Earticle

This study aims to analyze the economic effect of educational cost support for low-income group, and also suggest legal support measures. Analyzing economic theories about educational cost support for low-income group, the public support of education is proper under the economic functions of educational investment. Through educational investment, we can expect effects like formation of human capital and selection of labor market signal, and also sustainable economy in the aspect of technical advance. In the aspect of macroeconomics, the earing rate of educational investment is increased by the enhanced investment demand, and the scale of balanced investment is unchangeable. Meanwhile, the income redistributive effect brought by providing equal educational opportunities empowers the government support policies in the aspect of educational welfare. The above graph estimated from Mincerian Earning's Function shows that earnings(earned income) are increased when the level of education(the number of education years) is higher. It is also expected that the inflation width of wages would be larger when the earning rate of educational investment is increased. In order for such educational cost support for low-income group, the new government decided to expand free education, free childcare and also the standard of lower income group to less than 50% of the medium income. In regard of dormitory facility scale in the whole universities and colleges, the average dormitory acceptance ratio is about 23% for junior colleges and about 30% for universities in 2011. For low-income students, it is necessary for schools, operational corporations and local governments to support subsidy for dormitory fee. Meanwhile, the current educational cost support for low-income students is based on Elementary and Secondary Education Act. The tentatively named, 'Low-Income Group Independence Bill' on the way of enactment in 2013 should become legal support measures to achieve more enhanced educational welfare, without causing conflicts with the existing laws.

Along with the rapid urbanization, the number of urban poor is increasing at high speed in Kathmandu Valley and their housing facility is getting scarce day by day. As a result, the number of slums and squatters are increasing at very high level. The overall objective of this study was to find out the number of housing units required to fulfill the housing needs for the low income group. Questionnaire survey and interview have been conducted with the residents of the study area to assess the current housing scenario and their perception about the fulfillment of the housing need. Descriptive analysis was carried out in order to find out number of housing units and the perception of the low income groups about the fulfillment of their housing need. Similarly Relative Importance Index (RII) was calculated to address the research objectives. Over seventy percentage of the people of the low income groups in the study area were uneducated. Easy access to the market along with the urban facilities contribute towards the employment opportunities eventually uplifting the economic status of the low income group people living in the study area.

Along with the rapid urbanization, the number of urban poor is increasing at high speed in Kathmandu Valley and their housing facility is getting scarce day by day. As a result, the number of slums and squatters are increasing at very high level. The overall objective of this study was to find out the number of housing units required to fulfill the housing needs for the low income group. Questionnaire survey and interview have been conducted with the residents of the study area to assess the current housing scenario and their perception about the fulfillment of the housing need. Descriptive analysis was carried out in order to find out number of housing units and the perception of the low income groups about the fulfillment of their housing need. Similarly Relative Importance Index (RII) was calculated to address the research objectives. Over seventy percentage of the people of the low income groups in the study area were uneducated. Easy access to the market along with the urban facilities contribute towards the employment opportunities eventually uplifting the economic status of the low income group people living in the study area.

본 연구는 게슈탈트 집단미술치료가 저소득층 저학년 아동의 애착안정성과 학교생활적응에 미치는 효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서의 게슈탈트 집단미술치료 프로그램은 게슈탈트 치료를 미술치료에 접목하여 전문가에게 자문을 받아 구성한 프로그램이다. 연구대상은 S시 소재 A초등학교 담임교사의 1차 면접을 통하여 의뢰된 저소득층 저학년 아동들 중 본인의 참여 의사와 부모의 동의를 얻은 아동들로 모두 학령기에 해당하는 초등학교 1학년이며, 대상은 차상위계층, 국민기초생활수급자에 해당되는 아동들로 구성되어 있다. 본 연구를 위해 실험․통제집단에게 교사 및 부모면담을 실시하고 사전검사를 하여 동질집단임을 확인하였으며, 프로그램 종결 후, 사후 검사를 실시하였다. 연구는 2012년 9월부터 2012년 12월까지 주 2회 60~90분씩 총 24회기에 걸쳐 진행하였고, 측정도구로는 애착안정성(IPPA-R, BND)척도와 학교생활적응(SAI, KSD)척도검사를 사용하여 양적․질적 분석을 하였으며, 사전․사후에 측정하였다. 연구의 효과를 검증하기 위해 통계분석 자료인 SPSS 19.0 (Statistical Package for Social Science)을 사용하여 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 게슈탈트 집단미술치료가 저소득층 저학년 아동의 애착안정성에 긍정적인 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 게슈탈트 집단미술치료가 저소득층 저학년 아동의 학교생활적응에 긍정적인 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

