Earticle

목적: 본 연구에서는 자외선 차단분체와 적외선 및 열선 차단분체의 혼합분체에 대황(Eisenia bicyclis) 및 알로에(Aloe vera)의 복 합추출물을 혼합함으로써 피부 온도가 상승하는 것을 억제하는 다기능성 썬 제형 조성물(Novel Composition of Multi-Functional Sunblock, NCMFS)을 제조하였다. 방법: 마이크론 이산화티타늄과 나노 이산화티타늄을 이용해 혼합분체를 제조하였으며, 이 혼 합분체에 대황 및 알로에 추출물을 혼합하여 NCMFS를 제조하였다. 혼합분체의 물성(형태 및 입도)을 분석하였으며, 각각 자외선 차단분체, 혼합분체, 그리고 NCMFS의 자외선, 적외선 및 열 차단 효과를 분석하였다. 또한 NCMFS의 미세먼지 부착도 및 내수성 을 평가하였다. 결과: 혼합분체의 물성분석 결과, 혼합 시 최적 중량 비율인 2.5:7.5가 확인되었다. 알로에 추출물, 대황 추출물 및 NCMFS를 대상으로 SPF 수치와 PA 수치를 측정한 결과, 각각 34.35±0.36 및 34.87±0.36로 NCMFS에서 가장 높은 값을 보였다. 마찬가지로, 단일 차단분체, 혼합분체, NCMFS를 대상으로 SPF 수치와 PA 수치를 측정한 결과, 각각 34.39±0.41 및 34.37±0.52 로 NCMFS가 가장 높은 값을 보였다. 자외선/적외선 열화상 카메라를 통해 NCMFS의 사용 전후의 비교 사진 촬영을 통해 자외선, 적외선 및 열선 차단 효과를 가지는 것이 확인되었다. 또한, 우수한 미세먼지 부착도 및 내수성을 가지는 것이 확인되었다. 결론: 본 연구를 통해 무기 자외선 차단제인 이산화티타늄 혼합분체의 최적 중량 비율을 규명하였다. 대황 및 알로에 복합추출물을 함께 혼 합하여 자외선, 적외선 및 열선을 동시에 차단함으로써 높은 자외선 수치를 가지는 다기능성 썬 제형 조성물이 확인었되다.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to develop a novel composition of multifunctional sunblock (NCMFS) by combining extracts from Eisenia bicyclis (E. bicyclis ) and Aloe vera (A. vera ) with a mixture of micron- and nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2) powders, which are MP-100 and MPT-136, respectively, characterized by ultraviolet (UV)-blocking properties. Methods: The mixed compound was prepared by combining micron-TiO2 and nano-TiO2 particles. The NCMFS was prepared by combining E. bicyclis and A. vera extracts with the mixed compound. The physicochemical properties (particle shape and size) of the mixed compound and UV, infrared (IR), and thermal blocking efficiency of each compound were analyzed. Results: Analysis of the physicochemical properties of the mixed compounds showed that the optimum ratio of mixing MP-100 and MPT-136 was 2.5:7.5. Measurement of sun protection factor (SPF) and protection grade of UV-A (PA) values of A. vera , E. bicyclis , and mixed extracts and NCMFS showed that the NCMFS mixture had the highest values, which were 34.35±0.36 and 34.87±0.36, respectively. Similarly, upon measuring the SPF and PA values, the highest values, 34.39±0.41 and 34.37±0.52, respectively, were measured for NCMFS and compared to the values of each single compound or the mixed compound. In addition, it was found NCMFS has excellent antifine dust adhesion rate and water-resistant properties. Conclusion: Therefore, our results suggested that the NCMFS consisting of the mixture of TiO2 and E. bicyclis and A. vera extracts has not only UV, IR, and thermal-blocking activity but also antidust protectant and water-resistance properties.

目的: 通过将Eisenia bicyclis (E.bicyclis )和Aloe vera (A. vera )的提取物与微米级和纳米级二氧化钛（TiO2） 粉末（MP-100和MPT-136）混合制造多功能新型防晒霜(Novel Composition of Multi-Functional Sunblock, NCMFS)。方法: 将微米级的TiO2和纳米级的TiO2颗粒混合制备复合物。NCMFS是通过将大黄和芦荟提取物与 混合的化合物混合来制备的。分析了混合化合物的理化性质（颗粒形状和大小）以及每种化合物的UV，红外 （IR）和热阻滞效率。结果: 混合化合物的理化性质分析表明，MP-100和MPT-136的最佳混合比例为2.5：7.5。 对A. vera，E.bicyclis，混合提取物和NCMFS的防晒系数（SPF）和UV-A（PA）防护等级的测量表明，NCMFS 混合物的最高值分别为34.35±0.36和34.87±0.36。同样，在测量SPF和PA值时，NCMFS的最高值分别为 34.39±0.41和34.37±0.52，并与每种单一化合物或混合化合物的值进行比较。另外，发现NCMFS具有优异的 抗细粉尘粘附率和防水性能。结论: 结果表明，由TiO2和大黄和芦荟提取物组成的NCMFS不仅具有UV，IR和热 阻隔活性，而且还具有防尘和防水性能。

