Earticle

목적: 본 연구에서는 뇌졸중 환자의 편측 무시 개선을 위한 치료 기법의 형태와 다양한 접근법을 분석하여 임상현장에 적용할 수 있는 근거를 제시하는 것을 목적으로 실시하였다. 연구방법: 2005년 1월부터 2015년 12월까지 해외학회지에 게재된 논문을 Scopus, PubMed Central과 MEDLINE를 통하여 검색하였으며, 주요 검색용어는 “Stroke or cerebrovascular accident or CVA AND Neglect or visuospatial neglect or hemisphere neglect AND Intervention or rehabilitation”을 사용하였다. 최종적으로 17개의 논문을 분석 대상으로 선정하였다. 결과: 연구의 질적 수준 및 동향, 중재의 제공 방법, 중재의 종류, 중재의 효과, 대상자의 회복 단계, 편측 무시 평가 도구, 동시에 측정된 종속변인을 중심으로 정리하였다. 연구의 질적 수준은 가장 높은 Ⅰ단계를 나타내고, 논문의 편수와 질은 증가하고 있는 양상이며, 중재는 2가지 중재를 결합한 결합 중재가 증가하는 양상을 보인다. 결합 중재 연구에서는 시각 탐색 훈련과 과제 지향적 훈련이 결합된 중재와 상상 훈련과 전기 자극이 결합된 중재에서 편측 무시 증상 개선에 통계학적 유의미한 향상을 보여주었다. 만성기 뇌졸중 환자의 편측 무시를 대상으로 가장 많은 연구가 실시되었고, 평가 도구는 선 지우기 검사와 별 지우기 검사를 가장 많이 시행하였으며, 연구자들은 편측 무시와 동시에 ‘일상생활의 기능적 독립성’을 측정하였다. 결론: 이번 연구를 통하여 뇌졸중 환자의 편측 무시 개선을 위한 중재에 대하여 이해하고 그 현황을 종합적으로 알아봄으로써 임상적 근거를 제공하고자 하였다. 임상의 치료사들이 대상자의 회복 단계에 따라 중재와 빈도, 평가 도구를 선택하는데 근거로 사용할 수 있을 것이다.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to examine the trend of intervention ameliorating the neglect of stroke patients, and to provide evidence and implications regarding their occupational therapy. Methods : For the main key-words of a database search, “Stroke or cerebrovascular accident or CVA AND Neglect or visuospatial neglect or hemisphere neglect AND Intervention or rehabilitation” were used. We systematically examined papers published in journals from January 2005 to December 2015, using Scopus, PubMed Central, and MEDLINE. A total of 17 studies were included in the analysis. Results : The results indicated the level of quality and trend for each study, the type of intervention, the effectiveness of intervention, the stroke patients’ recovery stage, applied tools, and dependent variables measured based on neglect. The quality and quantity of such studies and the combinations of intervention are increasing. For the combinations of intervention studies, combinations of visual scanning training and task oriented training, mental practice, and electrical stimulation showed statistically significant improvements in ameliorating neglect. In addition, the interventions were mostly provided on stroke patients at a chronic stage. The ‘Line bisection test’ and ‘Star cancellation test’ were most frequently used, and ‘functional independence in ADL’ was consistently measured with neglect. Conclusion : Through this systematic review, we were able to find and understand the trend of intervention for neglected stroke patients. This systematic review is expected to help select the proper intervention, frequency and intensity, and assessment according to the stroke stage of the individual.

최근 아동학대에 대한 정의는 신체적 외상이 있는 협의의 정의를 넘어 정서학대와 방임까지 포함하는 광의의 개념으로 확대하여 사용하고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 아동학대에 대한 실제적 조치나 개입에 있어서는 대부분 신체·성학대에 대한 것으로만 한정하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 정서학대와 방임이 발생한 사건에 대한 사법적 판단이 어떠한지를 분석하였다. 연구의 자료는 아동복지법 제17조(금지행위) 위반으로 처벌받은 1심 형사판결문 중 정서학대와 방임의 범죄사실이 기재된 25개를 대상으로 하였으며, 질적 내용분석 방법을 사용하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 신체·성학대와 정서학대가 중복하여 발생한 경우 정서학대가 다른 유형의 학대로 포섭되는 것으로 보고 정서학대죄를 인정하지 않는 판례를 따르고 있는 경우가 많았고, 가정폭력 목격을 정서학대로 인정하는 판례도 아직 확립되지 않았다. 방임죄에 대해서도 재판부마다 인정 여부가 엇갈렸다. 이러한 연구 결과에 따라 정서학대죄가 단일의 학대죄로서 인정되어야 하는 점과 가정폭력 목격이 정서학대로서 인정되어야 하는 점 등을 논의하였으며, 정서학대와 방임죄에 대한 사법과 사회복지 영역에서의 책임 등을 제언하였다.