This study tried to prove the Gestalt group art therapy's effects on the attachment security of lower graders children in low-income group and on their school adjustment. The Gestalt group art therapy used in this study was created under the expert's advice based the connectin of art therapy with the 'perception-contact cycle', which was the cycle generating and clearing the Zinker's gestalt. The targets were some 1st grade children in an elementary school located in the city of S. The participants were selected after being agreed from them and their parents among the lower grades children in low-income group selected by 1st interview with a homeroom teacher. The participants were from the lower income family, the basic living security recipient, and the living preliminary recipient. For this study, the investigator conducted the teachers and parent's interviews and the preliminary test. For this study, the investigator identified that the selected children were in the same group through their teachers and parent's interview and a preliminary test. After completing the Gestalt group art therapy program created for this study, the investigator conducted a post test toward the experimental group and the control group. The study developed for total 24 sessions from September to December, 2012 per 2 times a week. Each session was developed for 60-90 minutes. The measurement tools used in this study were two attachment stability scales(IPPA-R, BND), and two school adjustment scales(SAI, KSD). And the data from these scales were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. In addition to, the data were divided into the categories of preliminary test and post test and were analyzed respectively. In order to prove the group art therapy program's effect, the data were statistically analyzed using the SPSS 19.0(Statistical Package for Social Science). The analyzed results are as follows. First, It shows that the Gestalt group art therapy program was positively effective on the lower grades children from low-income group in their attachment security. Second, It shows that the Gestalt group art therapy program was positively effective on the lower grades children from low-income group in their school adjustment.

Since 10 years have passed after self-supporting programs's Introduction, It is important to assess self-supporting programs's problems and outcome for the self-supporting and independence of the low-income group in Gyeongju. The purpose of this study is to search self-supporting programs's current status and problems in Gyeongju and to analyze survey on the low-income group in Gyeongju. and then to suggest tasks to improve self-supporting programs On this point, this study focuses on self-consciousness of the person directly involved, Solidarity of Commnity, Government's support and institutional reform to improve self-supporting programs. Only after these three factor's balance, We can accomplish a great deal in self-supporting programs.

Background: Socioeconomical disadvantaged communities are more vulnerable to environmental chemical exposure and associated health effects. However, there is limited information on chemical exposure among vulnerable populations in Korea. Objectives: This study investigated chemical exposure among underprivileged populations. We measured urinary metabolites of phthalates in urban disadvantaged communities and investigated their correlations with residential environment factors and relative socioeconomic vulnerability. Methods: Urine samples were collected from 64 residents in a disadvantaged community in Seoul. A total of eight phthalate metabolites were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Analytical method used by the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) was employed. Covariate variance analysis and general linear regression adjusted with age, sex and smoking were performed. Results: Several phthalate metabolites, namely monomethyl phthalate (MMP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) had higher levels than those reported in the adults of 4th KoNEHS. Notably, the MnBP level was higher in the lower socioeconomic group (geometric mean [GM]=47.3 ㎍/g creatinine) compared to non-recipients (GM=31.9 ㎍/g creatinine) and the national reference level (GM=22.0, 28.2 and 32.2 ㎍/g creatinine for adults, 60's and 70's, respectively.). When age, sex and smoking were adjusted, MEP and MnBP were significantly increased the lower socioeconomic group than non-recipients (p=0.014, p=0.023). The lower socioeconomic group's age of flooring were higher than non-recipients, not statistically significant. Conclusions: These results suggest that a relatively low income and aged flooring could be considered as risk factors for increased levels of phthalate metabolites in socioeconomic vulnerable populations.

저소득층 아동·청소년을 위한 대표적인 교육복지정책인 교육복지우선지원사업, 드림스타트, 방과후학교 등 세 가지 교육복지정책의 운영현황을 분석하여 보다 내실 있고 효율적인 교육복지정책 수립을 위한 발전방안을 제시하는 것을 목적 으로 한다. 이를 위해 선행연구를 검토하는 문헌고찰 방법을 사용하였다. 각 사업의 문제점을 도출하고 이를 통합적으로 분석한 결과를 토대로 저소득층 아동·청소년 교육복지정책에 대해 다음과 같은 발전방안을 제시하였다. 첫째 각 부처에서 분절적으로 시행하고 있는 사업을 총괄할 통합시스템이 구축되어야 한다. 둘째, 담당인력의 전문성 향상과 민간 인력의 고용 안정성을 높이기 위한 제도가 마련되어야 한다. 셋째, 각 기관과 전문가 간 연계와 협의를 통해 교육복지에 대한 인식을 고양해야 한다. 넷째, 새로운 서비스 모형을 개발해야 한다.

