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현재 스마트폰 사용자의 증가에 따른 영향으로 스마트폰 기반의 악성코드가 많이 발견되고 있다. 그 중에서 안드로이 드(android) 악성코드의 개체수가 많은 것은 사용자와 개발자에 대한 개방형 정책과 시스템 접근의 용이성에서 원인을 찾을 수 있다. 인텐트(intent)는 안드로이드 어플리케이션간의 메시지 객체를 전송하여 해당 컴포넌트를 사용할 수 있게 하는 통신 매커니즘이다. 인텐트의 이용은 기존에 존재하는 컴포넌트를 재사용하여 개발자에게 편의성을 제공하지만 보 안적인 측면에서는 취약점으로 활용될 수 있다. 인텐트의 보안 취약점은 어플리케이션의 주어진 고유 권한을 임의로 사 용 가능하게하고 의도한대로 어플리케이션을 제어할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 스마트폰 이용자가 커스텀 커널(custom ke rnel) 사용에 따른 인텐트 보안 취약점에 대해서 대응한다. 브로드캐스트 인텐트의 취약점은 브로드캐스트 리시버에 주 요 인텐트를 등록하여 탐지와 차단을 한다. 또한 검증되지 않은 인텐트의 접근 흐름을 실시간으로 감시하여 보안 취약 성을 탐지하는 기법을 제안한다.

Accordingly the number of smart-phone-based malicious codes is also increasing and their techniques for malicio us purpose are getting more clever and evolved. Among them, the malicious codes related to Android take the major portion and it can be estimated that they are based on open source so that the access to the system is easy. Intent is a technique to support the communication between application's components by transmitting message subjects in Android. Intent provides convenience to developers, but it can be utilized as security vulnerability that allows the de veloper with a malicious purpose to control the system as intended. The vulnerability of intent security is that perso nal information can be accessed using discretionally its proper function given to application and smart phone's functi ons can be maliciously controlled. This paper improves with the Intent security vulnerability caused by the smart ph one users' discretional use of custom kernel. Lastly, it verifies the malicious behaviors in the process of installing an application and suggests a technique to watch the Intent security vulnerability in realtime after its installation.

진의 아닌 의사표시에 대해서 우리 민법은 제107조의 ‘진의 아닌 의사표시’와 제108조 ‘통정한 허위의 의사표시’를 통해 규율하고 있는데, 이에 따르면 원칙적으로 이러한 의사표시는 유효하지만, 상대방이 행위자의 진의아님을 알았거나 알 수 있었던 경우 더 나아가 행위자와 상대방이 통모한 경우와 같이 일정한 경우에 그 효력을 부정하도록 하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 법 규정에 대한 일관적인 법적용이 이루어지고 있지 않는 바, 특히 ‘사직의 의사표시’와 ‘차명대출’의 경우를 살펴보면 유사한 사안에서도 정반대의 판결들이 병존하고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 이에 따라 제도의 일관성을 해치고, 법적 안정성을 훼손하고 있다. 이 논문에서는 이러한 문제는 진의에 대한 불명확성에서 기인 한 것이라고 진단하고, 진의와 동기를 구별하는 그 동안의 논의를 정리하여, 이 경우의 기준의 일관된 기준을 제시하고자 하였다. 다만 이러한 경우 민법 제107조와 제108조의 제도적 취지가 몰각될 수 있음을 지적하고, 이를 방지하기 위해서는 동기 혹은 목적을 고려하여 진의 아닌 의사표시 여부를 결정함이 오히려 타당할 수 있음을 제안하였다. 더 나아가 민법 제107조와 제108조가 반드시 필요한 제도인지에 대한 의문을 제기하고, 동기와 목적에 대한 부분은 비단이 경우 뿐만 아니라 우리 법 전체에서 매우 중요한 부분이므로 이에 대한 본격적인 논의가 필요하다고 주장하였다.

