Earticle

Purpose: This study was aimed to investigate the differences in the co-contraction index of ankle muscles’ activities and proposed the rehabilitation methods in terms of special physical education based on the clinical findings. Methods: A total of ten participants (5 stroke patients and 5 normal adults) were participated in this study. Their two ankle muscles (tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles) were measured by electromyography (EMG) during the gait cycle and then, the muscle activities were calculated as a co-contraction index (CCI). Finally, the indexes between stroke patients and normal adults were compared. Results: As a result, CCI during the stance phase in the gait cycle was significantly higher in stroke patients than normal adults (p=.047). In addition, each group showed a significant difference in CCI between the stance and swing phase through within-group analysis (p=.043). Conclusion: In this study, stroke patients showed a higher CCI during the gait cycle, especially, in the stance phase. In conclusion, when considering the higher CCI would provide double-sidedness; 1) a demerit is the higher CCI would decrease in the mobility of ankle joint, whereas, 2) a merit is to increase in the stability of the ankle joint to protect fall-down, I proposed that as a lower-extremity rehabilitation method, sports activity, and aerobic exercise, using an online virtual reality technology will be necessary to ensure the safety of sports game as well as the enjoyment to maximize the quality of post-stroke life. Therefore, professionals in the field of special physical education should actively enlarge their education and development skills to the field of new biotechnology.

This study was to determine the effects of robot rehabilitation on motor function and gait in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and the effect of robot type. Inclusion criteria were children with any type of CP, robot re-habilitation studies, non-robot rehabilitation comparison groups, out-comes related to motor function and gait, and randomized controlled trials. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and Web of Sci-ence databases were searched. Risk of bias was assessed using phys-iotherapy evidence database. Seven studies with a total of 228 partici-pants were selected. Motor function was significantly improved in three studies comparing robot rehabilitation and control groups (standard mean difference [SMD], 0.79; 95% confidence intervals [CIs], 0.34–1.24; I2=73%). Gait was not significantly improved in five studies comparing robot rehabilitation and control groups (SMD, 0.27; 95% CI, -0.09 to 0.63; I2=45%). When comparing effects by robot type, robotic-assisted gate training (RAGT) showed significant improvements in both motor func-tion (SMD, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.36–1.43; I2=77%) and gait (SMD, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.12–1.11; I2=44%). Robot rehabilitation effectively improved motor function, and among the robot types, RAGT was found to be effective in improving motor function and gait.

Brain inflammation is involved in many brain disorders, such as brain ischemic injury, Alzheimer diseases, and Parkinson disease. Physical exercise has been recommended for the prevention and treatment of many brain inflammatory diseases. In the present study, the effects of exercise on motor function in relation with apoptotic neuronal cell death following neuroinflammation were investigated. Moreover, we compared the effect of forced exercise with voluntary exercise on neu-roinflammation-induced motor malfunction. For this study, rota-rod test, vertical pole test, foot fault test, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, immunohistochemis-try for caspase-3, and western blot for Bcl-2 and Bax were performed. Lipopolysaccharide was intraventricular infused for induction of brain inflammation. Treadmill exercise and wheel exercise were conducted during 6 weeks. In the present results, Treadmill exercise and wheel ex-ercise alleviated brain inflammation-induced motor impairments by suppressing apoptotic neuronal cell death in the motor cortex. These effects of treadmill exercise and wheel exercise were similarly ap-peared.