The purpose of the study is to analyse the management state of three education welfare policies such as education welfare priority support program, Dream Start and after school program, the main education welfare policy for children and adolescent of the low income group and to suggest the development plan for the establishment of the effective and efficient education welfare policy. The study examines the advanced research and uses literature review to meet the purpose. The study draws the problem of each program and suggests the development plan of the education welfare policy for the children and adolescent of the low income group on the basis of the result of the comprehensive analysis. First, the related projects run separately by each government department should be rearranged into an integrated system in order to control comprehensively and together. Second, the system should be established to improve the expertise personnel in charge and increase the employment stability of the private personnel. Third, the authorities should raise the awareness on education and welfare through the connection and the discussion between each institution and the experts. Fourth, a new service model should be invented.

본 연구의 목적은 인지행동통합예술치료 프로그램을 통해 저소득층 아동의 자기표현에 미치는 효과를 알아보는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 초등학교 4, 5, 6학년 저소득층 학생들로 7명이다. 연구 설계는 사전-사후 실험집단 설계이고, 2010년 10월부터 2011년 1월 까지 매주 2회 60분을 기준으로 15회 실시하였고, 실험집단에 인지행동통합예술치료 프로그램을 실시한 후 그 효과를 검증하였다. 연구도구로는 저소득층 아동의 자기표현을 측정하기 위하여 ‘자기표현행동척도’를 사용하였고, 수집된 자료는 SPSS 17.0으로 통계 처리하여 분석하였다. 자기표현행동척도 검사의 제한점을 보완하고자 행동관찰법과 투사적 그림검사를 연구도구로 병행 사용하여 사전-사후 비교분석하는 방법을 사용하였다. 연구를 통해 밝혀진 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 자기표현행동척도 분석결과로 전체 자기표현점수, 행동적 자기표현, 인지적 자기표현, 정서적 자기표현, 전반적 자기표현 점수에서 유의미한 차이가 나타났다. 변화 순서에 있어서는 인지적 자기표현, 정서적 자기표현, 행동적 자기표현, 전반적 자기표현 순으로 상승한 것을 볼 수 있다. 둘째, 행동관찰 분석 결과 인지적 자기표현의 빈도수가 매회기 일관된 상승을 보였다. 셋째, HTP검사 분석 결과 자신감이 상승하고 타인과 관계하고 싶은 욕구와 자신의 미래에 대한 긍정적 기대를 가지는 인지적 변화가 나타났다. 이상의 연구결과를 보면 인지행동통합예술치료가 저소득층 아동의 자기표현 향상에 긍정적 영향을 미치고 있다고 볼 수 있다.

The aim of the study is to recognize the effect of the program on self-expression of low-income children. The subjects of the study were 7 elementary students- 4th, 5th, and 6th graders from low-income workers. The study designed pre-post design, the experimental group and from October 2010 to January 2011 twice a week were 15 times by 60 minutes. Cognitive-behavioral integrated arts program was conducted to the experimental group in order to verify the effects after. Self-expression Behavior Scale was used as a research tool in order to measure self-expression of the low-income children. Data collected were analyzed by SPSS 17.0 as a statistical analysis. In order to compensate for the limitations of the behavioral measure of self-expression tests behavioral observation methods and picture test were used as research tool to examine pre-post comparative analysis. The results revealed by the study are as follows: First, the measure of behavioral self-expression analysis points that scores of full self-expression, behavioral, cognitive and emotional self-expression showed significant differences as result of the behavioral measure of self-representation. We can see here that cognitive self-expression, emotional and behavioral self-expression, and general self-expression are increasing in order of change. Second, cognitive behavioral analysis observed the frequency of self-expression was a consistent rise. Third, HTP analysis tests the relationship with others and self-confidence rises and the desire and positive expectations about their future for the cognitive changes appeared. Looking at the findings on cognitive-behavioral therapy integrates art to improve low-income children's self-expression can be seen that the positive impact.