Our Civil Code regulates declaration of intent that do not reflect one's true intent through Article 107 ("Declaration of untrue intent") and Article 108 ("Fictitious Declaration of Intent"). According to these provisions, such declarations of intent are valid in principle; however, their validity is denied in certain cases, such as when the counterparty knew or could have known that the declaration did not reflect the perpetrator's true intent, or when the perpetrator and the counterparty colluded. However, consistent legal application of these provisions is lacking. In particular, examining cases involving "declaration of intent to resign" and "loan under borrowed name," it can be observed that diametrically opposed judgments coexist even in similar matters. Consequently, this undermines institutional consistency and impairs legal stability. This paper diagnoses that this problem stems from the ambiguity regarding true intent. By summarizing the discussions to date regarding the distinction between true intent and motive, this paper aims to present a consistent standard for these cases. However, it was pointed out that in such cases, the institutional purpose of Articles 107 and 108 of the Civil Code could be overlooked, and it was suggested that to prevent this, it might be more appropriate to determine whether a declaration of intent is false by considering the motive or purpose. Furthermore, doubts were raised as to whether Articles 107 and 108 of the Civil Code are absolutely necessary institutions, and it was argued that since the aspects of motive and purpose are very important not only in this case but in our entire legal system, a full-scale discussion on this matter is necessary.

미국 수정헌법 제1조가 천명하고 있는 표현의 자유는 강력한 보호를 받는다. 미국의 표현의 자유를 이해하려면, 특히 미국 연방대법원의 오 랜 논의를 거쳐 판례법으로 수립한 ‘명백ㆍ현존 위험 원칙’이라는 표현 의 자유 보호 기준을 통해 어떻게 표현의 자유를 최대한 보호하고 필요한 상황에서는 제한의 기준으로 사용하고 있는지를 살펴야 한다. 연방대 법원이 인류 역사상 처음으로 언론의 자유를 헌법적 가치로 정립하고 이 를 제한할 수 있는 기준으로 제시한 이 원칙은 미국 법학계와 실무에서 오랜 시간 동안 중심적인 역할을 수행해 왔다. 명백ㆍ현존 위험 원칙이 처음 등장한 것은 1919년 Schenck 사건이며 1969년 Brandenburg 판결에서 연방대법원은 기존 원칙을 폐기하고, 주창(advocacy)과 선동 (incitement)을 구분하며 의도(intent), 급박성(imminence), 실현 가능 성(likelihood)의 세 가지 요건을 갖춘 새로운 기준을 제시하였다. 물론 미국의 명백ㆍ현존 위험 원칙은 표현 규제의 최소 요건으로 기능하고 있 으나, 이 원칙이 실제로 미국에서 어떻게 적용되어 왔는지에 대한 재판 실무적ㆍ실증적 분석이 필요하다. 9ㆍ11 테러 이후 미국은 테러리즘 관 련 표현을 광범위하게 규제하면서, 이 원칙을 직접 적용하지 않는 사례 들이 많다. 따라서 미국 재판 실무에서 드러난 명백ㆍ현존 위험 원칙의 운영 실태를 분석하여, 명백ㆍ현존 위험 원칙의 역사적 변천과 현대적 의미를 고찰하고자 한다. 그에 더하여 명백ㆍ현존 위험 원칙을 계승하여 명백ㆍ현존 위험 원칙의 현재 모습이라고 일컫는 ‘Brandenburg 기준’ 의 적용 범위에 대해서 살펴보고, 나아가 ‘Brandenburg 기준’의 구조적 한계 등을 비판적으로 검토하고자 한다.