목적 : 본 연구는 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 아동(Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; ADHD)의 타 이밍과 운동기능 및 실행기능의 상관관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 연구 대상은 부산 지역에 거주하며, ADHD 진단을 받은 만 6~12세 아동 32명을 대상으로 하였다. 연구도구는 타이밍 기능 평가를 위해 상호작용식 메트로놈, 운동기능을 평가하기 위해 Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of motor proficiency, Second edition(BOT-2), 그리고 실행기능 평가를 위해 스트룹 아동 색상 단어 검사와 아동 색 선로 검사를 실시하였다. 타이밍과 운동기능 및 실행기능과의 상관관계를 알아보기 위해 상관분석을 사용해 분석하였다. 결과 : ADHD 아동의 타이밍과 운동기능과의 상관관계를 알아본 결과, 타이밍과 BOT-2 영역 중 미세한 손의 조절, 신체 협응에서 음의 상관관계가 있었다. BOT-2 하위 영역에서는 미세 운동 정확성, 양측 협응과 음의 상관관계가 있었다(p<.05). ADHD 아동의 타이밍 기능과 실행기능과의 상관관계를 알아본 결과, 타이밍과 스트룹 아동 색상 단어 검사의 단어 점수와 아동 색 선로 검사의 Children’s Color Trails Test(CCTT)-1 점 수에서 음의 상관관계가 있었다(p<.05). 결론 : 본 연구의 결과를 통해 타이밍과 운동 및 실행기능의 상관관계를 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 타이밍 평가를 통해 ADHD 아동의 운동기능과 실행기능을 예측할 수 있을 것이다.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between timing and motor function and between timing and executive function in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD). Methods: The subjects were 32 children with ADHD aged between 6 and 12. The study tool used Interactive Metronome(IM) for the timing, Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of motor proficiency, Second edition(BOT-2) for the motor functions, and STROOP color and word test and Children’s Color Trails Test(CCTT) for the executive functions. A correlation analysis was conducted to analyze the relationship between timing and motor function and between timing and executive function. Results: Examining the correlation between the timing and the motor functions of the ADHD children, there was a negative correlation between the fine manual control and the body coordination of composite in the BOT-2 (p<.05). And there was a negative correlation between the fine motor precision and bilateral coordination of subtest in the BOT-2. Examining the correlation between the timing and the executive functions of the ADHD children, there was a negative correlation between the word score in the STROOP color and word test (p<.05), and CCTT-1 in the Children’s color trails test (p<.05). Conclusion: The results of this study confirmed the relationship between timing and motor function and between timing and executive function. Timing evaluation can predict the motor functions and executive functions of children with ADHD.

목적: 본 연구는 감각통합기반 중재가 발달지연 및 장애 아동의 운동기능에 미치는 효과를 체계적으로 검토하고, 메타분석을 통해 검증하고자 하였다. 방법: PRISMA 2020 지침에 따라 국내외 학술 데이터베이스(KISS, RISS, PubMed, CINAHL 등)에서 2014년부 터 2025년까지 발표된 문헌을 검색하였다. 포함 기준은 발달지연, 자폐스펙트럼장애, 뇌성마비, Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 아동을 대상으로 한 연구 중 감각통합이론에 기반한 중재를 적용하고, 운동기능 향상을 주요 결과로 제시한 무작위 대조군 실험연구였다. 최종적으로 12편이 선정되었으며, Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool for randomized trials을 이용해 연구의 질을 평가하고, 무선효과모형을 적용하여 효과크기(Hedges’ g), 이질성(I2), 출판편향(Funnel plot, Egger 회귀검정, Trim-and-Fill, Orwin 의 Fail-safe N)을 분석하였다. 결과: 전체 효과크기는 중등도에서 큰 수준의 효과(g = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.73-1.01, p < 0.001, I2 = 37.60%)로 확인되었다. 하위분석에서는 대근육(g = 0.92)과 전체운동(g = 0.83)에서 뚜렷한 효과가 확인되었으며, 진단군별로는 발달지연(g = 1.42)과 뇌성마비(g = 1.27) 아동에서 가장 큰 효과가 나타났다. 또한 중재기간이 5주 이상, 세션 시간이 60분 이상일 때 안정적이고 일관된 효과가 확인되었다. 출판편향 검정에서도 왜곡 가능성은 나타나지 않았다. 결론: 감각통합기반 중재는 발달지연 및 장애 아동의 운동기능 증진에 효과적인 접근으로 확인되었으며, 특히 대근육과 전반적 운동기능 향상에 두드러진 효과를 보였다. 그러나 포함 문헌 수의 제한, 평가도구의 이질성, 연구 지역 편중으로 인해 결과의 일반화에는 주의가 필요하다. 향후 연구에서는 표준화된 감각⋅운동 평가도구와 신경생리학적 지표를 병행한 무작위 대조군 실험연구가 요구된다.