본 연구에서는 사회복지서비스의 이용여부에 영향을 미치는 요인과 이용수준에 영향을 미치는 요인을 소인성 요인, 가능성 요인, 욕구요인으로 구분하여 각각의 영향관계를 살펴보고 이를 일반계층과 저소득층으로 나누어서 비교해 보았다. 분석결과, 사회복지서비스 이용여부에 있어서는 일반계층과 저소득층 모두 배우자가 있는 경우, 동거가족이 많을수록, 건강이 안좋다고 느낄수록, 만성질환이 없는 경우에 사회복지서비스를 이용할 가능성이 높았다. 사회복지서비스 이용수준에 있어서는 배우자가 없는 경우, 가구소득이 일반계층에서는 적을수록, 저소득층에서는 높을수록, 동거가족수는 많을수록, 건강이 좋지 않다고 느낄수록, 만성질환이 있는 경우가 사회복지서비스 이용수준이 높았다. 이 외에 저소득층에서는 여자보다 남자일 경우, 연령이 적을수록, 고졸이상보다는 중졸이하 집단이, 취업자보다는 미취업자가, 거주지역이 서울·광역시일 경우, 생활만족도가 낮을 경우 서비스 이용수준이 높아졌다. 이상의 연구결과는 각 계층별 특성과 욕구가 다르며, 서비스의 목적과 내용에 따라 잠재적인 대상자들의 욕구조사를 통해 보다 체계적이고 적절한 서비스를 제공할 필요가 있음을 시사한다.

This study examined the factors affecting social welfare service utilization of general group and low-income group. The following influencing variables were selected based on the model developed by Anderson and Newman(1973): predisposing factors, enabling factors, need factors. The result shows that in both group the possibility of service utilization is high in case of having a spouse, more family members, feeling one's health ill, no chronic disease. And service use level is high in case of having no spouse, lower income in general group, higher income in low-income group, more family members, feeling one's health ill, having a chronic disease. In addition, the higher service use level is associated in low-income group with men rather than women, younger age, low education, the unemployed rather than the employed, urban residents, low life satisfaction. These findings provide implications and suggestions that each income group has various characteristics and needs, so it is necessary to provide comprehensive and appropriate services through the investigation for potential service recipients' needs.

본 연구는 청소년의 가정요인이 친구요인을 매개하여 우울에 미치는 영향에 대해 저소득층과 중산층의 차이를 검증함을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위하여 한국아동 청소년패널 제6차 중1 패널에서 1,522명(저소득층 246명, 중산층 1276명)을 대상으로 구조방정식의 다중집단 분석하였다. 분석한 결과는 첫째, 청소년이 지각한 부모양육방식이 우울에 미치는 직접효과는 저소득층에는 나타나지 않았으나, 중산층에는 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 부모양육방식이 친구요인에 미치는 영향은 저소득층이 중산층보다 더 많은 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 친구요인이 우울에 미치는 영향은 중산층이 저소득층보다 더 크게 부적으로 나타났다. 넷째, 부모양육방식이 우울에 미치는 친구요인의 매개효과는 중산층이 저소득층보다 더 크게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 친구요인 중에서 또래 소외에 대한 매개효과는 나타나지 않았다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences between low-income and middle-income groups with respect to how family factors intervene with friendship factors to influence adolescent depression. In order to do this, we selected 1,552 adolescents (246 from low-income group and 1276 from middle-income group) from 1 panel of the 6th Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey and conducted multiple-group analysis for structural equation modeling. The results are as follows. Firstly, there were no direct effects of parenting style on adolescent depression for the low-income group, whereas effects were found to be significant for the middle-income group. Secondly, parenting style had a greater influence on friendship factors for the low-income group than the middle-income group. Thirdly, the influence of friendship factors on depression was much more negative for the middle-income group than the low-income group. Fourthly, it was found that parenting style had greater intervention effects on friendship factors influencing adolescent depression for the middle-income group as compared to the low-income group. However, intervention effects were not found for peer alienation.

South Korea is a representative academic-centered society with people with higher education as the mainstream of society. Adolescents from a low-income group continue development during high school days in a social atmosphere emphasizing college entrance exam and academic achievement, as well. This study would explore their experiences in the temporal and spatial context around preparation for the college entrance exam in high school period to survive such a competitive environment. For this purpose, this study conducted three sessions of in-depth interview on average with five college students from the low-income group in the latter period of adolescence, who prepared the entrance exam in economic difficulties and could tell a rich story from the general view of college entrance and analyzed the collected data by the qualitative research method. As a result, it was found out that the participants commonly experienced their preparation for college entrance exam in high school period based on four components, including ‘A flame burning without support’, ‘A child who competes with the entrance exam’, ‘A shade that covers the stream’, and ‘A step carrying a rainstorm.’ In addition, the central theme like ‘Surviving the competition as a candle in the wind’ revealed the in-depth meaning of their experiences. Based on the findings of this study, practical and policy suggestions were made for the promotion of the quality of their lives.