The paper presents a novel embedded multifunctional media sever (EMMS) for mobile devices to receive various media programs. Being different from other contemporary system research, the paper mainly studies how to design a reception solution for terrestrial digital television (DTV) on mobile devices and how to enable mobile devices can receive DTV program, enjoy video-on-demand (VOD), achieve video surveillance and relay Internet video program via local Wi-Fi simultaneously. In the system design, we integrate broadcasting-terrestrial DTV tuner, streaming media re-transmission system, VOD disk, video camera and access interface to the Internet into EMMS, which can either receive terrestrial DTV radio signals and demodulate out digital transport stream (TS), or can read streaming media bit-stream from VOD disk, surveillance camera or access interface to the Internet. The experimental results show the proposed system is stable and quality-efficient. Comparing with the other systems, the proposed system has the least packet loss rate and response time.

목적: 본 연구는 페퍼민트 추출물(Mentha piperita extract, MPE)의 피부 장벽 강화 효능을 평가하고, 기능성 화장품 소재로서의 활 용 가능성을 검토하고자 하였다. 방법: MPE는 페퍼민트 잎을 70% 에탄올로 추출하여 제조하였다. 피부 장벽 기능은 인간 각질세 포(HaCaT)에서 분화 관련 유전자 발현과 cornified envelope (CE) 형성 분석을 통해 평가하였다. Tight junction (TJ) 완전성은 관련 유전자 발현과 단백질 국소화를 통해 확인하였다. 장벽 항상성은 RAW 264.7 면역세포에서 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)에 의해 유도된 prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) 발현 억제를 측정하였으며, 스트레스 조건에서는 HaCaT 세포에서 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1)억제와 코르티솔에 의해 지연된 상처 회복 개선 여부를 통해 평가하였다. 결과: MPE는 HaCaT 세포에서 involucrin (IVL), keratin 10 (KRT10), transglutaminase 1 (TGM1), filaggrin (FLG), caspase 14 (CASP14), calpain 1 (CAPN1) 각질세포 분화 관련 유전자의 발현을 증가시켰으며, CE 형성을 농도 의존적으로 유의하게 촉진하였다. 또한 claudin3 (CLDN3), claudin4 (CLDN4), claudin7 (CLDN7), occludin (OCLN), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1)의 TJ 관련 유전자의 발현을 증가시켰으며, CLDN4와 OCLN 단백질의 세포 간 접합 부위 발현을 강화하였다. RAW 264.7 세포에서는 LPS로 유도된 PGE2 생성을 유의하게 억 제하였고, HaCaT 세포에서는 11β-HSD1 활성을 억제하며 코르티솔에 의해 지연된 상처 회복을 촉진하였다. 결론: 이상의 결과는 MPE가 각질세포 분화 촉진, 세포 간 접합 강화, 항염증 활성, 항스트레스 효과를 통해 피부 장벽을 강화하는 다기능성 화장품 원료 로 활용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

Purpose: This study evaluated the bioactivity of Mentha piperita extract (MPE) to determine its potential as a skin barrier-enhancing ingredient and assess its applicability as a functional cosmetic material. Methods: MPE was prepared by extracting M. piperita leaves with 70% ethanol. Barrier function was assessed by analyzing keratinocyte differentiation-related gene expression and cornified envelope formation in human keratinocytes. Tight junction (TJ) integrity was analyzed by evaluating the expression of genes related to TJ and their protein localization. Barrier homeostasis was assessed by measuring lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in immune cells and by determining 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) inhibition as well as the recovery of cortisol-delayed wound healing in keratinocytes under stress conditions. Results: MPE increased the expression of keratinocyte differentiation–related genes, including involucrin (IVL), keratin 10 (KRT10), transglutaminase 1 (TGM1), filaggrin (FLG), caspase 14 (CASP14), and calpain 1 (CAPN1) and strongly promoted cornified envelope formation in a dose-dependent manner in HaCaT cells. The expression of TJ–related genes, such as claudin3 (CLDN3), claudin4 (CLDN4), claudin7 (CLDN7), occludin (OCLN), and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), was also elevated, with proteins CLDN4 and OCLN being upregulated at cell–cell junctions. In RAW 264.7 macrophages, MPE significantly reduced LPS-induced PGE2 production. Additionally, MPE suppressed 11β-HSD1 activity and improved wound closure delayed by cortisol treatment in HaCaT cells. Conclusion: These findings suggest that MPE is a potential multifunctional cosmetic ingredient that strengthens the skin barrier by promoting keratinocyte differentiation, enhancing TJ cohesion, reducing inflammation, and protecting against stress-induced damage.