In recent years, the definition of child abuse has transcended a definition in the narrow sense, which is accompanied by physical injuries, and made use of a concept in the wider sense, which encompasses emotional abuse and neglect as well. Nevertheless, actual measures regarding or interventions in child abuse have been limited solely to physical and sexual abuse. Therefore, this study analyzed 25 criminal rulings to determine what the judicial judgment was on emotional abuse and neglect. The results of the study are as follow. Emotional abuse was often denied if it was a combination of physical and sexual abuse and emotional abuse. In addition, regarding domestic violence that had been witnessed, judgments acknowledging emotional abuse likewise were in the minority only. As for the acknowledgment of neglect, opinions differed according to the court, thus failing to exhibit consistency. In terms of such findings, the study discussed issues including why the crime of emotional abuse must be acknowledged as a crime of co-occurrent abuse and why domestic violence that had been witnessed must be acknowledged as emotional abuse and proposed issues including the responsibilities of justice and social welfare concerning emotional abuse and neglect.

목적 : 본 연구는 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 동영상 관찰훈련이 편측무시와 일상생활활동 수행능력에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 한다. 연구방법 : 뇌졸중 진단을 받은 환자 30명을 대상으로 실험군 15명은 작업치료와 물리치료 외에 추가로 동 영상 관찰훈련을 실시하였고, 대조군은 작업치료와 물리치료 외에 추가로 위상치료를 실시하였다. 치료 중재 전ㆍ후의 편측무시를 비교하기 위해 선 나누기 검사를 시행하였고, 일상생활활동 수행능력을 비교 하기 위해 FIM을 시행하였다. 결과 : 동영상 관찰훈련을 시행한 집단이 위상치료를 시행한 집단에 비해 편측무시가 감소되었고, 일상생활 활동 수행능력이 더 많이 향상되었다. 선 나누기 검사로 평가된 편측무시는 일상생활활동 수행능력과 통 계학적으로 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 결론 : 동영상 관찰훈련이 뇌졸중 환자의 편측무시 감소와 일상생활활동 수행능력 향상을 위한 치료방법으 로써 임상에서 유용하게 적용될 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of video observation training on neglect and ability to perform activities of daily living of stroke patients. Methods : Patients diagnosed with stroke were selected as subjects according to criteria to select the research targets. The additional video observation training besides OT and PT was carried out to 15 patients in an experimental group and sham therapy besides OT and PT was performed to 15 patients in a control group. Line-bisection test were conducted to compare the neglect before and after therapy intervention and FIM was conducted to compare the ability to perform the activities of daily living. Results : The result of this study that we found out that degree of neglect in an experimental group where video observation training was carried out improved neglect and the ability to perform activities of daily living. Conclusion : The video observation training the video observation training is expected to be useful in clinics.