본 연구는 전라북도 I시 소재의 교육복지 서비스를 받고 있는 J여자 중학교 저소득층 청소년 20명을 대상으로 집단미술치료가 저소득층 청소년들의 자아존중감 향상에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 한 것이다. 연구의 진행은 2011년 9월 6일부터 12월 27일에 걸쳐 주1회 90분씩 총 15회기의 집단미술치료 프로그램이 진행되었다. 연구의 도구로는 최보가와 전귀연(1993)이 연구 개발한 자아존중감 척도지와 K-HTP그림검사, 집단 미술치료프로그램을 실시하였다. 그 결과 집단미술치료 프로그램은 저소득층 청소년의 전체 자아존중감 및 자아존중감의 하위영역(총체적, 사회적, 가정적, 학교적)별 자아존중감을 향상시켰다. 이러한 결과는 집단미술치료가 저소득층 청소년의 자아존중감 향상에 긍정적인 영향이 있음을 시사하는 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to know the effect of the group art therapy for 20 low-income youth at ‘J’ middle school on their self-esteem, who are selected as an investment for financed programs in ‘I’ city of Jeon-buk. The progress of the research has been practiced the program as 15 session of the group art therapy for one and half hour a week from September 6 to December 27 in 2011. The researchers carried out the measure map of the Self-esteem, K-HTP picture examination and group art therapy program as a research tool, which Bo-ga choe and Gy-yeon Jeon(1993) researched and developed, referring to the study of Coopersmith(1967) and Pope. McChale & Craighead(1988). The result of the group art therapy improved low-income youth on their whole self-esteem and sub domain(general, social, family, school) self- esteem. All the result suggest that the group art therapy have a positive effect on low-income youth’ self-esteem.

본 연구는 드림스타트 사업 대상 저소득가정 부모교육 프로그램 개발을 목적으로 수행되었다. 이를 위하여, 드림스타트 운영 지역의 현장전문가 10명을 대상으로 저소득가정 부모의 양육태도와 관련한 부모교육프로그램 구성요소를 탐색하고자 포커스 그룹 인터뷰를 실시하고 그 내용을 분석하였다. 연구결과, 첫째, 저소득가정 부모들은 피해의식이 강하고, 정서적으로 위축되고 우울한 경향이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 저소득가정은 조손이나 한부모 등의 결손가정이 많았고 부모들은 힘든 일들을 하고 있었으며, 가정환경은 열악하여 (영)유아에게 적절한 양육 환경을 제공하지 못하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 저소득가정 부모들은 자녀를 방치하거나 강압적이고 비일관적 양육태도를 갖고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 저소득가정의 (영)유아는 공격적이고 우울하며 잘못된 생활습관을 갖고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 드림스타트 사업에 자녀양육에 대한 부모교육 프로그램이 부재하며 집단상담 형태의 부모교육 프로그램에 대한 요구가 나타났다. 이러한 분석을 중심으로 부모교육 프로그램에 대한 구성요소로써 중요하게 논의된 사항은 부모의 스트레스 관리, 부모 자녀 간 관계 강화, 훈육방식에 대한 실습교육이었다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 한계 및 의의를 논의하였다.

Using a qualitative methodology, this study aimed to explore needs assessment for development of a parent training program for low income families. Ten staffs of Dreamstart program participated in focus group interviews. The results showed, in low income families, parents' have a persecutive view of themselves and depressed. Second, there are a lot of parentless families and they have a unsanitary house environment. Third, parents tend to discipline punitively or neglectly. Fourth, children in low income families tend to having aggressive behaviors, depression, and undesirable habits. Fifth, parenting program of discipline the children has not been in Dream Start Program, so they suggested parenting program for discipline. We discussed that important components of parenting program are stress management, relationship between parents and children, and discipline education using participants' practical exercise. We also discussed the limitations and implications of the study.