Freedom of expression, as declared by the First Amendment of the United States, is strongly protected. To understand the freedom of expression in the United States, it is necessary to examine how freedom of expression is protected as much as possible and used as a standard for restrictions when necessary through the freedom of expression protection standard called the 'clear and present danger principle' established by case law after long discussions by the U.S. Supreme Court. For the first time in human history, this principle, which the Supreme Court has established freedom of speech as a constitutional value and presented as a criterion for limiting it, has played a central role in the American legal profession and practice for a long time. The first clear and present danger principle appeared in the 1919 Schenck case, and in the 1969 Brandenburg ruling, the Supreme Court abolished the existing principle, distinguished between advocation and incitement, and presented a new standard with three requirements: intent, imminence, and likelihood. Of course, the clear and present danger principle in the United States functions as the minimum requirement for expression regulation, but a trial practical and empirical analysis of how this principle has actually been applied in the United States is needed. Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the United States has widely regulated expressions related to terrorism, and there are many cases in which this principle is not directly applied. Therefore, by analyzing the operational status of the clear and present danger principle revealed in the practice of the US trial, the historical transition and modern meaning of the clear and present danger principle will be examined. In addition, the scope of application of the 'Brandenburg standard', which is referred to as the current appearance of the clear and present danger principle by inheriting the clear and present danger principle, will be examined critically, such as the structural limitations of the 'Brandenburg standard'.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine levels of stress and professionalism of nurses who provided nursing care during the 2015 Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak based on their experience, to investigate the nurses' intention to respond to possible future outbreaks in relation to their experience during the outbreak, and to determine the relationship between the outbreak experience and nursing intention considering stress and professionalism. Methods: A self-administered questionnairewas designed based on modifications of related questionnaires, and used to assess levels of stress, professionalism, and nursing intention according to participants' experiences during the outbreak. Multiple regression analysiswas used to examine the relationship between the outbreak nursing experience and nursing intention considering stress and nursing professionalism. Results: The overall stress, professionalism, and nursing intention scores for the firsthand experience group were 33.72, 103.00, and 16.92, respectively, whereas those of the secondhand experience group were 32.25, 98.99, and 15.60, respectively. There were significant differences in professionalism and nursing intention scores between the groups (p = .001 and p < .001, respectively). The regression analysis revealed that the regression estimate between stress and nursing intention was B(SE) = 0.08(0.02), beta = 0.21, p < .001 and the regression estimate between professionalism in nursing and nursing intention was B(SE) = 0.05(0.01), beta = 0.23, p < .001. Conclusion: Prior outbreak nursing experience was importantly associated with intention to provide care for patients with a newly emerging infectious disease in the future considering stress and professionalism. Gathering information about nurses' experience of epidemics and regular assessment of job stress and professionalism are required.

Organizational climate and organization culture can be some of the leading factors in hindering knowledge sharing within the organization. It is generally accepted that successful knowledge management practice, including knowledge sharing, comes as a result of a conducive and knowledge sharing friendly environment. Organizations that promote and reward collective work generate a trustful and a more collaborative learning culture. The perception of fairness in an organization has been considered an important indicator of employee behavior, attitude, and motivation. This study investigates organizational justice perception and its impact on knowledge sharing practices among forensic experts in the Turkish National Police. The study findings revealed that senior officers, who are experts in the field, have the strongest organizational justice perception. Meanwhile, noncommissioned officers or technicians bear positive but comparatively weaker feelings about the existence of justice within the organization. The study argues that those who satisfy their career expectations tend to have a higher organizational justice perception.

In question-answering systems, question classification is a fundamental task. Identifying the accurate question type enhances the retrieval of more accurate answers. Factoid questions are the most challenging type of question to classify in which many approaches have been proposed with the objective of enhancing the classification of this type of question. In this paper, a grammar-based framework is used. The framework makes use of three main features which are, grammatical features, domain specific features and patterns. Using machine learning algorithms for the classification process, experimental results show that our approach has a good level of accuracy.

Lane-changing represents not only a common driving behavior but also a potentially hazardous one. Accurately predicting lane change intentions plays a crucial role in enhancing road traffic safety and guiding autonomous vehicle planning. In this study, a Face-mesh model is used to extract salient features from complex driver behavior data. Subsequently, by using the Farneback optical flow algorithm in conjunction with the ResNet-50 neural network, important lane change cues were extracted from the vehicle surroundings. The Transformer model was optimized using the Teacher-forcing training strategy and the Scheduled-sampling method, fostering faster convergence and heightened prediction accuracy. Empirical tests had shown that this model had attained an impressive precision of 98.61%, recall of 98.24 %, and an F1 score of 98.42 % when forecasting lane change intentions 0.5 s ahead.

The purpose of the study was to explore the structural relationships between the intent to continue using Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) and its determinants based on the information systems continuance expectation-confirmation model. A total of 156 students from five different universities in Korea completed an online survey. An analysis by structural equation modeling revealed that college students' intent to continue using K-MOOC is partially supported by the model. Although perceived usefulness and confirmation are strong determinants of satisfaction and intent to continue using information systems in general, confirmation was the only significant predictor of satisfaction, the only significant predictor of intent to continue to use K-MOOC. Written responses on the survey were used to interpret the results. Findings indicate significant effects of confirmation on perceived usefulness, of confirmation on satisfaction, and of satisfaction on intent and insignificant effects of perceived usefulness on satisfaction and perceived usefulness on intent to continue. Substantial implications for future research and practices are discussed.