목적 : 본 연구는 완곡추적 안구운동과 경부신전근 진동자극법의 결합중재가 만성 뇌졸중 환자의 편측무시 와 일상생활활동 수행에 미치는 영향을 확인하는 것이다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 발병 후 6개월 이상 지난 3명의 뇌졸중 편측무시 환자를 대상으로 하였으며, 단일대상연구 방법 중 ABAC디자인으로 연구를 진행하였다. 연구는 기초선(A1) 1주, 중재기(B) 2주, 기초선(A2) 1주, 그리고 중재기(C) 2주로 총 6주간 진행되었으며, 중재기(B)에서는 완곡추적 안구운동(Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement; SPEM)의 단일중재를, 중재기(C)에서는 경부신전근 진동자극법(Neck Muscle Vibration; NMV)과 SPEM의 결합중재를 실시하였다. 평가는 매회기 선 나누기 검사와 벨 테스트(Bells test)를 실시하였 으며, 한국판 캐서린 버지고 척도(Korean-Catherine Bergego Scale; K-CBS)와 한국판 일상생활활동 중심 작업기반 신경행동 평가(Korean version of ADL-focused Occupation-based Neurobehavioral Evaluation; K-A-ONE)를 기초선(A1)의 첫 회기와 각 중재기의 마지막 회기에 시행하였다. 결과 : 연구결과 SPEM과 NMV를 단일 또는 결합하여 적용하였을 때 편측무시의 지필검사(선 나누기 검 사와 벨 테스트)와 관찰적 검사(K-CBS와 K-A-ONE)에서 편측무시가 개선됨을 확인하였고, 특히 결 합중재시에 더 효과가 좋았던 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 편측무시가 개선됨에 따라 일상생활활동의 수행 (K-A-ONE)에서도 향상을 보였는데, 편측무시 환자의 일상생활을 저해하는 신경행동 손상은 편측무시 뿐만 아니라 공간관계나 마비와 같은 손상 등이 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 다양한 신경행동 손상의 중재를 포함하는 포괄적인 재활프로그램을 계획해야함을 확인하였다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 SPEM과 NMV의 결합중재가 만성 뇌졸중 환자의 편측무시를 감소시키고 일상생활 활동 수행을 향상시키는데 효과적인 중재라는 것을 확인하였다.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of SPEM combined with NMV on the unilateral neglect and performance of activities of daily living for chronic stroke patients. Methods: This study was performed on three patients 6 months after a stroke. It used the ABAC design among a single subject research method. The study consisted of a 1 week baseline (A1), 2 week intervention (B), 1 week baseline (A2), and 2 week intervention (C). In intervention (B), a SPEM single arbitration was performed. In intervention (C), a combination of NMV and SPEM was conducted. A line bisection test and bells test were conducted every session, and K-CBS and K-A-ONE were applied during the last session of each intervention period. Results: The results of this study showed that the unilateral neglect was improved in both the paper-pencil test and the behavioral test. In particular, it was shown that a combination approach was more effective. As the unilateral neglect improved, the performance of the ADL also improved. Neurobehavioral impairment affecting the performance of daily living of the unilateral neglected patients was affected by not only the unilateral neglect but also the spatial relationship and paralysis. Conclusions: This study confirmed that the SPEM combined with NMV can alleviate unilateral neglect and improve the performance of activities of daily living for chronic stroke patients.

목적 : 본 연구는 어머니의 아동기 부정적 경험 위험군이 자녀의 정서적·신체적 학대 및 방임과 양육스트 레스에 미치는 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 한다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 2018년 ‘아동가족 생애경험 실태조사’를 통해 얻어진 원시자료를 이용한 이차차료 분 석연구이다. 아동기 부정적 경험이 1개 이상인 어머니 1,937명을 대상으로 아동기 부정적 경험 저위험군 (1-3개), 중위험군(4-6개), 고위험군(7개 이상)별로 분류하여 자녀의 정서적·신체적 학대 및 방임과 양육스트레스 차이를 조사하고, 회귀분석을 통해 영향요인을 확인하였다. 결과 : 어머니의 아동기 부정적 경험은 저위험군 50.4%, 중위험군 39.8%, 고위험군 9.7%였다. 자녀 정서 적 학대는 45.0%, 자녀 신체적 학대는 13.2%, 자녀 방임은 3.5%, 양육스트레스는 평균 2.13(±0.61)으 로 나타났다. 아동기 부정적 경험은 저위험군보다 중위험군, 고위험군인 경우 정서적·신체적 학대 및 방 임, 양육스트레스 가능성이 유의하게 높으며, 회귀분석을 실시한 결과 모형의 설명력은 자녀 정서적 학대 35%, 자녀 신체적 학대 25%, 자녀 방임 19%, 양육스트레스 16%의 설명력을 보였다. 결론 : 부모의 아동기 부정적 경험이 고위험군일수록 자녀의 정서적 학대, 신체적 학대, 자녀 방임을 더 가 하며, 양육스트레스가 높아진다는 것을 확인하였다.