目的: 本研究旨在评估薄荷提取物(MPE)的生物活性，以确定其作为皮肤屏障增强成分的潜力，并评估其作为 功能性化妆品原料的应用前景。方法: 采用70%乙醇提取薄荷叶制备MPE。通过分析人角质形成细胞中角质形 成细胞分化相关基因的表达和角质层包膜的形成来评估屏障功能。通过评估紧密连接(TJ)相关基因的表达及其 蛋白定位来分析紧密连接完整性。通过测量免疫细胞中脂多糖(LPS)诱导的前列腺素E2 (PGE2）生成、测定11β- 羟类固醇脱氢酶1型(11β-HSD1)抑制情况以及在应激条件下皮质醇延迟的角质形成细胞伤口愈合恢复情况来评 估屏障稳态。结果: MPE可增加HaCaT细胞中角质形成细胞分化相关基因的表达，包括包膜蛋白(IVL )、角蛋白 10(KRT10 )、转谷氨酰胺酶1(TGM1 )、丝聚蛋白(FLG )、半胱天冬酶14(CASP14 )和钙蛋白酶1(CAPN1 )，并以剂量 依赖的方式显著促进角质包膜的形成。紧密连接相关基因的表达，如claudin3 (CLDN3 )、claudin4 (CLDN4 )、 claudin7 (CLDN7 )、occludin (OCLN )和zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1 )的表达也升高，其中CLDN4和OCLN蛋白在 细胞间连接处表达上调。在RAW 264.7巨噬细胞中，MPE显著降低了LPS诱导的PGE2生成。此外，MPE抑制了 11β-HSD1活性，改善了HaCaT细胞中皮质醇治疗延迟引起的伤口愈合。结论: 这些研究结果表明，MPE是一种 潜在的多功能化妆品成分，它通过促进角质形成细胞分化、增强紧密连接凝聚力、减少炎症和防止应激引起的 损伤来增强皮肤屏障。

Traditionally, food packaging is used to enhance food quality and provide consumers with product descriptions. As a new type of food packaging technology, the new generation of intelligent packaging can sensitively sense changes in the environmental atmosphere of stored food, so as to make a visual response to monitor the quality and freshness of food. This work summarizes the latest research on the development, properties and applications of natural polysaccharide-based smart food packaging materials. Firstly, the intelligent packaging system and polysaccharide-based intelligent packaging are summarized, and several representative polysaccharides are introduced. Secondly, different sensing methods that can be used to detect changes in food properties, such as those based on changes in time, temperature, humidity, oxygen levels, pH, chemical composition, or microbial contamination, are described. Then, the application of polysaccharide-based intelligent packaging materials in the food industry is discussed. Finally, the challenges and future directions of polysaccharide-based intelligent food packaging are discussed.

농업비점오염에 의한 수질문제 해결을 위하여 인공습지 조성이 늘어나고 있으나 긴 체류시간과 긴 일조량 등으로 인하여 습지 내 조류 발생 등의 문제가 지속적으로 발생하고 있다. 본 연구는 농업 비점오염원관리를 위하여 조성된 인공습지의 효율을 평가하여 자연기반 능력이 향상된 고도화된 인공습지 개선방안을 제시하고자 수행되었다. 인공습지의 성능평가는 구성성분 (물, 퇴적물 및 식물)의 모니터링을 통해 구성성분이 시스템의 처리 성능에 주는 기여도 평가를 통해 수행되었다. 건기시에는 식물성 플랑크톤의 과다성장, 긴 체류시간 및 일조량 과다로 습지내 탁도 및 미립자 농도가 각각 80~197 % 및 10~ 87 % 정도 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 강우시에는 습지내 적절한 물 순환과 지속적인 물 흐름으로 미립자, 유기물 및 영양분 의 농도가 43 ~ 70 %, 22 ~ 49 %, 15 ~ 69 % 정도 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과로 볼 때 인공습지가 가진 문제해결을 위해서는 자연습지가 가진 안정적 물 흐름이 필요하다는 것을 알수 있다. 그러나 일정수심을 유지하도록 되어있는 인공습지 설계기준은 건기와 강우기가 뚜렷하게 나타나는 한국적 기후상황에 타당하지 않다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 인공습지가 가진 문제를 해결하고 홍수관리, 수질 관리 및 환경 기능을 지속적으로 유지할 수 있도록 다기능 설계기법을 개념화하였다.