Social media live-streaming is increasingly being utilized as a platform for shopping, with sports enterprises dedicating significant time, money, and resources to this endeavor. However, effectively leveraging social media live-streaming shopping characteristics to attract and motivate consumers to purchase sports products remains challenging for these enterprises. On that account, this research aimed to investigate key elements of social media live-streaming shopping characteristics that couled influence purchase intention. Employing the extended technology acceptance model (ETAM) as a theoretical model, this research explored how interactivity, entertainment, visualization, and professionalization of social media live-streaming shopping characteristics could impact attitudes, trust, and purchase intention. Data were gathered via a questionnaire survey involving 675 participants using the convenience sampling method. The primary findings of the structural equation model (SEM) largely affirmed the validity of the current model and underscored significant impacts of interactivity, entertainment, professionalization, visualization, attitudes, trust, and purchase intention. This study found that compared with other social media live-streaming characteristics (interactivity, visualization, and entertainment), professionalization had the greatest impact on attitude and trust. Results showed that attitudes largely affected consumers' purchasing intention. This study offers valuable management insights to platforms, sports enterprises, and streamers.

In recent years, several studies have proposed making use of the Twitter micro-blogging service to track various trends in online media and discussion. In this study, we specifically examine the use of Twitter to track discussions of food safety in the Korean language. Given the irregularity of keyword use in most tweets, we focus on optimistic machine-learning and feature set selection to classify collected tweets. We build the classifier model using Naive Bayes & Naive Bayes Multinomial, Support Vector Machine, and Decision Tree Algorithms, all of which show good performance. To select an optimum feature set, we construct a basic feature set as a standard for performance comparison, so that further test feature sets can be evaluated. Experiments show that precision and F-measure performance are best when using a Naive Bayes Multinomial classifier model with a test feature set defined by extracting Substantive, Predicate, Modifier, and Interjection parts of speech.

Background: Radiation is used in a variety of areas, but it also poses potential risks. Although radiation is often used with great effectiveness in many applications, people perceive potential risks associated with radiation and feel anxious about the possibility of radiation exposure. Various methods of measuring radiation doses have been developed, but there is no way for the general public to measure their doses with ease. Currently, many people use smartphones, which provide information about the location of an individual phone through network connections. If a smartphone application could be developed for measuring radiation dosage, it would be a very effective way to measure individuals’ radiation doses. Thus, we conducted a survey study to assess the social acceptance of such a technology by the general public and their intent to use that technology to measure radiation doses, as well as to investigate whether such an intention is correlated with anxiety and attitudes toward the use of radiation. Materials and Methods: A nationwide online survey was conducted among 355 Koreans who were 20 years old or older. Results and Discussion: Significant differences were found between the genders in attitudes, perceptions of radiation risk, and fears of exposure to radiation. However, a significant difference according to age was observed only in the intent to use a smartphone dose measurement application. Attitudes towards the use of radiation exerted a negative effect on radiation risk perception and exposure anxiety, whereas attitudes towards the use of radiation, risk perception, and anxiety about exposure were found to have a positive impact on the intent to use a smartphone application for dose measurements. Conclusion: A survey-based study was conducted to investigate how the general public perceives radiation and to examine the acceptability of a smartphone application as a personal dose monitoring device. If such an application is developed, it could be used not only to monitor an individual’s dose, but also to contribute to radiation safety information infrastructure by mapping radiation in different areas, which could be utilized as a useful basis for radiation research.

In this paper, an Intent-based networking Framework is proposed leveraging the central controller intelligence premise of software-defined networking (SDN). The quality-of-service (QoS) is provisioned according to the application service request priorities by the SDN controller. To achieve this, in this paper, we use the Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) as a module on the SDN controller for intent-based routing. An AHP module employed at the SDN controller prioritizes the application objectives and overarching parameters to compute the route from source to destination. The AHP module at the SDN controller prioritizes the application service priorities, and the SDN controller will compute the route according to the intents from the AHP module. The controller will prioritize the intents of the applications according to the eigen priority vector obtained for that application service requests from the AHP module according to the criteria priority values.