Objective: This study reviewed and meta-analyzed the effects of sensory integration–based interventions on motor function in children with developmental delays and disabilities. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, four databases (KISS, RISS, PubMed, CINAHL) were searched for RCTs (2010-2024) involving children with developmental delay, ASD, CP, or ADHD. Twelve studies were included. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool. A random-effects model estimated effect sizes (Hedges’ g), heterogeneity (I2), and publication bias. Results: The overall pooled effect size was moderate to large (g = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.73-1.01, p < 0.001, I2 = 37.60%). Subgroup analyses showed effects in gross motor (g = 0.92) and total motor outcomes (g = 0.83). By diagnosis, the largest effects were observed in developmental delay (g = 1.42) and cerebral palsy (g = 1.27). In addition, more consistent effects were observed when intervention duration was ≥ 5 weeks and session time was ≥ 60 minutes. No publication bias was detected. Conclusion: Sensory integration–based interventions improve motor function, particularly gross and total motor outcomes. However, caution is needed when generalizing findings due to limited studies and heterogeneous assessment tools. Future research should use standardized assessments in well-designed RCTs.

목적 : 본 연구에서는 뇌졸중 환자에게 손상측 손의 주먹 쥐기 동작을 실시하여 동측 경상 운동 발현 유무를 확인하고, 동측 경상 운동과 손상측 상지 기능의 관계를 비교해 보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 2개의 전자 악력계를 이용하여 손상측 손으로 대상자가 할 수 있는 최대의 힘으로 주먹 쥐기를 10초 동안 유지하는 것을 시행한 후 동측 경상 운동을 측정하고, 동측 경상 운동의 유무에 따라서 경상 운동이 나타나는 환자군 15명과 경상 운동이 나타나지 않는 환자군 15명으로 구분하였다. 경상 운동의 유무에 따른 손상측상지의 기능을 비교하기 위해서 퍼글-마이어 평가, 퍼듀 페그보드 검사, 악력 측정을 실시하였다. 결과 : 동측 경상 운동이 나타나는 환자군과 경상 운동이 나타나지 않는 환자군의 집단 간의 손상측 상지 기능의 비교에서 퍼글-마이어 평가, 퍼듀 페그보드 검사, 악력 모두에서 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 동측 경상 운동이 나타나는 환자군이 경상 운동이 나타나지 않는 환자군보다 상지의 전반적인 기능에서 좋지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 뇌졸중 이후에 나타나는 동측 경상 운동은 상지 기능에 좋지 않은 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있고, 운동 결함이 있는 동측 경상 운동이 나타나는 환자에서 뇌졸중 이후 회복 과정의 임상적 양상을 알 수 있다. 따라서 뇌졸중 환자의 평가와 치료에 있어서 동측 경상 운동을 고려해야 하며, 앞으로 뇌졸중 환자에서 경상 운동의 지속적인 평가와 치료적 중재에 관한 연구가 필요할 것이다.

Objective : Ipsilateral mirror movements (MMs) are involuntary movements of one limb during voluntary unilateral movements of the opposite limb. MM decreases in the course of motor development, but may reappear in adults suffering from brain damage after a stroke. The purpose of this study is to measure MM and compare the relationship between ipsilateral MM and the motor function of the affected upper extremity in stroke patients. Methods : Fifteen stroke patients with MM and fifteen stroke patients without MM were selected for this study. Two dynamometers were used during a squeezing task in order to measure the intended movements from the active hand as well as MM from the opposite hand. The upper extremity's motor function was measured using Fugl-Meyer Assesment (FMA), Purdue Pegboard Test (Purdue), and grip strength. Results : There was a significant difference in the upper extremity's motor function according to FMA, Purdue, and grip strength, depending on the presence of MM. The motor deficit of patients with MM was significantly greater than that of patients without MM. Conclusion : The findings show that stroke patients with MM have a significant motor deficit. The observation of ipsilateral hand MMs with greater motor deficit may suggest that these MMs represent a clinical sign of the restorative processes after a stroke. Therefore, the evaluation of MM can be useful for the assessment and treatment of stroke patients. Further studies are needed to attempt temporal assessments and develop a treatment intervention of MM after a stroke