Constructed wetlands (CWs) are widely used to solve water quality problems caused by diffuse pollution from agricultural areas; however, phytoplankton blooms in CW systems can occur due to long hydraulic retention time (HRT), high nutrient loading, and exposure to sunlight. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of a CW designed to treat agricultural diffuse pollution and develop a design concept to improve the nature-based capabilities of the system. Monitoring was conducted to assess contribution of individual wetland components (i.e. water, sediments, and plants) in the treatment performance of the system. During dry days, the turbidity and particulates concentration in the CW increased by 80 to 197% and 10 to 87%, respectively, due to the excessive growth of phytoplankton. On storm events, the concentration of particulates, organics, and nutrients were reduced by 43% to 70%, 22% to 49%, and 15% to 69% due to adequate water circulation and constant flushing of pollutants in the system. Based on the results, adequate water circulation is necessary to improve the performance of the CW. Free water surface CWs are usually designed to have a constant water level; however, the climate in South Korea is characterized by distinct dry and rainy seasons, which may not be suitable for this conventional design. This study presented a concept of multifunctional design in order to solve current CW design problems and improve the flood control, water quality management, and environmental functions of the facility.

The peptide sequences, GHK(Gly-His-Lys) and KTTKS(Lys-Thr-Thr-Lys-Ser), using a collagen stimulator recently were manipulated at N-terminal as a multifunctional peptide derivative with PEG (polyethyleneglycol) linker connected to gallic acid which presents anti-inflammatory activity. The multifunctional peptide derivatives were obtained in a normal peptide preparation method through SPPS(solid phase peptide synthesis) using Fmoc chemistry and a carboxyl group insertion reaction of PEG-3,4,5-triacetoxy benzoate by using potassium tert-butoxide and ethyl bromoacetate, which was separated by Sephadex DEAE. It gave a good compromise to a cosmetic application for cell cytotoxicity, anti-wrinkle, and anti-inflammation.

Aimp1 is known as a multifunctional cytokine in various cellular events. Recent study showed Aimp1 is localized in glandular epithelial, endothelial, and stromal cells in functionalis and basalis layers of the endometrium. However, the regulatory mechanism of Aimp1 in the uterus remains unknown. In the present study, we found that Aimp1 is expressed in the mouse uterus. Aimp1 transcripts were decreased at diestrus stage. However, the level of Aimp1 protein was significantly increased in the luminal epithelium in the uterine endometrium at the estrus stage during the estrous cycle. In addition, we found that the treatment of estrogen increased the expression of Aimp1 in the uterus. The treatment of estrogen increased Aimp1 expression in the uterus of ovarectomized mice. We identified one estrogen receptor binding element (ERE) on the mouse Aimp1 promoter. The activity of Aimp1 promoter was increased with estrogen treatment. Our findings indicate that Aimp1 might act as an important regulator to remodel the uterine endometrium and its expression might be regulated by estrogen during the estrous cycle. This will give us better understanding the dynamic change of uterine remodeling during the estrous cycle.

This study examines the pragmatic properties of discourse-functional like (N = 70) within segment SBC0001 of the Santa Barbara Corpus (SBC; Du Bois, 2000). Descriptive distributional results reveal that like most frequently occurred as a macro-structural Clause/Utterance Linker ([LINK], 41.4%) for floor-holding and cognitive planning. Focus Markers ([FOCUS], 24.3%) and Quotative Markers ([QUOT], 21.4%) follow as key devices for highlighting information salience and framing constructed dialogue or somatic enactments, while Approximators ([APPROX], 10.0%) and Exemplifiers ([EXEMP], 2.9%) serve as specialized scalar hedges and illustrative markers. Qualitative evidence demonstrates that these functions systematically map onto distinct syntactic environments. Far from representing vocal noise, like operates as a vital interactional resource balancing cognitive processing demands with dynamic stance-taking in natural discourse.