The Philippines’ National Solid Waste Management reported that kitchen/food and other organic wastes comprises 50% of the total solid waste generated. This is the rationale that this study was undertaken to include the waste generators. The central question which the study sought to understand is whether attitude and knowledge relates to each other on the subject of solid waste. A descriptive and correlational design was adopted in the solid waste management survey for the food concessionaries of the university. The study involved all food concessionaries within the university compound. A questionnaire survey composed of four parts was used as instrument. The main result of the study found that the Attitude variable is positively correlated with Knowledge variable (r = .418, p < .05) and it indicated that the relationship is significant. Perceptions on the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, and recycle) positively correlated with Attitude and all three factors are found to be significantly related with Attitude. As to the mediating variables, i.e., Ease of Use, Usefulness, Volunteerism, and Facilitating Conditions, they were found to be explanatory with Knowledge rather than Attitude (particularly with Ease of Use and Volunteerism). Other mediating factors showed weak relationship with either Attitude or Knowledge. The food concessionaries were found to possess a positive attitude on the 3Rs . With the assumption that the results of the study estimates that of the population, the research found a sound basis for predicting behavioral intent of the food concessionaires to practice solid waste management.

본 논문은 최근 전세 개혁이 주거 시장에 미친 영향에 관해 논의한다. 전세는 한국에 서만 발견되는 독특한 주택임대 제도이다. 전세계에서 찾아보기 힘든 독특한 제도인 전세는 몇가지 경제적인 이유로 인해 존속해 왔으나 최근의 여러 상황으로 인해 그 미래는 불투명하다. 최근 한국, 특히 서울에서의 주거 비용은 급속히 높아졌으며, 이로 인해 세입자들의 비용 부담이 가중되어 왔다. 이에 대응하여 한국 정부는 논란이 많은 법 개정을 통해 전세금을 포함한 세입자의 집세 증액에 관해 연간 일정한 상한선을 도입했으며, 주거 시장을 안정시키고 세입자들의 편의를 위해 1회에 한해 의무적으로 전세계약을 연장하도록 했다. 그러나 이러한 법제 개혁은 예기치 않은 주거 시장의 혼란과 전세 물량의 부족을 초래했다. 본 논문은 최근 전세 개혁의 사회경제적 영향을 분석하고, 최근에 수립된 “법개발학 일반이론”(General Theory of Law and Development)을 도입하여 전세에 관한 법제 개혁이 예상치 않은 결과를 초래한 이유 를 분석한다.

This article discusses South Korea’s recent property law reform (affecting “Chonse”) and its unintended impact on the housing market. Chonse is a unique and prevailing residential lease found only in South Korea. Under a Chonse contract, a lessee makes a one-time deposit with the lessor, the amount of which equates to a substantial portion of the property value; in exchange, the lessee is permitted to lease the property free of rent and reclaim the deposit on the expiration of the lease. This unique leasehold system has existed for several economic reasons. Recent developments render the future prospect of Chonse uncertain; housing costs have been rapidly increasing in South Korea, particularly in the City of Seoul, generating financial pressure on lessees. In response to this price hike, the South Korean government has undertaken controversial law reform that imposes a cap on annual rent increase, including Chonse deposit amount, and also mandates one-time renewal of residential lease for additional two years, in efforts to assist lessees and stabilize the housing market. This law reform, however, has caused unintended disruption in the housing market and a shortage of residential properties available for Chonse. The author has previously introduced Chonse in a co-authored article and examined its historical origin, legal elements, and future prospects. This article, building on the author’s previous work, analyzes the socioeconomic impact of Korea’s recent Chonse reform. The article adopts the “General Theory of Law and Development” and explains why the law reform has resulted in unintended outcomes. The article cautions against the (well-intended) attempt to restrict property rights resulting in disruptions in the housing market and increasing costs for Chonse lessees.