본 연구는 부상경험군이 경기 복귀 후 재부상 불안과 하지 운동 기능에 어떠한 차이가 있는지를 분석하는데 연구의 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여, G지역 대학에 소속된 축구선수 25명을 연구 대상으로 정상군 12명과 부상 경험군 13명으로 구분하였고, 비 침습형 뇌파 측정과 등속성 근기능 측정, 그리고 하지 운동기능 측정법 인 Side hop test, One leg hop test, Triple hop test로 측정하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 안정시 FAS에서는 그룹간 차이가 없었지만, 부상 유발 불안 상황에서 부상경험군의 FAS가 높았다. 둘째, 정상군과 부상경험군의 하지 등속성 근기능의 차이는 각속도 60°/sec과, 180°/sec 모두에서 차이가 없었다. 셋째, 정상군과 부상경험군의 One leg hop test와 Triple hop test에서 는 차이가 없었지만, Side hop test에서는 부상경험군의 기능이 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 부상경험군의 FAS 변화량이 높을수록 Side hop test 기능은 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과는 부상경험군의 재부상 불안은 다소 높지만 이것이 하지 근기능과 운동기능에 영향을 주지 않았다. 하지만 사이드 움직임에 대한 기능은 다소 떨어짐을 확인하였다.

This study analyzes the difference between injury anxiety and lower limb motor function after returning to the game. The purpose is to do so. To this end, 25 soccer players belonging to a university in the G area were divided into 12 normal groups and 13 injury experiences groups, and non-invasive EEG measurement equipment, muscle function measurement equipment, and lower extremity exercise function measurement equipment were measured by side hop test, one leg hop test, and triple hop test. The results of the study are as follows. First, there was no difference between the groups in the FAS at rest, but the FAS of the injury-experienced group was high in the situation of injury-induced anxiety. Second, there was no difference in the lower extremity muscle function between the normal group and the injury-experienced group in both 60°/sec and 180°/sec angular velocity. Third, there was no difference in the One leg hop test and the Triple hop test of the normal group and the injury-experienced group, but the function of the injury-experienced group was found to be inferior in the side hop test. Fourth, the higher the amount of FAS change in the injury-experienced group, the lower the side hop test function. As a result of the above, the re-injury anxiety of the injury-experienced group was somewhat high, but this did not affect the muscle and motor function of the lower extremities. However, it was confirmed that the function of the side movement was somewhat inferior.

목적 : 로봇을 이용한 과제 지향적인 치료가 뇌졸중 환자의 상지 운동기능과 ADL 수행능력에 어떤 효과가 있는지 체계적 고찰과 메타분석을 실시하여 검증하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 1980년부터 2015년 12월까지 발표된 국외 RCT연구들 중에서 과제와 함께 이루어지는 상지 로봇 재활치료를 대상으로 분석을 실시했다. EMBASE, Ovid-Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, Cochran CENTRAL을 통해 문헌검색과 선별을 실시했고, SIGN으로 질평가를, GRADE로 근거의 수준을 마련했다. Cochrane collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias로 편향을 측정하고, RevMan 5.3 으로 메타분석을 실시했다. 개별 연구들의 대상자 수, 중재 전-후 평균값, 표준편차 등을 자료합성에 사용하였다. 결과 : 12편의 연구가 최종 선정되었고 실험군의 대상자수는 총 341명(남성 235명, 여성 106명), 연령은 60.50±5.51세의 분포를 보였다. 대조군의 경우 대상자수가 모두 301명(남성 207명, 여성 94명)이었고 58.55±17.1의 연령대를 보였다. 운동기능 전체의 효과크기는 2.63, FMA가 2.98, BB 2.25로 기능증진에 효과가 있었고, ADL 수행능력에서는 FIM(3.04)을 제외하고 효과가 없었다. 결론 : 과제기반의 로봇상지재활치료는 뇌졸중 환자의 상지 운동기능과 ADL 수행능력에 전반적인 효과를 줄 수 있다. 장기적인 관점에서 효과가 있는지 결과변수에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