This study clarifies the operational and utilization characteristics of Multifunctional Small-Scale Nursing Facilities (MSNFs) in hilly/mountainous areas (MtA) compared to urban metropolitan areas (Tokyo). MSNFs were classified based on combined facility types and service provision performance, case facilities were examined for operational conditions, and travel distances of registered users were analyzed. Key findings include: 1) Standalone facilities were predominant in MtA (53.2% vs. 35.7% in metropolitan areas), whereas combined facilities in MtA exhibited dispersed annexation patterns across Types II and III (~20% each). 2) Regarding service performance, MtA facilities showed a significantly higher proportion of high-frequency home-visit care (≥ 32 times/month: 9.1% vs. 1.4% in metropolitan areas). 3) Operational case analyses revealed that wide-area shuttle transport with grouped passengers and physical corridor/floor integration with Combined Group Homes (GHs) for smooth post-service residential transitions are critical operational features in MtA. 4) Travel distance analysis demonstrated that 61.9% of registered users in MtA resided >3 km from facilities, compared to only 6.1% in Tokyo (where 51.7% resided ≤1 km). These findings indicate that MSNFs in MtA cover substantially broader geographical service areas and require spatial and operational strategies tailored to sparse, wide-area care delivery compared to urban facilities

Calreticulin (CRT) is a multifunctional ubiquitous protein that is widely presented in all cells in eukaryotes except erythrocytes. CRT is well known for diverse cellular functions such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- specialized protein quality control during protein synthesis and folding, in-vivo Ca2+ homeostasis, antigen presentation, phagocytosis, wound-healing, proliferation, adhesion, and migration of cells. In the current study, we identified CRT from Hippocampus abdominalis (HaCRT) and analyzed expression profiles and functional properties. The cDNA sequence of HaCRT was identified with an open reading frame of 1226 bp. The molecular weight of HaCRT was estimated as 49 kDa. The in-silico study revealed conserved sequence arrangements such as two CRT signature motifs (5′-KHEQSIDCGGGYVKVF-3′ and 5′ -LMFGPDICG-3′ ), triplicate repeats (5′ -IKDPEAKKPEDWD- 3′ , 5′-IPDPDDTKPEDWD-3′ , 5′-IPDPDAKKPDDWD-3′ ), signal peptide and an ER-targeting 5′ - KDEL-3′ sequence of HaCRT. Close sequence similarity of HaCRT was observed with Hippocampus comes from phylogenetic analysis and pairwise sequence comparison. From quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) results, HaCRT was ubiquitously distributed in all tested tissues and expression levels of HaCRT were significantly modulated in blood, liver and gill tissues after stimulation with Streptococcus iniae, Edwardsiella tarda, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, and lipopolysaccharides. Bacterial- and pathogen-associated molecular patternsbinding activities were observed with recombinant HaCRT (rHaCRT). The treatment of murine macrophages with rHaCRT induced the expression of immune genes, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL- 6), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Furthermore, rHaCRT exhibited woundhealing ability. Based on the results from the above study, we suggest that HaCRT play an indispensable role in the immunity of big-belly seahorses by recognition and elimination of pathogens as well as the tissue repairing process.

목적: 식용 곤충은 우수한 생리활성을 지닌 지속가능한 바이오 자원으로 주목받고 있다. 본 연구는 자원 업사이클링 및 친환경적 화장품 소재 발굴을 위해 쌍별귀뚜라미G(ryllus bimaculatus) 유래 오일(GBO)의 항산화 및 항염증 활성을 분석하고, 지속 가능하며 친환경적인 화장품 에몰리언트 소재로서의 활용 가능성을 평가하고자 하였다. 방법: 쌍별귀뚜라미를 절식, 세척, 건조한 후, 대기압조건 및 120℃에서 스크류 프레스를 이용하여 오일을 압착 추출하였다. 쌍별귀뚜라미 오일의 지방산 조성은 GC/MS를 이용하여 분석하였고, 항산화 활성은 총 폴리페놀 함량(TPC), 총 플라보노이드 함량(TFC), DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성을 측정하여 평가하였다. 결과: 세포생존율 및 항염증 활성은 다양한 농도의 쌍별귀뚜라미 오일을 처리한 RAW 264.7 세포에서 세포 생존율과 산화질소(NO) 생성 및 전염증성 세포전달물질 억제 능력을 통해 검증하였다. 쌍별귀뚜라미 오일은 9.7%의 수율을 보였으며, 풍부한 불포화 지방산 조성을 나타냈다. 쌍별귀뚜라미 오일의 6대 주요 지방산은 올레산(30.8%), 팔미트산(27.7%), 리놀레산(26.8%), 스테아르산(8.7%), 팔미톨레산(2.1%), 미리스틱산(1.02%)이었다. 쌍별귀뚜라미 오일은 농도 의존적인 방식으로 NO 생성과 전염증성 세포전달물질을 유의미하게 감소시켰으며, 특히 높은 총 폴리페놀 함량과 함께 우수한 DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성을 나타내 높은 항산화력을 나타냈다. 결론: 쌍별귀뚜라미 오일은 항산화 효능, 제형 안정화 효과 및 피부 생리학적 보호 기능을 제공하는 다기능성 화장품성분으로서, 고기능성 코스메슈티컬 제재 적용을 위한 유망 바이오 소재가 될 수 있음을 시사한다.