틱톡과 같은 숏폼 비디오 플랫폼은 사용자가 설득 의도를 매우 빠르게 추론하고, 전략적이거나 통제적 으로 인식되는 콘텐츠에 즉각적인 저항을 보이도록 설득 환경을 형성하고 있다. 본 연구는 자기결정성 이론(self-determination theory: SDT)을 바탕으로, 낮은 설득 의도(low persuasive intent: LPI)가 지각된 자 율성 지지(perceived autonomy support: PAS), 자기주도적 참여(self-initiated engagement: SIE), 반발감 감소적 수용(reactance-reduction compliance: RRC)의 세 가지 자율성 관련 심리 메커니즘을 통해 자발 적 팔로우 의도(voluntary follow intention: VFI)에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 분석하였다. 일일 틱톡 사용 자 268명을 대상으로 수집한 설문 자료를 PLS-SEM으로 분석한 결과, LPI는 SIE와 RRC를 유의하게 증가시키고, PAS에는 부정적인 영향을 미쳤으며, VFI와의 직접적 관계는 유의하지 않았다. 또한 SIE는 자발적 팔로우 의도를 설명하지 못한 반면, RRC는 VFI를 강력하게 예측하였다. 부트스트랩 분석 결과, LPI는 주로 RRC를 매개로 VFI에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나서, 숏폼 플랫폼의 팔로우 결정이 자율 성 고양이나 참여 증가보다는 심리적 저항의 부재에서 비롯됨을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 알고리즘 기반 숏폼 미디어 환경에서 자기결정성이론의 경계 조건을 제시하며, 낮은 압력의 메시지가 팔로우를 유도 하는 저마찰(friction-based) 설득 경로를 규명하여 이론 및 실무적 시사점을 제공한다.

Short-form video platforms, such as TikTok, create a persuasive environment in which users rapidly infer persuasive intent and readily resist content perceived as strategic or controlling. Drawing on self-determination theory (SDT), this study examines how low persuasive intent (LPI) influences voluntary follow intention (VFI) through three autonomy-related psychological mechanisms: perceived autonomy support (PAS), self-initiated engagement (SIE), and reactance-reduction compliance (RRC). Survey data from 268 daily TikTok users were analyzed using PLS-SEM. The results show that LPI significantly increased SIE and RRC but exerted an adverse effect on PAS and had no direct impact on VFI. While SIE did not predict substantially voluntary following, RRC emerged as a strong predictor of VFI. Bootstrap analyses further confirmed that LPI affects VFI primarily through RRC, indicating that following decisions in short-form environments arise less from enhanced autonomy or increased engagement than from the absence of psychological resistance. These findings identify a boundary condition of SDT within algorithmically curated short-form media and reveal a friction-based persuasion pathway through which low-pressure content facilitates commitment. The study contributes theoretical clarity by disentangling autonomy-related micro-processes. It offers practical insights for creators and marketers operating in environments where reducing perceived pressure may be more influential than increasing engagement or relational cues.

The research aims to understand the impact of metaverse marketing through enjoyment experience on consumer brand relationship and intent to buy in a context of fashion industry of South Korea. The study uses survey method as a strategy and quantitative approach to conduct the research. The researcher chooses 300 respondents as a sample size to represent the overall population. Moreover, the researcher opts for convenience sampling method to choose the participants of the study. The study also uses questionnaire as a research instrument and the data is analyzed with the help of employing several statistical tests using Structural Equation Modelling through AMOS. The statistical results show that 3D Environment and Virtual Presence have no direct relationship with Consumer-Brand Relationship but the involvement of Enjoyment Experience in the relationship is compulsory. However, the direct relationship between Virtual Interaction and Consumer-Brand Relationship was significant. The mediating effect of customer satisfaction and trust in the relationship between Consumer-brand relationship and Intent to Purchase are also significant. This research implies that brand managers to have the necessary knowledge to effectively drive interaction and establish relationships with fashion clothing customers.