본 연구의 목적은 방과 후 공부방에 나오는 저소득층 아동을 대상으로 협동작업중심의 집단미술치료 프로그램을 실시하여 또래관계 개선과 사회성 향상에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구대상은 J시의 ○○공부방에 나오는 저소득층 아동 중에서, 공부방 교사가 선정한 9명의 아동을 대상으로 하였으며, 연령은 11세～13세이다. 프로그램 진행은 2005년 8월 1일부터 2005년 10월 7일까지 주 3회씩 총 29회에 걸쳐 약 90분씩 ○○공부방 내에서 실시하였다. 연구도구는 한종혜(1996)의 또래관계 척도, 양창호(1994)가 제작한 초등학교 아동의 사회성 척도를 사용하였다. 본 연구의 효과를 검증하기 위해 프로그램 실시 전․후에 또래관계검사와 사회성 검사를 실시한 후 t-test검증을 하였다. 연구결과를 토대로 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 협동작업중심의 집단미술치료가 저소득층 아동의 또래관계개선에 효과가 있었다. 또래관계의 하위영역별로 살펴보면, 사회적 지지와 우의에서는 유의한 차이가 있었으나 처벌주도권, 친밀, 대립에서는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 협동작업중심의 집단미술치료가 저소득층 아동의 사회성 향상에 효과가 있었다. 사회성의 하위영역별로 살펴보면 협동성에서는 유의한 차이가 있었으나 근면성, 준법성, 자주성에서는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 결론적으로 집단미술치료는 여러사람이 집단에 참여하게 되므로 하나의 대인관계가 형성되어 개인치료에서는 볼 수 없었던 새로운 잠재적 효과를 거둘 수가 있으며, 이러한 집단의 응집력이 아동의 사회성 발달에 도움을 주어, 협동작업이 저소득층 아동의 또래관계 개선과 사회성 향상에 효과가 있었다.

This study purports to understand how group art therapy centered on collaboration helps children of low income family improve relationship with others of the same age group and enhance their social skills. The study subjects are 9 children between age of 11 to 13 from low income families, attending the 000 self-study room in J city. The program lasted from August 1st through October 7th of 2005, total 29 sessions with three times a week and each session lasting 90 minutes in the 000 self-study room. Research tools used for the study are Measurement scale for the same age group relationship (Jonghye Han, 1996), Measurement scale for elementary school kid's social skills (Changho Yang, 1994). To check the effectiveness of the study, t-test is adopted for pre- and post-test of the same age group relationship and of social skills. The results based on the study are as follows. First, the collaborated group art therapy has been effective children of low income family to improve their relationship with other kids of the same age. As for subcategories, there has been some significant difference in social support and friendship, but no difference in punishment initiative, intimacy, and confrontation. Second, the collaborated group art therapy has been effective on children of low income family to improve their social skills. As for subcategories, there has been a significant difference in collaboration, but no difference in diligence, law-abidingness, and autonomy. In conclusion, it can be said that group art therapy induces some new potential effects that are not obtainable in individual art therapy, but obtainable only through the collaborated activities with other participants of the group. This cohesive power of the group will help the children of low income families to develop social skills, which in turn improves their relationship with other children of the same age.

본 연구는 국내 전문사회복지기관 G에서 진행한 집단미술치료가 저소득층 초등학교 고학년 아동에게 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 사전, 사후 검사로 심리변화진단 검사와 PPAT(Person Picking an Apple from a Tree: 나무에서 사과 따는 사람) 그림검사를 실시하여 그 변화를 확인함과 동시에 저소득층 아동이 경험한 집단미술치료의 의미는 무엇인지를 알아보고자 서면 인터뷰 질문지를 수집하여 반복적 비교 분석을 통한 의미 단위를 도출하였다. 저소득층 아동은 전국 초등학교 4학년부터 6학년 학생들로, 2021년 4월부터 12월까지 총 477명을 대상으로 최소 12회기에서 최대 16회기의 집단미술치료에 참여하였다. 연구 결과 첫째, 심리변화진단 검사에서 자아, 또래 관계, 학교생활 적응 모든 요인에서 점수 차이가 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났다. 둘째, PPAT 그림검사에서는 통합, 문제해결력, 선의 질 및 내적 에너지, 사실성, 발달단계 점수 차이가 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났다. 셋째, 참여자들이 집단미술치료에서 경험한 것을 상위범주 4개와 하위범주 11개의 주제로 분류하였다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구의 의의와 제한점에 대하여 논의하였다.