Objective : The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of maternal risk factors for adverse childhood experiences on children’s emotional and physical abuse and neglect as well as parenting stress. Methods : This is a secondary data analysis study utilizing raw data from the 2017 National Survey of Child and Family Life Experiences. A total of 1,937 mothers with at least one adverse childhood experience were categorized into low-risk (1-3), moderate-risk (4-6), and high-risk (7 or more) groups to examine the differences in children’s emotional and physical abuse and neglect and parenting stress and identify the influencing factors through regression analysis. Results : Maternal adverse childhood experiences were 50.4% in the low-risk group, 39.8% in the medium-risk group, and 9.7% in the high-risk group. Child emotional abuse was 45.0%, child physical abuse was 13.2%, child neglect was 3.5%, and parenting stress was 2.13 (±0.61) on average. Adverse childhood experiences were significantly more likely to be associated with emotional and physical abuse, neglect, and parenting stress in the medium- and high-risk groups than in the low-risk group. The regression analysis showed that the model explained 35% of child emotional abuse, 25% of child physical abuse, 19% of child neglect, and 16% of parenting stress. Conclusion : The higher the risk of adverse childhood experiences of parents, the more their children experience emotional abuse, physical abuse, child neglect, and parenting stress.

2004년 「노인복지법」의 개정에서 노인학대에 대한 개념정의와 신 고의무 등의 규정을 신설하는 등, 노인학대 관련 규정을 처음 도입하 였다. 이후 여러 차례의 법개정을 통해 노인학대예방과 노인의 인권보 호를 위한 노력을 계속하여 왔다. 그러나 노인학대에 관한 개념들에 대한 정의는 여전히 불명확한 채로 남아 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 국 내외의 노인학대에 관한 개념들에 관한 선행연구를 바탕으로 미국, 일본, 영국 등 외국의 법제상 노인학대에 관한 개념들에 대하여 비교· 분석한 후, 우리나라 실정에 맞는 노인학대관련 개념들에 대하여 다음 과 같이 개선방안을 제시하였다. (i) 노인학대의 대상을 65세 이상으 로 하되, 신체적·정신적·경제적으로 취약하거나 노인보호시설에 입소· 이용하는 ‘60세 이상-65세 미만’의 사람은 노인학대의 대상으로 하여 야 한다. (ii) 노인학대의 주체인 보호자의 범위를 법률상, 계약상 또 는 사실상 노인을 보호할 의무가 있는 자로 확대하여야 한다. (iii) 노 인관련기관의 취업제한의 대상 및 노인학대관련범죄의 주체를 모든 노 인학대행위자로 확대하여야 한다. (iv) 노인학대 유형 중 ‘정서적 폭 력’과 ‘정신적 폭력’을 정서적 폭력으로 통일하는 한편, 법령에서 노인 학대의 유형과 행위태양을 구체적으로 규정하여야 한다.

In 2004, regulations on the definition of elder abuse and the obligation to report were established in ｢Elder Welfare Act｣, and further efforts have been made to prevent elder abuse and protect human rights of the elderly through several revisions. However, it has been criticized for its unclear regulations on the definition of elder abuse. Therefore, based on prior domestic and foreign research, this article concretely compares and analyzes the concepts of elder abuse under current legislation in Korea, the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, and China. In consequence, the following improvements were required regarding the concept of elder abuse in accordance with the domestic situation. (i) The subject of elder abuse must be age 65 and older. However, those who fall in the age group of “60 to 64" who are physically, mentally and economically vulnerable, or who enter and use elder care facilities must also be subject to elder abuse. (ii) The scope of legal guardians who are the batterers of elder abuse must be extended to those who are de jure or de facto obliged to protect the elderly. (iii) The subject of restriction on employment of elderly–related institutions and the batterers of elder abuse-related crimes must be expanded to all elder abuse batterers. (iv) While 'emotional violence' and 'mental violence' must be unified into emotional violence, the details of the type and act of elder abuse must be included in regulations.

이 연구의 목적은 아동학대 피해자의 처우의 실태분석을 통해서 문제점을 고찰하고 피해아동 에 대한 회복 처우의 개선방안을 제시하는 것을 그 목적으로 하였다. 즉, 이 연구에서는 아동학대 발생 후 아동에 대한 보호감호 시스템을 중점으로 피해 아동의 회복에 대한 현행 제도와 회복처 우 실태를 조사하며, 특히 피해자학 관점에서 피해아동의 회복을 위한 현행 보호시설 현황과 문 제점을 분석하여 그 개선방안에 대해서 논의하였다. 이 연구는 공식통계자료와 선행연구자료 분 석을 통한 문헌연구의 방법으로 수행되었다. 연구의 결과, 첫째, 아동학대 피해자 보호관련 대책 홍보 활성화, 둘째, 피해당시의 피해아동의 적극적 구조, 셋째, 아동학대에 대한 인식 제고가 제시 되었다. 끝으로 이 연구의 학술적·정책적 의의와 함께 이 연구의 한계에 대해서 논의하였다.