Objective: This study is aimed at finding the effects of task-oriented robot-assisted therapy for stroke patients in terms of the motor function of the upper extremities and ADL performance based on a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: RCTs were identified through a database search of MBASE, Ovid-Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, and Cochran CENTRAL from 1980 to December 2015, and through additional manual searches. Meta-analyses were separately conducted in terms of the motor function of the subjects' upper extremities and ADL performance. A quality assessment was conducted using SIGN, the level of evidence was reviewed based on GRADE, and the risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane collaboration tool. The statistical heterogeneities were also investigated, and RevMan 5.3 was used for a Meta analysis covering the averages and standard deviations. Results: Twelve studies were selected and reviewed. The overall task-oriented robot-assisted therapy group was made up of 341 participants (235 male, 106 female) with an average age of 60.50±5.51. The control subjects totaled 301 (207 male, 94 female, with an average age of 58.55±17.1). The improvement in the entire motor function of their upper extremities showed a statistical significance (mean difference, 0.34; 95% CI, -0.30 to 4.38; p<.05; I2=65.0%) with an FMA of 2.98 (mean difference, 2.10; 95% CI, 0.72 to 3.48; p<.05; I2=52.0%), BB of 2.25 (mean difference, 2.34; 95% CI, 0,30 to 4.38; p<.05; I2=28.0%), and FIM of 3.04 (mean difference, 4.14; 95% CI, -1.47 to 6.80; p<.05; I2=73.0%). However, their WMFT, overall ADL performance, ABILHAN, and MAL did not reach a level of statistical significance. Conclusion: Task-oriented robot-assisted therapy was shown to have a positive possibility for the recovery of stroke survivors, particularly in the motor function of their upper extremities and ADL performance. Further research will be needed to ground the evidence and support the clinical use of task-oriented robot-assisted therapy.

This study aimed to identify the effect of a high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the depression and motor function in patients with stroke. Thirty subjects with post-stroke hemiparesis volunteered to participate in this study. All subjects underwent the high frequency rTMS for averaging 20 minutes daily for 4 weeks (total of 20 sessions). Assessment tools were made with Beck depression index (BDI) and Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) before and after the 4-week training period. BDI and FMA showed significant improvement after high frequency rTMS (p<0.05). This study demonstrates that a high frequency rTMS may be favorable for enhancing depression and motor function of patients with stroke. This study provides valuable information for future studies in this field. Further studies with wider range of subjects and longer experiment span are required to strengthen the results of this study.

This study aimed to identify the effect of a trunk stability exercise using visual feedback on the motor function, balance and activities of daily living (ADL) in patients with acute stroke. eleven subjects with post-stroke hemiparesis volunteered to participate in this study. All subjects underwent the trunk stability exercise for averaging 20 minutes daily for 4 weeks (total of 20 sesions). Assessment tools were made with Fugl-Meyer assessment scale (FMA), Berg balance scale (BBS), timed up and go test (TUG) and modified Barthel index (MBI) before and after the 4-week training period. FMA, BBS, TUG and MBI showed significant improvement after trunk stability exercise using visual feedback (p<0.05). This study demonstrates that a turnk stability exercise using visual feedback may be favorable for enhancing motor function, balance and ADL of patients with acute stroke. This study provides valuable information for future studies in this field. Further studies with wider range of subjects and longer experiment span are required to strengthen the results of this study.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the static and dynamic bal-ance and body activities after administering a trunk stability exercise program using a sling for children with spastic cerebral palsy of Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels III–IV. This study was conducted based on a quasi-experimental study design. Six of the study participants were assigned to the control group and six were as-signed to the experimental group using simple random sampling. Both groups underwent a double-blind clinical trial study in which exercise therapy was performed for 40 min twice a week for 8 weeks. The exper-imental group underwent the sling exercise program and the control group underwent neuro-developmental treatment. The results showed that static and dynamic balance were significantly different before and after intervention in both the experimental and control groups (P<0.05), and there was also a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Gross motor function and activities of daily life showed significant improvement before and after intervention in the ex-perimental group (P<0.05), but there was no statistically significant dif-ference in the control group (P<0.05). There was a statistically signifi-cant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Therefore, the sling exercise program can be used as an effective treatment for improving balance and physical activity in children with cerebral palsy of GMFCS levels III–IV who have difficulty walking. In addition, such exercise will have a positive impact on the independence of such children and help them to participate in social activities.

