 절충교역이 존재하는 경우 무기교역의 거래 가격은 절충교역이 없는 경우 대비 절충교역조건의 구매국 가치와 판매국 비용에 비례하여 상승한다. 절충교역의 구매국 혜택이 판매국 비용보다 클 경우 절 충교역을 함으로써 절충교역이 없는 경우보다 무기거래 협상의 성공 가능성이 증가하며, 반대의 경우에는 협상의 성공 가능성이 감소한다. 절충교역의 구매국 혜택이 크며 판매국 비용이 적을수록 절충교역을 통해 양국 모두 절충교역의 기대이득이 커지며, 반대의 경우 는 오히려 절충교역이 구매국과 판매국의 기대이득을 감소시킨다. 따라서 전자와 같은 조 건에서만 절충교역을 추진하는 것이 바람직하다.

This paper analyzes the effects of arms trade offsets on the bargaining strategy and the bargaining outcomes using the double auction model. The main results are as follows. The price of arms trade with offsets increases in proportion to the buying country’s value of the offsets and the selling country’s cost of the offsets, compared to the case without offsets. If the buying country’s value of the offsets is greater(less) than the selling country’s cost of the offsets, offsets increase(decrease) the possibility of arms trade and the expected payoffs of both countries. The higher the buying country’s offset benefits and the lower the selling country’s offset costs, the greater the expected payoffs of the arms trade for both countries. Therefore, offsets should be considered only if the buying country’s benefit is greater than the selling country‘s cost.

The purpose of this study was to quantify annual carbon sequestration by urban forests in Seoul, and to suggest desirable planning strategies to improve the carbon sequestration. A total of 155 sites were selected through a systematic random sampling method to survey horizontal and vertical structures of urban forests. Density and cover of trees planted averaged approximately 22.4 tree/100 m2 and 50.1% for parks, and only 5.8 tree/100 m2 and 12.1% for streets, respectively. Trees with dbh of below 30 cm accounted for about 80% of all trees sampled, as represented by a young, growing tree population. Annual carbon sequestration by urban forests averaged approximately 3.9 t/ha/yr. Total annual carbon sequestration were about 117,382 t/ha/yr. Urban forests annually offset carbon emissions by 7% against annual consumption of household electricity in Seoul. Thus, urban forests played an significant role in reducing atmospheric carbon concentration. The role of carbon sequestration could be improved through better planning of urban forests. This study suggested desirable planning strategies including multi-layered and multi-aged tree planting, minimization of extensive grass area, and full planting in available growing spaces.

In this study, utilizing the structure of the space?time line code (STLC) signals, a blind symbol and carrier synchronization method considering the carrier frequency offset (CFO) is developed. The proposed method can achieve almost perfect synchronization performance with more than three transmit antennas, irrespective of the CFO values. Based on the results, the proposed blind symbol and carrier synchronization method is expected to accelerate the practical deployment and operation of the low-complexity STLC systems that achieve full spatial diversity gain with partial or no channel state information at the receiver.

Printing technology is accepted by appropriate technology that smart phones, tablet PC, display(LCD, OLED, etc.) precision recently in the electronics industry, the market grows, this process in the ongoing efforts to improve competitiveness through the development of innovative technologies. So printed electronics appeared by new concept. This technology development is applied on electronic components and circuits for the simplification of the production process and reduce processing costs. Low-temperature process making possible for widening, slimmer, lighter, and more flexible, plastic substrates, such as(flexible) easily by forming a thin film on a substrate has been studied. In the past, the formation of the electrode used a screen printing method. But the screen printing method is formation of fine patterns, high-speed printing, mass production is difficult. The roll-to-roll printing method as an alternative to screen printing to produce electronic devices by printing techniques that were used traditionally in the latest technology and processing techniques applied to precision control are very economical to implement fine-line printing equipment has been evaluated as. In order to function as electronic devices, especially the dozens of existing micro-level of non-dot print fine line printing is required, the line should not break at all, because according to the specifications required to fit the ink transfer conditions should be established. In this study of roll-to-roll printing conductive paste suitable for gravure offset printing by developing Ag paste for forming fine patterns to study the basic physical properties with the aim of this study were to.

With the development of many display technologies currently applied to them in the field of printed electronics, there have been many researches that high resolution printing for thin and uniform pattern. In this paper, printing ink flow properties in the reverse offset mechanism were simulated. The aim of this research is to expect the ink flow behavior between cliches to make fine pattern by a printing technique which is a reverse offset. The simulation results show that almost the same as the experiments and the flow behavior according to the ink film thickness and printing pressure changes could be expected.

According as gradually increasing the demand for eco-friendly at the printing process, it has been progressed fairly development. Especially, the inks are used by soy oil beginning of ink industry for preventing environment, it is possible to make eco-friendly inks with vegetable ester. So it is not necessary to use petroleum-based solvents at all for preventing environment. These eco-friendly inks have a benefits they are able to use the renewable resource. But basically vegetable oils have that reduce the VOC(Volatile Organic Compound) and high viscosity, high solubility properties. So if the vegetable oils use in the ink, set off problem occur on the paper because of slow drying time. In case of vegetable ester, it has similar the molecular weight and kinetic viscosity with hydrocarbon solvent, it is able to control the power of dilution about the resin. So, it has benefit that solve the problem of the existing eco-friendly inks. In this study, different types of ester were made by six types of vegetable oils and used ester in the varnishes and inks properties are comparison with hydrocarbon solvent based ink. By considering the intrinsic properties of vegetable oil, ester used to analyze the changes in ink properties, using ester varnish is applied to study the rheology characteristics and emulsification with inks.

In this paper the approximation methods of offset curve of conic with explicit error bound are considered. The quadratic approximation of conic(QAC) method, the method based on quadratic circle approximation(BQC) and the Pythagorean hodograph cubic(PHC) approximation have the explicit error bound for approximation of offset curve of conic. We present the explicit upper bound of the Hausdorff distance between the offset curve of conic and its PHC approximation. Also we show that the PHC approximation of any symmetric conic is closer to the line passing through both endpoints of the conic than the QAC.

A blind-mode integer frequency offset estimation algorithm is proposed for an OFDM system. Imperfect integer frequency offset estimation causes ambiguity in the data sub-carrier position. Morelli's blind integer frequency offiet estimation algorithm exploits the likelihood function by comparing the power in sub-carriers. It, however, shows performance degradation when there is the fractional frequency offset. The proposed algorithm solves this by using interpolation in the frequency domain. In this algorithm, it is exploited that the effect of the frequency offset is shown as a shift of power spectrum. By calculating the covariance of over-sampled samples, most approximate samples to integer point are obtained. It enables integer frequency offset estimation less affected by fractional frequency offset.

The study of superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) is continuously being studied as a countermeasure for reducing fault-current in the power system. When the fault occurred in the power system, the fault-current was limited by the generated impedance of SFCLs. The operational characteristics of the flux-offset type SFCL according to turn ratios between the primary and the secondary winding of a reactor were compared in this study. We connected the secondary core to a superconductor and a SCR switch in series in the suggested structure. The fault current in the primary and the secondary winding of the reactor and the voltage of the superconductor on the secondary were measured and compared. The results showed that the fault current in the load line was the lowest and the voltage applied at both ends of the superconductor was also low when the secondary winding of the reactor had lower turn ratio than the primary. It was confirmed based on these results that the turn ratio of the secondary winding of the reactor must be designed to be lower than that of the primary winding to reduce the burden of the superconductor and to lower the fault current. Also, the suggested structure could increase the duration of the limited current by limiting the continuous current after the first half cycle from the fault with the fault current limiter.