Earticle

The study aimed to grasp the lateral behavior of the structure elements such as slab, exterior columns and outrigger-belt truss in core and offset outrigger-belt truss system. For this purpose, a structural design of 70 stories outrigger-belt truss building was accomplished by making the use of MIDAS-Gen. And the key variables of this analysis study were the stiffness of outrigger-belt truss system and the outrigger position in planar structure. Utilizing the results of this analysis, we analyzed the lateral behavior of structure elements in core and offset outrigger-belt truss system. This paper showed that the stiffness of outrigger-belt truss and the outrigger position in planar structure had influence on lateral behavior of structural elements in outrigger-belt truss system. Also the results of research can give help in finding out the reasonable method for structural design of outrigger-belt truss system in tall building.

The Purpose of this paper is an additional research about methodology for preliminary design of diagrid system. Some cases of structures were designed by methodology for preliminary design which was studied by Moon, K, and then these cases were analyzed for lateral behavior of structure depending on size of module. In order to make sure of these result, an additional research was conducted about optimal s value in expanded range. If effective design is defined that maximum displacement of structure is close to target displacement, as the module became smaller, the structure was designed effectively and required tonnages of steel decreased. When selecting size of diagrid member by methodology for preliminary design, it tends to have high redundancy compared with desired performance. So this study tried to solve this problem by adopting expended s value and suggested s value table was included the end of the study.

최근 세계적인 대도시의 인구집중화는 도시의 효율적인 토지이용을 요구한다. 그리고 이에 대안으로 초고층 건물의 활용성이 증대되고 있다. 초고층 구조 설계에는 여러 가지 시스템이 이용되고 있으며 그중 튜브 구조시스템은 초고층 구조물의 횡력에 저항하여 널리 쓰이는 시스템이다. 그리고 이중 코어 시스템은 분리된 코어를 평면 내부에 떨어뜨려 위치시킴으로써 평면의 단면2차모멘트를 크게 만드는 시스템이다. 이중 코어 시스템은 구조물에서 강한 평면을 만들어 횡력에 대항하여 더 효율적으로 거동하게 한다. 본 논문에서는 튜브 구조시스템과 이중 코어 시스템을 같이 적용한 복합구조물에서 횡적 거동에 관하여 살펴보았다. 그리고 아웃리거와 벨트트러스 같은 추가적인 구조요소들의 효과를 비교해 보았다.

Recently, population tends to concentrate in large cities. So it needs to use the land efficiently. And as a alternative to this, utilizing of highrise building is increasing. There are many systems to support highrise buildings and among these, tube structures are widely used system to resist lateral load of the highrise buildings. And dual core system is the system which has separated dual core in the plan. It applies the principle to make strong geometric moment of inertia of cores in the plan by locating each core far away. It can make rigid plan of structure and make building behave more efficiently against lateral load. In this study, tube system and dual core system are applied together and the lateral behavior of the mixed system was reviewed. And the effect of additional structural members(outrigger, belttruss) was compared.

This study investigated the seismic performance of external RC columns with concrete-filled steel tubes. Through the experiment, the behavior of strengthened column subjected to cyclic lateral load was evaluated. From the test results. the strength, ductility, energy dissipation and equivalent viscous damping ratio for seismic performance were determined and evaluated. The applicability to seismic performance prediction was verified by using the fiber model analysis and comparing it with the performance results from the experiment. As a result, the prediction of load-displacement curves were found to be quite similar to the test results.

초고층 건물은 풍하중·지진하중과 같은 수평하중에 대한 영향이 크므로 구조안정성면에서 적절한 구조시스템 의 선정이 매우 중요하다. 근래에 초고층 설계에서 하나의 구조 시스템만을 사용하지 않고 각 구조 시스템별 장점을 이용하여 두가지 이상의 구조 시스템으로 구조계획을 수행하고 있다. 일반적으로 튜브 구조시스템은 초고층건물에서 이용되는 시스템 중의 하나로, 현재 많이 사용되고 있는 구조 시스템이다. 다이어그리드 구조 시스템은 대각가새를 모듈로 한 시스템을 연속적으로 배치시켜, 외부 횡하중을 가새부재의 인장력과 압축력 으로 저항하는 시스템이다. 두 구조 시스템의 특징은 골조 외곽에 구조물을 형성하는 시스템으로, 구조 시스 템 간의 장∙단점을 고려하여 복합적으로 결합하여 새로운 복합 구조 시스템을 개발한다면 초고층 건축 구조실 무에 큰 성과가 기대된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 튜브 구조 건물에 다이어그리드 구조 모듈을 합성한 복합 구조 시스템의 모델을 개발하여, 전단지연현상과 횡적거동에 대하여 분석하였다.