The purpose of this research is to explore the cause and prevalence of crime victimization in the military and to suggest the countermeasures for preventing crime victimization and recovering victim’s right in the military, South Korea. The current study used the literature research methods by analyzing the official statistics and previous research findings. Based on the findings, the researchers suggested that: 1) heightening the public relations of the center for military right; 2) enact the code of conduct for an army life and the law of military right; 3) mandatory crime reporting in the military; 4) facilitating the program for preventing desertion and suicide; 5) prevention of sexual violence damage and establishment of victim protection system. The policy implications and the limitations were discussed at the last part of the research.

The poems of KIM HYE SUN suggests the problem awareness of human beings to the others; and, they are closely related to the philosophy of the others by Levinas because of demanding the responsibility. In her poems, the others are considered as the objects neglected and in torment such as women, animals or laborers. As her poems admits the 'difference' and understands its unfamiliarity, she thinks about the others around the subject. In Part 2, the visual imageries are expressed as the images of 'light' such as 'sun', 'bright' light, 'camera', 'moon' and 'mirror'. By them, we can find the others being in torment. In Part 3, she shows the relationship between 'You' and 'I' by exchanging their wits. Moreover, not one, but 'two moons' materialize solidarity and a 'broken mirror' shows a positive relationship between a mother and a daughter being same and different each other. As the possible time to sympathize is made, each object maintains its identity and the positive relationship with an other becomes formed. The visual imageries in her poem make us find the other's torment and suggest the co-existent relationship giving way to the others and practicing love and sacrifice.

이 연구에서는 가정에서의 학대경험이 청소년의 비행에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 살펴보고자 한다. 가정의 사회경제적 요인과 학대경험이 청소년 비행에 미치는 영향을 분석하고, 특히 가정학대의 유형 및 정도에 따라 청소년의 비행유형에 어떠한 영향을 미치고, 이러한 영향이 연령에 따라 다르게 나타나는 지에 초점을 맞추고자 한다. 이 연구에서 사용된 자료는 서울시에 있는 초등학교, 중학교, 고등학교 학 생을 대상으로 자기보고식 설문조사방법을 통하여 수집된 것이다. 분석대상은 중학생 695명, 고등학생 723명으로 하였다. 분석결과를 정리하면, 먼저 중학생의 경우, 초등학교시절의 방임, 정서적 학대, 신체적 학대는 각각 지위비행, 폭력 및 재산비행과 정(+)의 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 다른 요인들을 통제하여 분석한 결과, 초등학교시절의 방임은 지위비행에만 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나, 신체적 학대는 지위비행, 폭력 및 재산비행에 모두 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 고등학생의 경우에서는 중학생시절의 신체적 학대보다는 방임 및 정서적 학대가 지위 및 폭력비행에 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 그리고 중학생의 경우와 마찬가지로 가정에서의 학대경험은 지위비행이나 폭력비행에 영향을 강하게 미치는 것으로 나타났으나, 재산비행에는 상대적으로 영향이 낮은 것으로 분석되었다. 이러한 결과를 통하여 가정에서의 학대경험은 청소년의 비행에 유발시키는 중요한 요인이라는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 가정학대의 유형에 따라, 연령집단에 따라 가정학대가 비행에 미치는 영향은 다르게 나타난다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study is to test empirically on parental chid abuse/maltreatment-delinquency relationship. We tries to review the theoretical issues on child abuse/maltreatment-delinquency relationship, and to analyzes whether child abuse affect the development of adolescent delinquency. The data that we have analysed here were obtained from a self-reported survey conducted in Seoul in July, 2008. The sample consists of 695 of middle school students, and 723 of high school students aged between 12 and 18. To examine the child abuse- delinquency relationships, we used regression analysis. In this study, parental child abuse is conceptualized as having three components; neglect, emotional abuse, and physical abuse. Involvement in delinquent behavior is measured for offences committed over past one year. It is indexed by three types of crime: status delinquency, violent delinquency(e.g., physical fight, assault, and bodily injury), and property delinquency(e.g., shoplifting, larceny, and burglary). And familial socioeconomic factors is operationalized as a control variables: father's and mother's educational attainment, father's and mother's occupation, and familial economic status. Major findings of our analyses are as follows. Family's socioeconomic factors has negatively related to child abuse. Parental child abuse such as neglect, emotional and physical abuse has an direct positive relation to adolescent delinquency. These findings reported that parental child abuse is critical factors of the development of adolescent delinquency. And we wish this study to contribute to the understand and explanation of the relationship between child abuse/maltreatment and delinquency relationship. From our study, it is implied that future research could be develop a more considerable model in our society and to elaborate the measures on the major concepts and analysis methods.