목적 : 본 연구는 아동의 운동기능과 운동협응의 능력을 측정하고 운동장애의 진단을 위해 사용하고 있는 Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2(Movement ABC-2)를 국내 아동에게 적용하기 위 해 타당도와 신뢰도를 알아보고자 한 것이다. 연구방법 : 연구에 참여한 대상자는 선정기준을 만족한 총 87명을 대상으로 하였다. 타당도와 신뢰도 검증 에 앞서 국외에서 개발된 Movement ABC-2의 평가지와 매뉴얼 번역을 실시하였다. 타당도는 내용타 당도와 동시타당도, 판별타당도 검증을 실시하였다. 신뢰도는 내적일치도, 검사-재검사 신뢰도 검증을 실시하였다. 결과 : 내용타당도는 평균 I-CVI가 .93으로 나타났으며, 동시타당도는 BOT-2 short form과 백분위의 상관관계를 비교한 결과 .795으로 양의 상관관계를 확인할 수 있었다. BOT-2와의 영역 간 상관관계는 조준 및 잡기(aiming & catching), 균형(balance) 영역에서 비슷한 과제가 포함된 영역 간에 유의한 양 의 상관관계가 나타났다. 판별타당도는 성별, 연령별 차이를 비교한 결과, 성별에서는 모든 항목이 유의 한 차이가 나타나지 않았으며, 연령별 차이에서는 ‘매트위에서 점프하기’를 제외하고 유의한 차이를 확인 할 수 있었다. 내적일치도는 Cronbach’s α 값이 .577의 수준을 보였으며, 검사-재검사 신뢰도는 .766 의 수준이었다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 Movement ABC-2가 국내아동에게 사용하기에 타당한 검사도구임을 검증하였으 며, 국내 치료사 및 임상가가 사용하기에 신뢰할 수 있는 도구임을 검증하였다. 이는 추후 Movement ABC-2의 다양한 활용을 기대할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Objective: This study aims to determine the validity and reliability of Movement ABC-2. Methods: The study included a total of 87 people who met the inclusion criteria. Prior to validation of validity and reliability, translation of Movement ABC-2 was carried out. Validation of validity and reliability was carried out simultaneously with content validity, discriminant validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Results: Content validity index resulted in 0.93, and concurrent validity resulted in a positive correlation of 0.795, comparing the correlation between BOT-2 short form and percentiles. Correlation between domain with BOT-2 has shown significant correlation between domain with similar challenges in aiming & catching and balance. As a result of comparing gender and age differences, all items showed significant differences in gender, and significant differences were identified in age differences except 'jumping on the mat'. The internal consistency of Cronbach's α was 0.577 and the test-retest reliability was 0.766. Conclusion: Movement ABC-2 has been verified as a valid assessment tool for Korean children and is a reliable tool for use by Korean therapists and clinicians. This is expected to result in various uses of Movement ABC-2.

This study examined the effect of two different aerobic training modali-ties in a boy with spinal muscular atrophy type II. Motor functions were measured with Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale (HFMS) and Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM). Spirometry was utilized for assessing pulmonary functions and PedsQL 3.0 Neuromuscular module was utilized for quality of life of child. Ergometer training was applied 3 times per week for the duration of 12 weeks. After 6 weeks of wash-out period, aquatherapy was applied for twice a week for the duration of 12 weeks. HFMS and GMFM scores, and pulmonary functions of the child and quality of life scores of his parents were improved during both mo-dalities. These improvements were largely maintained during 1-year follow-up. This study showed that both modalities had similar effects on our case’s pulmonary, motor functions and quality life of himself and parents. It will be a guide for researchers working in the area of chil-dren with neuromuscular disorders regarding plan and diversification of therapy program.

The children with intellectual disabilities show disorders at motor de-velopment and coordination. Hence, the objective of this study was to see the effect of yoga practices on psycho-motor abilities of intellectu-ally disabled children. Seventy intellectually disabled children were di-vided into experimental group and control group. Both experimental and control group were assessed on the first day and after 12 weeks of the yoga intervention for static balance, eye hand coordination, agility and reaction time. The subjects of experimental group then underwent a training of yoga practices, for 1 hr for a total period of 12 weeks. The re-sult of within group comparison revealed significant improvement in static balance, eye hand coordination, agility, and reaction time (P< 0.001) in subjects of yoga group however no change was observed in control group. The present study demonstrated that 12 weeks of yoga is effective in improving psycho-motor abilities of intellectually disabled children.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a chronic disorder characterized by physical dis-ability and disruption of brain function. We evaluated the effects of treadmill exercise on motor and memory functions in relation with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway using CP rat model. Rota-rod test, step-down avoidance task, 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry, and western blot for synapsin I, postsyn-aptic density-95 (PSD-95), PI3K, Akt, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) were performed. CP was induced by maternal lipopolysac-charide (LPS)-injection with sensorimotor restriction. Five weeks after birth, the rats in the exercise groups were made to run on the treadmill for 30 min per one day, 5 times a week, during 4 weeks. Motor and memory functions were impaired in the LPS-induced CP rats and tread-mill exercise increased motor and memory functions in the CP rats. Cell proliferation in the hippocampus was suppressed in the LPS-induced CP rats and treadmill exercise increased hippocampal cell proliferation in the CP rats. Expressions of synapsin I, PSD-95, phosphorylated (p)-PI3K, and p-Akt were decreased in the LPS-induced CP rats and tread-mill exercise enhanced the expressions of synapsin I, PSD-95, p-PI3K, and p-Akt in the CP rats. GSK-3β expression was increased in the LPS-induced CP rats and treadmill exercise suppressed GSK-3β ex-pression in the CP rats. The present results suggest that treadmill exer-cise might improve motor and memory functions through activation of PI3K-Akt pathway.