Selecting a appropriate structure system with considering structural stability is significantly important to construct a high-rise building because it can be influenced by horizontal load acts such as wind loads and seismic loads. In recent years, a construction plan for high-rise buildings takes two or more structural systems to obtain more advantages of each structure rather than applying a single system. Generally, tube structure system is one of the systems applied to build a high-rise and is widely used. Diagrid structure system continuously arranges a system module by a brace member and is resistant to external transverse loads by its tensile and compressive forces. Those two structural systems have the outwall system of a framework, so the achievement of constructing a high-rise can be expected through development of a new complex structural system application with considering advantages and disadvantages of the systems. Therefor this study developed combined structural system of tube plus diagrid and evaluated shear lag phenomenon and lateral behavior.

비정형 평면의 경우, 정방형 평면보다 횡변위 방생 방향과 횡적 거동을 예측하기 어렵다. 따라서 이를 효과적으로 제어하기 위한 적절한 구조적 보완 방법에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 횡력저항 강성증가 방법과 횡력저항 구조요소를 추가하는 방법 등에 대한 실제 구조설계의 수행을 통해 Y형 평면을 가진 초고층 구조시스템을 구성하는 횡력저항 요인들의 효과를 정적해석으로 해석하여 횡변위 저감효과를 분석하고자 한다. 횡력저항 강성변화 방법에는 여러 요소들이 있으나 코어 단면, 콘크리트 강도 변화를 통하여 구조물의 강성 변화에 따른 횡적거동 특성을 비교·분석 하였다. 또한, 횡력저항 구조요소로는 현재 국내의 초고층 건물에서 많이 사용되고 있는 아웃리거, 벨트 시스템, FIN WALL을 비정형 Y형 평면에 도입하여 그 효율성을 검토해 보았다.

In case of irregular plane, it is more difficult to expect lateral drift direction and lateral behavior than square plane. Therefore, it is necessary to study on the proper method of structural supplementation for controlling it. This paper intends to conduct static analysis on the effects of lateral resistance factors organizing super high-rise structural system with Y-type plane through the performance of actual structural design of lateral resistance stiffness increase, lateral resistance factor addition, etc. and analyze the effects of lateral drift reduction. For the method of lateral resistance stiffness change, there are several factors, but the characteristics of lateral behavior were compared and analyzed by structure's stiffness change through the changes of core cross-section and concrete strength. In addition, for the structural elements of lateral resistance, Outrigger, Belt System and Fin Wall which are currently used for domestic super high-rise buildings so many times were introduced to irregular Y-type plane and its efficiency was examin.

Steel Framed High-Rise Buildings using Structural Diagrid System are used in construction of skyscrapers recently, those skyscrapers are using inclined atypical appearance. Diagrid structures are one of the tube structure systems having high resistance to horizontal load and support vertical load and horizontal load efficiently. Those buildings do not need strong core inside and have a aesthetic exterior . That's the one of the reason why Structural Diagrid System is popular recently. In this study, Analysis of how Structural Diagrid System is reacted to the change of core position and various twist was conducted. The comparison analysis of the control torsion impact according to the horizontal resistance factors was conducted too. It will evaluate that each system can control displacement and torsion in how efficiency. And it will be used for profitable application in a tall-building structural plan.