This study attempted to examine how group art therapy conducted at G, a professional social welfare institution in South Korea, affects low-income elementary school children. To this end, the Diagnostic Test for the Psychological Change Diagnosis test and PPAT (Person picking an Apple from a Tree) test were conducted as a pre- and post-test to confirm the change and to identify the meaning of group art therapy experienced by low-income children. A written interview questionnaire was collected, and a meaning unit was derived. For this study, the group of interest was low-income children in grades 4-6 in elementary schools nationwide, and from April 2021 to December 2021, a total of 477 students participated in at least 12 to 16 group art therapy sessions. The following study results occurred: First, in the psychological change diagnosis test, the score difference was statistically significant in all factors of self, peer relationship, and school life adaptation. Second, in the PPAT drawing test, differences in integration, problem-solving ability, high quality and internal energy, realism, and development stage scores were statistically significant. Third, what participants experienced in group art therapy was classified into four upper categories and 11 lower categories. Based on these research results, the significance and limitations of this study were discussed.

본 연구의 목적은 집단미술치료가 저소득층 청소년의 자기효능감에 미치는 효과를 살펴보는 것이다. 연구대상은 사회복지관의 방과후 교실을 이용중인 저소득층 청소년 20명으로 각각 10명씩 실험집단과 통제집단에 무선배치하였다. 실험집단은 회기당 90분씩 주2회 총 20회기의 프로그램에 참여하였다. 집단미술치료의 효과검증을 위하여 통제집단과 비교집단에 ‘자기효능감’ 사전 사후 검사를 실시하였으며, 통계적 방법으로는 맨 위트니 유 검증을 이용하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 집단미술치료는 저소득층 청소년의 자기효능감 향상에 유의미한 효과를 나타내었다. 둘째, 하위요소인 ‘자신감’과 ‘자기조절효능감’에 유의미한 효과를 나타내었으나 ‘과제난이도선호’는 평균 점수는 향상되었으나 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보이지는 않았다. 이는 짧은 회기가 저소득층 청소년의 ‘과제난이도선호’에 긍정적인 영향을 미치지 못했다는 것을 보여준다. 셋째, 프로그램 시작 전 청소년들은 친구들과 자주 다투고 싸우며 거친 행동과 표현을 하였으나 집단미술치료가 진행되면서 행동과 표현이 긍정적으로 향상되었으며 다른 친구들을 배려하며 협동하는 모습을 보여주었다. 그러므로 본 연구의 결과는 집단미술치료가 저소득층 청소년의 자기효능감 향상에 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the Effects of Group Art Therapy on the Self-efficacy of low-income teenagers'. The subjects of the study were selected as 20 middle school student of low-income teenagers' who study in After School Study Class of Social Welfare Center, and they were randomly divided and assigned into an experimental group of ten and control group of ten. The program was composed of 20 times of experiments with 2 days a week and 90 minutes per experiment. To confirm the effects of group art therapy, the changes were measured through Self-Efficacy Scale tests before and after treatment and have analysed the data in SPSS statistic program with Mann whitney U test. The results of this study are such as the following. First, it was revealed that the activities of group art therapy were effective to make ‘self-efficacy’ higher, showing significant difference between two groups. Second, a low rank ‘self-efficacy’ was revealed that the activities of group art therapy were effective to make 'self-confidence'& 'self-control efficacy' higher, showing significant difference between two groups.But 'preference of subject difficulty' showed insignificant difference between two groups but average score also came to be higher. the group art therapy report about low-income teenagers', indicated that group art therapy positively affects the changes of in several areas of life. Third, before therapy, they didn't easilly keep company with friends, frequent fight was happened because of being left out or wrong intention expression. During the progress oh the art therapy, their intention expression or language expression level was improved a lot and the increase of exchanging feelings with friends brought about lots of cooperaction or concern for others. Such conclusions suggest that group art therapy is effective, on the Self-efficacy of low-income teenagers'.