Purpose: Recent research has recognized edible insects as sustainable, high-performance bioresources for advanced functional cosmetic applications. The present study aimed to analyze the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of two-spotted cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) oil (GBO) to support resource-circulating economic practices and evaluate its potential as a sustainable, eco-friendly cosmetic emollient. Methods: The crickets were starved, washed, dried, and then their oil was extracted with a screw press at 120°C under atmospheric pressure. The fatty acid composition of GBO was analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by examining the inhibitory effect on NO production and proinflammatory cytokine levels in RAW 264.7 cells at various concentrations of GBO. Results: The extracted GBO showed a yield of 9.7% and a rich profile of unsaturated fatty acids. The six major fatty acids identified in GBO were oleic (30.8%), palmitic (27.7%), linoleic (26.8%), stearic (8.7%), palmitoleic (2.1%), and myristic (1.02%) acids. GBO attenuated NO production and proinflammatory cytokine levels in a concentration-dependent manner and exhibited high TPCs and robust DPPH scavenging. Conclusion: As a multifunctional cosmetic ingredient that provides antioxidant efficacy, formulation-stabilizing benefits, and physiological protection, GBO represents a promising bioresource for advanced cosmeceutical applications.

目的: 食用昆虫作为具有优异生物活性的可持续生物资源而备受关注。本研究旨在通过分析双斑蟋(Gryllus bimaculatus )衍生油(GBO)的抗氧化及抗炎活性，以实现资源升级再利用并开发环保型化妆品原料，从而评估 其作为可持续且环保的化妆品润肤剂原料的应用前景。方法: 将双斑蟋进行禁食、清洗和干燥处理后，在大气压 条件及120°C下，利用螺旋压榨机压榨提取得到油脂。利用GC/MS分析双斑蟋油的脂肪酸组成；通过测定总多酚 含量(TPC)、总黄酮含量(TFC)以及DPPH和ABTS自由基清除活性来评估其抗氧化活性。结果: 细胞存活率和抗炎 活性是通过在处理了不同浓度双斑蟋油的RAW 264.7细胞中，检测细胞存活率、一氧化氮(NO)生成量以及促炎 介质抑制能力来进行验证的。双斑蟋油的得率为9.7%，并表现出丰富的不饱和脂肪酸组成。双斑蟋油的六大主 要脂肪酸分别为：油酸(30.8%)、棕榈酸(27.7%)、亚油酸(26.8%)、硬脂酸(8.7%)、棕榈油酸(2.1%)和肉豆蔻酸 (1.02%)。双斑蟋油以浓度依赖性方式显著减少了NO的生成和促炎介质的释放，特别是其具有较高的总多酚含 量以及优异的DPPH自由基清除活性，展现出极高的抗氧化能力。结论: 双斑蟋油作为一种兼具抗氧化功效、配 方稳定效果和皮肤生理保护功能的多功能化妆品成分，有望成为应用于高功能性药妆制剂的极具前景的生物原 料。