The Shear wall system which is the most popular structure for tall buildings, provides great structural efficiency when the core is located on the center of the plane. On the other hand, considering the environmental aspects, it is an advantage when the core is exposed to outdoor air. In addition, if restrictions of core location were reduced, it can have many benefits because it offers flexibility in interior layout. In this case, however, it is essential to consider torsional behavior and the research on enhancing structural performance is also required. The purpose of this study is to apprehend the behavior of tall buildings with an eccentric core. Increasing the slenderness ratio from 4 to 9, the change of lateral displacement and rotational angle were estimated. Also, the ability of controlling the lateral displacement and rotational angle were evaluated when the core-outrigger and offset-outrigger adopted in the tall building. Additionally, relationships between stiffness of the models and displacement by the wind load was compared.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate lateral behavior of flat-plate structure by cyclic loading test. This paper presents observation of the behavior of punching shear failure of plate to column connection, and analyze the relationship of displacement to cyclic loads. In this test, the lateral behavior of each specimens shear reinforced stirrup, SRD(shear reinforcement double-head), studstrip compared the behavior of a non-reinforced specimen, and studied the effects of the type of shear reinforcement.

자율주행차(Automated Vehicle, AV)는 주변의 객체와 안전하게 상호작용하면서 주행하도록 설계되었으나, 센서의 성능, 돌발상황에 대한 주행알고리즘의 대응 능력, 도로기하구조 및 시 설, 교통상황, 기상조건 등에 영향을 받아 불안전하게 주행할 수 있다. AV의 안전한 주행을 분석하기 위해, 본 연구는 횡방향 안전성을 평가할 수 있는 지표로 Lateral deviation difference LDD)를 제안하였다. AV가 자율주행 모드(AD mode) 또는 일반 운전자 주행 모드(MD mode)로 도심부 시설을 통과하였을 때 LDD를 비교하고, 통계적 검정을 수행하였다. 분석결과를 3 가지 case로 정리하였다. Case 1은 AD mode일 때 통계적으로 유의미한 주행안전성이 관찰되는 구 간, Case 2는 주행안전성이 개선되나 통계적으로 유의하지 않은 구간, Case 3은 주행안전성이 악화되며 통계적으로도 유의하지 않은 구간이다. Case 2와 3에 해당되는 구간은 각각 회전교차 로와 버스정류장 통과 구간이며, AV의 주행안전성 향상을 위한 대응방안을 제안하였다. 본 연 구에서 제안한 횡방향 안전성 평가 지표와 방법론은 향후 AV 도입을 대비한 주행안전성 개선 필요구간을 찾는 데 활용할 수 있다.

Automated Vehicles (AVs) are designed to interact safely with surrounding objects; however, their responses can be adversely affected by factors such as sensor performance, the responsiveness of driving algorithms to unexpected situations, roadway geometry and facilities, traffic conditions, and weather conditions. To evaluate the lateral driving safety of AVs, this study introduces an assessment metric referred to as the lateral deviation difference (LDD). LDD values in autonomous driving and manual driving modes (AD and MD modes, respectively) were determined when AVs traversed various urban infrastructure sections and compared. Results were classified into three categories: (1) sections where AD mode was significantly safer; (2) sections where AD and MD modes were non-significantly different; and (3) sections where MD mode was significantly better. Cases 2 and 3 corresponded to roundabouts and bus stop zones, respectively, for which countermeasures to enhance AV driving safety are proposed. The proposed LDD metric and evaluation methodology offer a means of identifying road segments that require targeted safety improvements in preparation for the widespread deployment of AVs.

본 연구에서는 모듈러 공법을 적용한 압축강도 40MPa, 60MPa PSC 거더를 실제 크기로 모델링하고 각각의 강연선을 긴장 하는 순간에 발생하는 횡변위 거동에 대해 유한요소해석 프로그램을 이용하여 해석해보고 일체형 모델과 비교 분석하고 안정 성 검토하고자 한다.

Composite girders can increase the stiffness and strength under the positive bending. It also tends to fracture at the bottom flange, which was observed in 1995 Kobe earthquake. The following problems are enumerated in using such composite girders. 1) Elastic and plastic flexural rigidity of the composite girders differ under the positive and negative bending, which increases the complexity of the frame analysis. 2) The strength estimate of the composite girders under the positive bending is dependent on the effective compressive strength of the concrete slab, so the resistance factor for composite girder is smaller than that for pure structural steel beam. 3) The bottom flange of the composite girder subjects to large strain reversal due to the movement of the neutral axis near to the upper flange under the positive bending, which is thought to be the reason of the bottom flange fracture observed. This paper showed the elasto-plastic behavior of composite girder. The tests object performed in our country was set as the comparison target of analysis. This analytical method showed comparatively simple agreement with the results of tests on composite girder.