본 연구의 목적은 집단미술치료 프로그램이 저소득층 아동의 부모자녀 의사소통에 미치는 효과를 분석하는데 있다. 연구대상은 B시에 위치한 세 곳의 지역아동센터를 이용하는 아동들 중 사회복지사의 추천과 부모 동의를 받은 초등학교 저학년 1∼3학년 학생으로 하였으며, 실험집단 및 2개의 비교집단에 아동을 각 11명씩 배정하였다. 그리고 주 1회, 매회기 60분, 총 20회기를 실시하였다. 본 연구의 측정도구는 부-의사소통척도, 모-의사소통척도에 의해 측정된 사전, 사후점수를 비교․분석하고, 각 회기별로 행동변화를 관찰하였으며, 그 결과에대한 통계분석 자료는 사전, 사후 t검정을 실시하였고, 3개 집단에 따라 부모와 자녀 사이의 의사소통에 차이가있는지를 검정하고자 다변량분산분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 집단미술치료를 실시한 아동의 의사소통이실시하지 않은 두 집단 아동들에 비해 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 둘째, 회기별 변화를 볼 때, 집단원 사이에 상호 신뢰감이 형성되었고 적절한 의사소통, 자기개방으로 미래에 대한 긍정적인 생각이 많아졌다고 하였다. 따라서 집단미술치료프로그램이 저소득층 아동의 부모자녀 간 의사소통 향상에 효과적임을 알 수 있다

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of a group art therapy program parent-child communication in low-income children. The subjects were assigned 11 elementary school children between first third grade for an experimental group and two comparison groups. The children were from three regional children's centers in city B. They were recommended by a social worker, and their parents agreed. The 20 sessions were conducted once a week for 60 minutes. The measurement method of this study compared the scores before and after the session. They were measured by the measured father-communication indicator, mother-communication indicator, and the observation of behavioral changes in each session. The statistics were analyzed based on the result the t-tests done before and after the session. A multi-variate analysis of variance was conducted to test for differences in parent-child communication in the three groups. First, there was a significant difference between the two comparison groups, one which didnot conduct a group art therapy and one that did. Second, when you view a comprehensive qualitative changes, mutual trust formed between groups, and they think more positively about their future through adequate communication and self-open-mindedness.

본 연구의 목적은 인간중심 집단미술치료가 저소득 여성 독거노인의 우울, 고독감, 삶의 만족도에 미치는 효과를 알아보고, 나아가 저소득 여성 독거노인이 인간중심 집단미술치료를 통해 어떠한 경험을 하는지 파악하기 위해 혼합연구 방법으로 진행되었다. 연구 대상은 H시 복지관을 통하여 선정한 만 65세 이상의 여성 독거노인 10명으로 미술치료 프로그램은 주 1회, 60분 진행하였으며, 실시된 기간은 2023년 9월부터 11월까지 총 10주, 10회기로 이루어졌다. 양적 연구 분석을 위해 연구 참여자에게 미술치료 실시 전과 후에 한국판 단축형 노인 우울 척도, 고독감 척도, 삶의 만족감 척도를 바탕으로 검사하였고, 수집된 데이터는 동일 집단의 프로그램 시행 전․후 차이를 검증하기 위해 SPSS 29.0을 활용하여 대응 표본 t 검정을 하였다. 질적 연구 분석을 위해서는 미술치료 매회기 종료 후 관찰일지를 작성하고 녹음된 담화를 바탕으로 축어록을 전사하였다. 또한 연구 참여자가 느낀 주관적인 경험에 대해서 알고자 종결 후 사후 심층 인터뷰를 진행하였고 데이터를 반복적으로 비교․분석하며 범주화하였다. 결과를 종합하면, 인간중심 집단미술치료는 저소득 여성 독거노인의 우울과 고독감을 감소시키고 삶의 만족도를 높이는 데 긍정적인 효과가 있었으며, 자신과 삶에 대한 긍정적인 전환으로 이어지게 한 것으로 확인했다. 이러한 내용을 바탕으로 본 연구의 의의와 제한점에 대하여 논의하였다.

This study aimed to explore the impact of person-centered group art therapy on depression, loneliness, and life satisfaction among low-income elderly women living alone, and understand their experiences using a mixed-methods approach. The study recruited 10 elderly women, aged 65 and above, from a welfare center in H City. The therapist conducted ten 60-minutes therapy sessions weekly from September 2023 to November 2023. For quantitative analysis, the study assessed before and after the therapy using the Korean version of the Short Form Geriatric Depression Scale, a loneliness scale, and a life satisfaction scale. The collected data were analyzed using paired sample t-tests with the SPSS 29.0 to examine differences before and after the program within the same group. For qualitative analysis, the researcher wrote observation logs after each session and transcribed recorded conversations. After post-therapy, the therapist conducted in-depth interviews to understand the participants' subjective experiences and repeatedly compared, analyzed, and categorized collected data. So, the person-centered group art therapy positively impacted the reduction of depression, loneliness, and improved their life satisfaction. The therapy led to a positive transformation in their perception and lives. Based on these contents, the significance and limitations of this study were discussed.