목적 : 본 연구는 편측 공간무시 환자의 평가도구 중 KF-NAP (Kessler Foundation – Neglect Assessment Process)과 지필검사 (직선이분검사, 글자소거검사, 알버트 검사) 사이의 상관관계와 편측 공간무시에 대한 민감도가 높은 평가도구를 알아보고자 한다. 연구방법 : 2014년 9월부터 2015년 9월까지 서울 소재의 병원 재활의학과에 입원한 32명의 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 하였다 (남성 19명, 여성 13명, 평균연령 61.8세). KF-NAP과 지필평가는 입원 7일 이내에 시행하였으며, 각 평가도구의 결과 값으로 편측 공간무시 정도를 비교하였다. 결과 : 편측 공간무시 정도는 KF-NAP 93.8%, 직선이분검사 53.1%, 글자지우기 53.1%, 알버트 검사 37.5%로 편측 공간무시에 대한 민감도가 가장 높은 평가도구는 KF-NAP이었다. KF-NAP은 직선이분검사(r=.430), 글자 지우기(r=.641), 알버트 검사(r=.398) 모두에서 유의한 상관관계가 있었다 (p<0.05). 결론 : KF-NAP은 환자의 일상생활 동안 편측 공간무시를 평가하는 도구로써 지필검사에 비해 편측 공간무시의 진단에 더 민감할 뿐 아니라 편측 공간무시의 중증도에 대한 평가가 가능하다. 따라서 편측 공간무시의 평가에 KF-NAP이 유용하게 사용되어져야 한다.

Objective : The aim of this study was to identify correlation between KF-NAP and Pencil-Paper test(Line bisection test, Letter cancellation, Albert’s test) and to determine the high sensitive assessment tool for spatial neglect. Method : Thirty-two stroke patients who admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation unit at the medical center in Seoul from September, 2014 to September, 2015 were included in our research. They all have spatial neglect (male=19, female=13, the average age 61.8). KF-NAP and Pencil-Paper test were performed within 7 days. The detection of spatial neglect was analyzed by total scores of each assessments. Results : The highest sensitivity assessments of spatial neglect was KF-NAP. The detection of spatial neglect through KF-NAP was 93.8% (Line bisection test 53.1, Letter cancellation 53.1%, Albert’s test 37.5%). Line bisection test (r=.430), Letter cancellation(r=.641), Albert’s test(r=.398) and KF-NAP scores had significant correlation(p<0.05). Conclusion : KF-NAP is higher sensitive in comparison with Pencil-Paper test for detection of spatial neglect as the assessment tool of spatial neglect during activities daily livings of patients and neglect severity could be assessed with KF-NAP. Therefore, KF-NAP is recommended for assessment of spatial neglect.

Objective To investigate the correlation between visuospatial neglect and anemia in patients with right cerebral infarction, as well as to identify the risk factor of neglect and furnish preliminary data on rehabilitation management.Methods The line bisection test and Albert test were conducted on subjects with right cerebral infarction in order to analyze neglect severity. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to investigate correlation between neglect severity and hemoglobin and hematocrit level. Logistic regression analysis was applied to identify the risk factor of neglect.Results Visuospatial neglect was observed in 33 subjects out of 124. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were not directly correlated with visuospatial neglect severity, whereas infarct size was directly correlated. Subjects with visuospatial neglect were characterized by a large infarct size, a low score in the Mini-Mental State Examination and long hospital stay.Conclusion In this study, visuospatial neglect was found to be uncorrelated with anemia. It implies that emphasis should be placed on the early detection of anemia and neglect in patients with left hemiplegia, the formulation of respective therapeutic plans and improvement of prognosis. The study found that the possibility of a visuospatial neglect occurrence increases with infarct size. In this regard, it is required that visuospatial neglect was detected and treated in the earliest possible stage, notwithstanding the difficulty that lies in the precise measurement of the severity.