The purpose of this study is to estimate axial and flexural capacities of circular concrete columns confined by carbon sheet tube. Fourteen uni-axial loading specimens and six full scale column specimens were tested by dynamic actuators. The main variables of this experimental works are number of carbon sheets and wrapping angles of carbon tube. Stress – strain relation of confined specimens was estimated by axial loading tests. Six full scale specimens were tested under constant axial load and cyclic lateral load. An equivalent stress block parameter was used to estimate flexural capacity of columns. Through the non-linear analysis, behavior of confined concrete columns under the cyclic lateral load were predicted.

A new seismic retrofit technique by externally attaching steel reinforced concrete frames was developed for strengthening medium-to-low-rise reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. Two types of bolting and welding methods for connecting between existing RC frame and external strengthening element were prepared in this study. The connections can be technically and practically selected by construction condition. The retrofit method developed in this research is capable of carrying out the seismic retrofitting construction while residents can live inside structures. The method is one of the strength design approach by retrofit which can easily increase the ultimate lateral-load capacity of RC buildings controlled by shear. The pseudo-dynamic test, designed using an existing school building in Korea, was carried out in order to verify the seismic retrofitting effects and earthquake response behavior of the proposed method in terms of the maximum load carrying capacity and response displacement. Test results revealed that the proposed external strengthening method installed in RC frame enhanced conspicuously the strength and displacement capacities, and the method can resist markedly under the large scaled earthquake intensity level.

Recently developed trenchless construction methods ensure stability for the ground settlement by inserting steel pipes along the underpass section and integrating steel pipes before ground excavation to form pipe-roof. This study is to confirm the reinforcing effect of pipe-roof by measuring lateral earth pressure acting on the underpass constructed by the STS (Steel Tube Slab) construction method. For this purpose, lateral earth pressure was measured at the left and right side of the pipe-roof after installing earth pressure cells. As a result, lateral earth pressure was measured with considerable reduction because the integrated pipe-roof shared surcharge. Therefore, economic design for the underpass could be expected by sharing design load by pipe-roof. In addition, construction cost was analyzed according to the design-load sharing ratio by pipe-roof. As pipe-roof shares design load by 40%, the total construction cost can decrease by almost 10% in the case of four-lane underpass.

Phospholipase C (PLC) enzymes play crucial roles in intracellular calcium-signaling transduction. Several brain PLC subtypes have been extensively studied, implicating them in psychiatric disorders such as depression, epilepsy and schizophrenia. However, the role of the recently identified PLCη remains largely unknown. We found that PLCη1 is prominently expressed in lateral habenula (LHb) astrocytes. Here, to investigate its physiological role, we generated astrocyte-specific PLCη1 conditional knockout (cKO) mice (Plch1f/f; Aldh1l1-CreERT2). In these cKO mice, we observed a reduction in cellular morphological complexity metrics, such as total process length, as well as a decrease in the passive membrane conductance of LHb astrocytes. Additionally, neuronal function was impacted by the cKO, as the synaptic efficacy and firing rates of LHb neurons increased, while extrasynaptic long-term depression was impaired. Both tonic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepdlropionic acid receptor/N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (AMPAR/NMDAR) currents and extracellular glutamate levels were reduced. Interestingly, chemogenetic activation of astrocytes restored the reduced tonic AMPAR/NMDAR currents in cKO mice. Furthermore, LHb astrocyte-specific deletion of PLCη1 via AAV-GFAP-Cre injection induced depressive-like behaviors in mice, which were reversed by chemogenetic activation of LHb astrocytes. Finally, we found that restraint stress exposure decreased Plch1 mRNA expression in the LHb. These findings suggest that PLCη1 could be a potential therapeutic target for depression and highlight the critical role of astrocytes in the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.