목적 : 본 연구는 농촌과 도시의 지역사회에 거주하는 노인들을 대상으로 참여에 영향을 미치는 요인(인지기능, 운동기능, 우울, 자아존중감) 및 참여수준을 알아보고 참여와 영향요인 간 상관성 및 영향을 알아보기 위하여 실시되었다. 연구방법 : 강원도 W지역·서울의 77명의 65세 이상 노인들을 대상으로 평가 및 설문조사를 실시하였다. 인지기능은 한국판 간이 정신상태 검사(Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination; MMSE-K), 운동기능은 Outpatient Physical Therapy Improvement in Movement Log (OPTIMAL), 우울은 한국형 노인우울척도(Korean form of Geriatric Depression Scale; KGDS), 자아존중감은 로젠버그 자아존중감 척도(Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; RSES), 참여는 유트레히트 재활-참여 평가 척도 (Utrecht Scale for Evaluation of Rehabilitation-Participation; USER-Participation)를 사용하여 평가하였다. 결과 : 농촌 노인과 도시 노인의 참여와 이에 영향을 미치는 관련요인 간에는 유의한 차이를 보였으며 도시노인의 참여 관련요인 수준이 농촌 노인보다 높게 나타났다. 상관분석 결과 농촌 노인은 참여와 우울이 가장높은 부의 상관관계(r=-.486, p<.01), 도시 노인은 자아존중감이 높은 정의 상관관계(r=.598, p<.05)를보였으며, 다중회귀분석 결과 도시의 경우 자아존중감이 참여를 잘 설명하는 영향요인으로 확인되었다(p<.01). 결론 : 지역의 특성에 따라 참여에 영향을 주는 요인이 다르며 농촌 노인이 도시 노인보다 참여수준과 영향요인이 취약한 것으로 나타났다. 이에 따라 노인의 참여를 위한 중재 프로그램은 지역적 특성을 고려하여 개발되어야 한다.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to compare the participation and influencing factors between rural and urban elderly and to identify their affecting factors. Methods : Data were collected from 77 rural and urban elderly. The instruments used in this study were Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-K), Outpatient Physical Therapy Improvement in Movement Log (OPTIMAL), Korean form of Geriatric Depression Scale (KGDS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and Utrecht Scale for Evaluation of Rehabilitation-Participation (USER-Participation). Data were analyzed using a chi-Square test, t-test, Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression. Results : All four functions had a statistically significant correlation with their participation. There were significant differences in factors relating to participation between the rural and urban elderly. A high level of negative correlation was found between participation and depression in rural elderly (r=-.486, p<.01), and a high level of positive correlation was found between participation and self-esteem in urban elderly (r=.598, p<.05). The main affecting factor was self-esteem in the urban elderly (p<.01). Conclusion : There were differences in the participation and influencing factors between rural and urban elderly, and the rural elderly were found to have more weaknesses than those from an urban area. An intervention program for participation should be designed differently between those from rural and urban areas.