Purpose: Security neglect is common among vulnerable children. The Child Neglect Scale (CNS) is widely used to screen children for neglect. However, little is known about the accuracy of the Security Neglect Subscale when administered in isolation. This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the Security Neglect Subscale of the CNS among vulnerable children in China. Methods: Cluster sampling was used, and 242 vulnerable children participated in the study. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS ver. 28.0 and Amos ver. 28.0, and the test construct validity of the CNS Security Neglect Subscale was analyzed through confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, convergent and discriminant validity, as well as reliability, were evaluated. Results: The construct validity of the nine-item CNS Security Neglect Subscale was confirmed by a two-factor structure. The modified model fit the data well, as shown by a normed chi-square of 2.48, a comparative fit index of .97, a Tucker-Lewis index of .96, and a root mean square error of approximation of .08. The model had acceptable convergent and discriminant validity for each structure. The Cronbach's α coefficient was .87 overall, and values for the two factors ranged from .78 to .93. Conclusion: The findings of this study support the satisfactory psychometric properties of the CNS Security Neglect Subscale, indicating its utility in evaluating security neglect in vulnerable children in China.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the current status of the use of neglect test tools and the awareness for egocentric neglect (EN) and allocentric neglect (AN). Methods: A survey questionnaire was distributed to occupational therapists attending continuing education at the Daegu-Gyeongbuk branch on April 16. A total 143 responses were collected, and with the exception of 5 incomplete responses, 138 of them were analyzed. Results: The most commonly used unilateral neglect test tools were the line bisection test (86 responses, 62.3%), cancellation test (35 responses, 25.4%), copy and drawing test (7 responses, 5.1%). In a follow-up survey of 86 respondents who used line bisection tests as the most commonly used test, the majority (82 responses, 95.3%2) were found to use the 20-line test paper. In question about the familiarity and education experience for test manual, only 20 responses (23.2%) and 3 responses (3.5%) answered 'Yes'. In a question about the experience of a manual and the article for the manual, 25 responses (29.1%) answered 'Yes'. In the question regarding the separation of EN and AN on the unilateral neglect test, 44 responses (31.9%) were 'distinction' and 94 responses (68.1%) were 'no distinction'. Conclusion: Information on the guidance and interpretation of the line bisection test is lacking and the concept of EN and AN was insufficient.

Crossed aphasia refers to language disturbance due to right-hemisphere lesions in right-handed individuals, while magnetic apraxia is described as ‘forced grasping and groping’ caused by lesions in the contralateral frontal lobe. This is a case report of a 70-year-old right handed woman who suff ered from crossed transcortical motor aphasia and left hand magnetic apraxia due to right anterior cerebral artery infarction. The definite mechanism of this disorder is not yet understood, but neurophysiological observations suggest that affected supplementary motor areas may be responsible for this phenomenon.

Purpose: The life satisfaction of Korean adolescents tends to decrease beginning in middle school, and this decrease has a negative effect on life satisfaction in adulthood. Gender and perceptions of parental neglect are important variables influencing the life satisfaction of adolescents in Korea. This study examined the longitudinal mediating effects of perceived parental neglect on the life satisfaction of male and female Korean adolescents to assess changes to the relationships between key variables over time. Methods: The present study analyzed data from 2,215 adolescents from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey's fourth-year elementary school panel spanning their first year of middle school (2013) to the first year of high school (2016). A latent growth model was applied to Korean national data. Results: The perceived parental neglect and life satisfaction intercepts differed by gender, and the intercept of perceived parental neglect influenced the life satisfaction intercept. The slope of perceived parental neglect, but not the life satisfaction slope, differed by gender, and the slope of perceived parental neglect influenced the life satisfaction slope. The Sobel method showed that the intercept of perceived parental neglect mediated gender differences in the life satisfaction intercept, and the slope of perceived parental neglect significantly influenced the gender difference in the life satisfaction slope. Conclusion: Efforts to improve adolescent life satisfaction should be differentiated by gender regarding perceptions of parental neglect.