선체를 구성하는 판부재는 일반적으로 면내하중과 횡하중의 조합하중이 작용하게 된다 면내하중으로서는 주로 전체적인 선체거더의 휨과 비틀림에 의한 압축하중 및 전단하중이 있다. 횡하중은 수압과 화물압력에 의해서 작용하게 된다. 이러한 하중의 요소들은 항상 동시에 작용하는 것이 아니지만 한 개 이상의 하중이 존재하고 상호작용하게 된다. 그러므로, 좀더 합리적이고 안정적인 선박구조의 설계를 위해서는 이러한 조합하중이 선체판에 작용할 경우에 발생하게 되는 좌굴 및 최종강도거동의 상호관계를 좀더 자세히 분석할 필요가 있다. 실제로 선체판은 슬래밍과 팬팅과 같은 충격하중을 제외하고는 상대적으로 적은 수압이 작용하게 된다. 본 연구논문에서는 조합하중을 받는 선체판부재의 거동에 있어서 최종한계상태설계법에 기반을 둔 탄소성대변형 유한요소해석을 수행하였다. 본 연구에서는 압축하중과 횡하중이 판부재에 작용하였을 경우 횡하중의 크기에 따른 영향을 탄소성대변형 유한요소해석(ANSYS)을 수행하여 분석하였다.

The ship plating is generally subjected to combined in-plane load and lateral pressure loads. In-plane loads include axial load and edge shear, which are mainly induced by overall hull girder bending and torsion of the vessel. Lateral pressure is due to water pressure and cargo. These load components are not always applied simultaneously, but more than one can normally exist and interact Hence, for more rational and safe design of ship structures, it is of crucial importance to better understand the interaction relationship of the buckling and ultimate strength for ship plating under combined loads. Actual ship plates are subjected to relatively small water pressure except for the impact load due to slamming and panting etc. The present paper describes an accurate and fast procedure for analyzing the elastic-plastic large deflection behavior up to the ultimate limit state of ship plates under combined loads. In this paper, the ultimate strength characteristics of plates under axial compressive loads and lateral pressure loads are investigated through ANSYS elastic-plastic large deflection finite element analysis with varying lateral pressure load level.

Presently, test results and stress-strain models for poorly confined high-strength columns, more specifically for columns with a tie volumetric ratio smaller than $2.0\%$, are scarce. This paper presents test results loaded in axial direction for square reinforced concrete columns confined by various volumetric ratio lateral ties including low-volumetric ratio. Test variables include concrete compressive strength, tie yield strength, tie arrangement type, and tie volumetric ratio. Local strains measured using strain gages bonded to an acryl rod. For square RC columns confined by lateral ties, the confinement effect was efficiently improved by changing tie arrangement type from Type-A to Type-B. A method to compute the stress in lateral ties at the concrete peak strength and a new stress-strain model for the confined concrete are proposed. Over a wide range of confinement parameters, the model shows good agreement with stress-strain relationships established experimentally.

Lateral giant (LG)-mediated escape response of crayfish is sensitized by natural traumatic events. Such sensitization has previously been shown to be associated with increased transmission between primary afferents and sensory interneurons at the cholinergic synapse of LG escape reflex circuit. In the present study, it was firstly investigated as to whether transmission is also altered at other synapses of the LG-escape reflex circuit by traumatic shock-induced sensitization. Evidence that traumatic shock also directly affects the excitability of lateral giants is now provided by the finding that traumatic shock produces a significant reduction of the time needed for LG to recruit its contralateral homologue, which is defined as commissural delay. Octopamine, a naturally occurring neuromodulator in the crayfish nerve cord, has also been shown to enhance transmission at the cholinergic synapse between primary afferents and sensory interneurons, and has been conjectured to mediate sensitization. Like traumatic shock, $octopamine\;(10^{-5}-5{\times}10^{-4}\;M)$ also enhanced the efficacy of commissural transmission between lateral giants, as indicated by a significant reduction of commissural delay. This effect was blocked by an octopamine antagonist phentolamine, suggesting a specific action of octopamine on the octopamine receptor present on LGs. These observations suggest that both traumatic shocks and octopamine may cause a rather broad alteration in the excitability of the crayfish nervous system that contributes to the sensitization of the LG escape response.