본 연구는 단일 부처 중심의 단편적 기능 기반 정원도시 정책이 확산되는 현 시점에서, 정원도시가 해결해야 할 현대 도시 문제를 규명하고, 이를 효과적으로 해결하기 위해 정원도시가 수행해야 할 다원적 기능을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 89명의 전문가를 대상으로 인식조사를 실시하였으며, 수집된 데이터는 t-검정, 계층분석법(AHP), 중요도-만족도 분석(IPA), 다중회귀분석 등의 통계 기법을 활용하여 분석하였다. 주요 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 정원도시는 환경 문제 해결에 기여할 수 있는 효과적인 도시 모델로 인식되고 있다. 전문가들은 정원도시가 기후변화 및 생물다양성 감소와 같은 환경 문제가 심화되는 상황에서 정원도시가 이러한 문제 해결에 중요한 역할을 수행할 것으로 기대하고 있으며, 특히 기후위기로 인한 이상기후 현상의 증가가 정원도시와 가장 밀접히 관련된 도시 문제로 평가되었다. 둘째, 정원도시 정책 수립 시 '자연' 속성이 가장 중요한 요소로 고려되어야 한다는 전문가들의 인식이 확인되었다. 이는 정원도시 정책이 시민들의 일상과 밀접하게 연계된 친환경 녹색인프라 구축을 핵심 요소로 포함해야 함을 시사한다. 셋째, 정원도시 정책의 목표와 전략을 수립할 때 공통적으로 고려해야 할 핵심 기능 요소가 도출되었다. 전문가들은 국내 정원도시 정책이 기후위기 적응 및 완화, 동·식물 생물다양성 보전 및 증진, 도시 소속감 및 공동체 의식 강화, 정원도시 관련 전문인력 양성과 연구·개발 활성화 등을 중점적으로 반영해야 한다고 인식하는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 도시 유형별로 정원도시 정책에서 우선적으로 구현해야 할 기능적 중요도에 차이가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 수도권 및 광역지자체에서는 정신 건강 증진과 정주 환경 개선이, 지방 중소도시에서는 정주 환경 및 도시 미관 개선과 정원 문화에 대한 시민 인식 제고가, 신도시에서는 건강 증진과 기후위기 완화를 위한 탄소흡수원 확충이 상대적으로 중요한 기능 요소로 인식되었다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로, 향후 중앙정부 차원의 정원도시 지원사업은 도시 유형별 특성을 반영한 차별화된 정책 설계를 필요로 하며, 이를 통해 정원도시의 다원적 기능을 극대화하고 지속가능한 도시 발전을 도모할 수 있을 것이다.

This study aims to identify the urban challenges that garden cities must address in the contemporary context, where government agencies are promoting fragmented and function-oriented garden city policies. Furthermore, it seeks to analyze the multifunctional roles that garden cities must fulfill to effectively tackle these challenges. To achieve this, a perception survey was conducted with 89 experts, and the collected data were analyzed using statistical techniques, including t-tests, analytic hierarchy process (AHP), importance-performance analysis (IPA), and multiple regression analysis. The key findings of this study are as follows. First, garden cities are recognized as an effective urban model for addressing environmental issues and are expected to play a crucial role in mitigating environmental challenges, such as climate change and biodiversity loss. In particular, the increasing frequency of climate-induced extreme weather events was identified as the urban issue most closely related to garden cities. Second, experts highlighted that the 'nature' attribute should be the most critical factor in garden city policy formulation. This suggests that the development of garden city policies should prioritize the integration of eco-friendly green infrastructure that is closely linked to citizens' daily lives. Third, the essential functional elements that must be commonly considered in setting the goals and strategies of garden city policies were identified. Experts emphasized that national garden city policies should primarily focus on climate crisis adaptation and mitigation, conservation, enhancing plant and animal biodiversity, strengthening urban identity and community engagement, and fostering specialized human resources and R&D activities related to garden cities. Fourth, the relative importance of garden city functions varies by urban type. In metropolitan areas and large cities, the enhancement of mental health and the improvement of residential environments were considered key priorities. In small and medium-sized cities, improving the quality and the residential environment, enhancing urban aesthetics, and raising the public awareness of garden culture were emphasized. In new towns, expanding carbon sinks for climate crisis mitigation and promoting public health were identified as relatively more important functions. Based on these findings, future national garden city support programs should adopt differentiated policy designs that reflect the characteristics of each urban type. This approach would help maximize the multifunctionality of garden cities and contribute to sustainable urban development.

This study aimed to clarify the multifunctional services and space composition in the process of developing a multifunctional long-term care program in small elderly care facilities in Japan. We collected data about multifunctional long-term care at small facilities from the Community Life Support Center (CLC), a Japanese non-profit corporation, and conducted an interview survey of the members of the CLC’s secretariat in 2014. Furthermore, we selected 3 Japanese pioneering care facilities (known as takurosho), and conducted interview surveys and data collection to clarify in detail the space composition and process of development of multifunctional long-term care at small facilities. Four distinct results were found. First, the facilities had gradually increased non-institutional services, including visitation, overnight stays, and long-term stays, to fit the needs of users and their families. Secondly, in the 1990s, they could offer both non-institutional and institutional services at the same facility, but after the long-term care insurance system began in 2000, non-institutional long-term stay services were not allowed. Third, the facilities had built extensions or extra rooms in response to increases in multifunctional services and users. These rooms had common characteristics, with sitting rooms at the center of the facility. Lastly, the maximum number of service users at each of the 3 facilities was limited to 15, to maintain a small scale. However, as the size of facilities was increased through building extensions or remodeling, the overall amount of area available to users increased.