Purpose: Elder self-neglect is a global public health issue and should be taken seriously at large. Nurses, usually working directly with elderly patients, have a better understanding of what factors may cause elder self-neglect. In this qualitative study, we explored the influencing factors of elder self-neglect from the perception of nurses in the context of Chinese culture. Methods: Face-to-face, in-depth interviews were conducted from November 2018 to December 2018. Purposive sampling was used. Twenty one participants recruited from eight geriatric wards of a general hospital located in Wuhan were interviewed. A content analysis of qualitative nature was performed to analyze the data. Results: Our conceptual model illustrated the findings based on the three themes of the conflict between personal recognition and social judgment, the choice between current needs and individual beliefs, as well as the compromise between insufficient abilities and limited resources. Conclusion: Nurses together with family members and social workers can help older adults improve their awareness of self-neglect to bridge the gap with social judgment, learn to focus on their own needs, as well as seek as much support as possible. Nurses should also respect the autonomy and selfdetermination of elder self-neglecters because self-neglect is related to older adults' values. Furthermore, larger studies are needed to quantitatively test and refine the model.

Objective To determine the relationship between line bisection test (LBT) performance time and prognosis of hemispatial neglect (HSN) in stroke patients. Methods Data on stroke patients with HSN were prospectively collected. After patient recruitment and eligibility screening, the LBT, Motor-Free Visual Perception Test 3rd edition, and Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination were performed at the time of admission and 4 weeks thereafter. The LBT performance time was also measured. All patients received conventional rehabilitation for 4 weeks. Based on the improvements in their LBT grades, the patients were divided into improved and non-improved groups. The evaluation results of the two groups were compared using Mann?Whitney U-tests and logistic regression was performed to predict the independence of each outcome. Results In total, 26 stroke patients with HSN were included, with 13 patients in each group. Significant differences were observed in the baseline LBT performance times between the improved and non-improved groups (p<0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed associations between HSN prognosis, and baseline LBT performance time (odds ratio=0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.90?1.00; p<0.05) and baseline Motor-Free Visual Perception Test 3rd edition (odds ratio=1.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.01?1.43; p<0.05). Conclusion A significant relationship was observed between the baseline LBT performance time and HSN prognosis.

Objective To examine whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied over the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) improves visuospatial attention in stroke patients with left visuospatial neglect.Methods Patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: anodal tDCS over the right PPC, cathodal tDCS over the left PPC, or sham tDCS. Each patient underwent 15 sessions of tDCS (5 sessions per week for 3 weeks; 2 mA for 30 minutes in each session). Outcome measures were assessed before treatment and 1 week after completing the treatment.Results From pre- to post-treatment, there was an improvement in the motor-free visual perception test (MVPT), line bisection test (LBT), star cancellation test (SCT), Catherine Bergego Scale (CBS), Korean version of Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI), and Functional Ambulation Classification in all 3 groups. Improvements in the MVPT, SCT, and LBT were greater in the anodal and cathodal groups than in the sham group. However, improvements in other outcomes were not significantly different between the 3 groups, although there was a tendency for improved CBS or K-MBI scores in the anodal and cathodal groups, as compared with the sham group.Conclusion The study results indicated that the facilitatory effect of anodal tDCS applied over the right PPC, and the inhibitory effect of cathodal tDCS applied over the left PPC, improved symptoms of visuospatial neglect. Thus, tDCS could be a successful adjuvant therapeutic modality to recover neglect symptom, but this recovery might not lead to improvements in activities of daily living function and gait function.

Objective To investigate the eff ect of virtual reality training on unilateral spatial neglect in stroke patients. Method Twenty-four stroke patients (14 males and 10 females, mean age=64.7) who had unilateral spatial neglect as a result of right hemisphere stroke were recruited. All patients were randomly assigned to either the virtual reality (VR) group (n=12) or the control group (n=12). Th e VR group received VR training, which stimulated the left side of their bodies. Th e control group received conventional neglect therapy such as visual scanning training. Both groups received therapy for 30 minutes a day, fi ve days per week for three weeks. Outcome measurements included star cancellation test, line bisection test, Catherine Bergego scale (CBS), and the Korean version of modifi ed Barthel index (K-MBI). Th ese measurements were taken before and after treatment. Results There were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics and initial values between the two groups. Th e changes in star cancellation test results and CBS in the VR group were signifi cantly higher than those of the control group after treatment. Th e changes in line bisection test score and the K-MBI in the VR group were not statistically signifi cant. Conclusion Th is study suggests that virtual reality training may be a benefi cial therapeutic technique on unilateral spatial neglect in stroke patients.