울프운동기능검사(Wolf Motor Function Test)는 상지와 손 기능 검사를 위해 개발된 평가 도구로 국내에서 타당도와 신뢰도의 검증이 이루어진 도구이다. 본 연구는 울프운동기능검사의 비장애인 표준치를 수집하여 연령별, 성별, 각 항목간의 상지와 손의 기능을 객관적으로 비교할 수 있는 자료를 마련하는데 그 목적이 있다. 2010년 3월부터 2010년 5월까지 상지 및 손 기능에 장애를 초래하는 질병이 없으며, 신체 기능 중 상지 및 손의 해부학적 구조, 가동성, 근력, 감각 및 조절 능력에 이상이 없는 비장애 성인 200명을 대상으로 울프운동기능 검사를 시행하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 12.0을 이용하여 통계처리 하였으며, 우세손과 비우세손, 성별에 따른 평균 수행시간을 산출하고, Pearson 적률 상관 계수를 활용하여 우세손과 비우세손 및 연령과의 항목별 상관관계를 알아보았다. 한글판 울프운동기능검사의 비장애인 표준치를 수집한 결과 우세손, 비우세손 모두에서 연령과 수행시간과의 높은 상관관계를 보였으며, 총 수행시간 및 개별 항목의 수행시간에서 성별에 따른 수행시간의 차이는 없었다. 또한 남성의 경우 연령이 증가할수록 우세손과 비우세손 모두에서 장악력이 감소하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 울프운동기능검사의 비장애인 표준치를 알아보았으며, 향후 상지와 손 기능 장애를 가진 장애인들의 수행 수준 비교에 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

The Purpose of this study is to provide normative data which is able to compare objectively by age, sex and subitem of wolf motor function test in non-disabled korean adult. Data were obtained from 200 adult who have no disability in upper extremity and hand function result from disease and no deficit of anatomical structure, range of motion, strength, sensation and coordination in upper extremity and hand function from Mar, 2010 to May, 2010. To statistical analysis of collected data was used SPSS 12.0 program. Mean scores were calculated according to sex, dominant hand and nondominant hand. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients was also used to investigate interrelation of dominant hand, non-dominant hand and age. The results of collected normative data in non-disabled korean adult showed significant correlation in both dominant hand and non-dominant hand and no difference by age. These finding suggest that normative data of wolf motor function test will be able to make good use to compare performance level in people with disability of upper extremity and hand function.

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Objective To investigate the non-speech mechanism function in relation with functional status and find out the relationship between nutritional status and non-speech mechanism function in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Method Eighty four children with CP were participated in this study. Non-speech mechanism function was investigated with a simple scale of oral motor status (OMS) and a feeding-swallowing evaluaton protocol for children (FEP-C). Higher score represents more severe in dysfunction in both tests. As well, Gross motor function classification system (GMFCS), the nutritional status based on body mass index were assessed in these subjects. GMFCS level I to III were grouped into high functioning group while GMFCS level IV and V were grouped into low functioning group. Results Fifty seven (67.9%) individuals with CP showed dysphagia symptoms (OMS sore ≥1). The mean scores of non-speech mechanism function in low functioning group were higher than in high functioning group (p＜ 0.05). The mean scores of both OMS and FEP-C were higher in individuals with underweight (p＜0.05). Compared to high functioning individuals with CP, underweight was more prevalent along with higher scores in oral motor function in low functioning group. OMS scores were significantly correlated with the mean scores of non-speech mechanism in all subareas (p＜0.05). Conclusion Non-speech mechanism function was closely related with GMFCS level. As well, this study revealed that the oromotor function and nutritional status in these individuals with CP related with non-speech mechanism function

Objective To examine the association between observer-assessed functional status and perceived recovery in the late phase after stroke. The study also aimed to determine whether observer-assessed functional improvements as a result of horse-riding therapy (H-RT) are related to enhanced perception of stroke recovery. Methods This is a descriptive correlational study using data derived from a three-armed randomized controlled trial in which 123 individuals were enrolled, among whom 43 received H-RT for 12 weeks. The measures included the Modified Motor Assessment Scale, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up and Go, timed 10-m walk, and perceived recovery from stroke indicated by item #9 in the Stroke Impact Scale (version 2.0). Spearman rank order correlation (rs) was used in the analyses. Results There were moderate to strong positive or negative correlations between all four observer-assessed motor variables and participants’ ratings of perceived late-phase stroke recovery at trial entrance, ranging from rs=-0.49 to rs=0.54 (p<0.001). The results of the correlational analyses of variable changes showed that, after the end of the H-RT intervention, both self-selected and fast gait speed improvement were significantly correlated with increments in self-rated stroke recovery (rs=-0.41, p=0.01 and rs=-0.38, p=0.02, respectively). Conclusion This study provided data supporting the association between individual ratings of self-perceived recovery after stroke and observer-assessed individual motor function. The results further demonstrate that enhancement in perceived stroke recovery after completing the intervention was associated with objectively measured gains in both self-selected and fast gait speed.