본 연구는 공동주택 지하공간이 단순 부속시설이 아닌 스마트와 안전이 결합된 커뮤니티 공간으로 재인식되어야 할 필요 성을 기반으로, 공동주택 지하공간의 다기능화 및 사용자 중심 통합 디자인 전략을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 크게 범죄예방디자인(CPTED) · 재해 예방 요소와 스마트 인프라 연계의 발전 현황을 디자인 관점에서 함께 분석하 여 사용자 행태 기반 디자인 접근의 중요성을 제시하고자 하였다. 따라서 먼저 국내외 관련 문헌과 최신 사례 분석을 통 해 지하공간의 다기능화 및 복합화 경향을 도출하고, 사용자 중심 환경 디자인 요소를 분석하였다. 그리고 이를 구체적인 통합 디자인 방향의 측면에서 종합화하여, 안전 및 심리적 안전성 확보 디자인 전략, 환경 · 설비 및 재해 예방 디자인 전 략, 동선 · 가시화 및 커뮤니티 디자인 전략, 사용자 피드백 기반의 순환형 디자인 전략의 4가지를 공동주택 지하공간을 위한 사용자 행태 기반 디자인 핵심 전략으로 도출하였다. 본 연구는 향후 공동주택 지하공간을 스마트 기반과 디자인이 복합된 커뮤니티 플랫폼으로 발전시키기 위한 공간디자인의 학문적 · 실무적 접근 방향을 제공한 점에서 의의가 있다.

This study aims to propose strategies for multifunctionalization and user-centered integrated design of underground spaces in apartment complexes, based on the necessity to reassess these spaces not merely as auxiliary facilities but as community spaces combining smart technology and safety. To this end, the study analyzes the current status of crime prevention design (CPTED), disaster prevention elements, and smart infrastructure integration from a design perspective, highlighting the importance of a behavior-based design approach. First, domestic and international literature and recent case studies were reviewed to identify trends in the multifunctionalization and complexification of underground spaces and to analyze user -centered environmental design elements. These findings were then synthesized into concrete integrated design directions, resulting in four core user behavior-based design strategies for underground spaces in apartment complexes : design strategies ensuring safety and psychological security, environmental and facility/disaster prevention design strategies, circulation, visibility, and community design strategies, and a feedback loop-based user-centered design strategy. This study is significant in that it provides both academic and practical design approaches to advancing underground spaces in apartment complexes into smart, design-integrated community platforms.

Electrospinning, as one of the nano technologies for synthesizing nanofiber, is widely used in filtration, thermal insulation, protective clothing, sensors, conducting devices, and other fields due to its simple equipment, low cost and easy manipulation. The electrospun fibers have small diameter, high porosity, excellent pore interconnectivity, large specific surface area, easy surface modification, polymer chain functionalization and other advantages. Therefore, in this study, electrospinning technology was employed to synthesize multifunctional composite nanofiber membrane(polyacrylonitrile/fly ash/polyacrylonitrile, PAN/FA/AgNO3), which has the ability to remove volatile organic compounds(VOCs) and heavy metals; moreover, the membrane also has excellent antibacterial ability. This research result provides an important reference value for broadening the application of electrospinning technology in the field of air and water filtration in the future.

This study deduces, compares and analyzes various planning elements that should be considered in the development of a site for a multifunctional city that is expected to play a pivotal role in the Saemangeum Seawall Project. Planning elements included concerned parties in study organizations, private companies, government employees and residents of nearby areas that could all be called neutral and a comparison of their relative importance was made using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The result of the analysis showed that the issue that should be rated as the most important in the creation of the site for a multifunctional city in Saemangeum was its economical aspect. In terms of detail, an evaluation of project feasibility, choice of development scale and actualization in the procurement of funds were found to be important elements. Following the economical aspect, the physical planning aspect was shown to be the next most important. In terms of the physical planning of the development of the multifunctional city site where detailed plans were important, the planning of a road network was shown to be the most important. In terms of the social aspect, it can be said that flexible development that takes into consideration various aspects is important. The significance of this study lies in the extrapolation of various elements that should be considered in the creation of a multifunctional city site making up a part of the Saemangeum Project and quantitatively assessing their importance. It is judged that the level of importance of planning elements that have been extrapolated can be used as an indicator for assessing the various alternatives that will be proposed during the project’s undertaking.