It is not easy to explain the distinct relationships and roles of concepts like li (理, principle), ki (氣, matter or energy), heart-mind (sim 心), and nature (sŏng 性) because the terms simultaneously explain both the physical quality and the ethical nature of being. In order to solve this difficulty, Confucians of the Chosŏn dynasty tried to search for effective ways of explanation by analyzing them, and today’s scholars also make persistent efforts to resolve this difficulty. One direction of such arguments in the Sŏngho school, which includied Chŏng Yag-yong, was to divide the usages of the concepts into “the special” (chŏn 專) and “the universal” (ch’ong 總). In addition, there was “the theory of mutual opposition” (taesŏl 對說) versus “the theory of mutual causation” (insŏl 因說), which was suggested by Ki Tae-sŭng in his disputes over the Four Beginnings and the Seven Emotions with Yi Hwang, and the “horizontal viewing” (hoeng’gan 橫看) versus “vertical viewing” (sugan 竪看), which was used by Yi I, Yi Chin-sang, Chŏng Chae-gyu, and others. Contemporary scholars have also used these frameworks in order to explain the theories of li, ki, “heart-mind,” and “nature” in Chosŏn Confucianism. And these methods focus mainly on the li and ki structure of moral emotions. However, most Chosŏn Neo-Confucianists discussed these topics in order to actualize moral life in the real world by searching for ways of controlling emotions, rather than discovering the ontological structure of li, ki, “heart-mind,” and “nature”. If we consider what we can learn from Neo-Confucianism’s li, ki, “heart-mind,” and “nature” theory or the theory of the Four Beginnings and the Seven Emotions today, we should take note of the experiences and the results of discussions that attempt to make a normative justifiability of moral life equal to the inevitability of the natural law, by considering that human beings and society share their material and principles with nature. And we should evaluate dispassionately the theories and the results of these theories that were made in order to accomplish a Confucian moral society, and make the evaluation helpful for generating a discussion to lead today’s society in a desirable direction.

본 연구는 현대인의 주요한 시간보내기 수단으로 자리 매김하고 있는 스마트폰 게임행위를 우리나라 대학 생을 대상으로 경험적으로 탐색하였다. 스마트폰 게임은 작은 스크린 크기와 정교하지 않은 조작 인터페이스로 인해 컴퓨터 게임에 비해 이용자에게 불편한 게임이다. 이러한 불리한 상황을 극복하기 위하여 스마트폰 게임은 게임 인 터페이스 설계에 있어서 간명성으로 대표되는 미니멀리즘적 요소를 도입하고 있다. 본 연구는 스마트폰 게임의 간명 성이 인지적 용이성, 즐거움, 플로우 및 이용의도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 PLS(partial least square) 경로모형분석 을 통해 탐색한다. 연구결과를 요약하면, 인지적 용이성-플로우 경로를 제외한 제안된 모든 가설들이 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 게임 개발에 있어서 이용자 편의 중심의 인터페이스와 이용자의 경험을 고려할 필요가 있 음을 말해준다. 마지막으로 미래 연구를 위한 함의와 제언을 제시하였다.

This study explored Korean college students’ smartphone game behavior for the pastime. Smartphone games have weakness that is not appropriate for playing the game because of small screen and non-sophisticated interface for operation. To defeat the disadvantage, the games employed minimalism like conciseness or simplicity. The study explored how conciseness influences perceived ease of use, perceived enjoyment, flow, and intent to use the game through PLS path modeling. We found that every hypothesis except a path, perceived ease of use to flow, proved significant. This result means that smartphone game design should consider the interface of users’ convenience and user experience practically. Finally, based on the findings, suggestions for future studies were discussed

Purpose: The study purposes were to construct and test structural equation modeling on the causal relationship of community residents' perceived quality of care, image, and role performance with satisfaction, intention to (re)visit and intention to recommend hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 3,900 community residents from 39 district public hospitals. The questionnaire was designed to collected information on personal characteristics and community awareness of public hospitals. Community awareness consisted of 6 factors and 18 items. The data were collected utilizing call-interview by a survey company. Research data were collected via questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 and AMOS version 20.0. Results: Model fit indices for the hypothetical model were suitable for the recommended level: ${\chi}^2=796.40$ (df=79, p<.001), GFI=.93, AGFI=.90, RMSR=.08, NFI=.94. Quality of care, image, and role performance explained 68.1% of variance in community awareness. Total effect of quality of care process factors on satisfaction (path coefficients=3.67), intention to (re)visit (path coefficients=2.67) and intention to recommend hospital (coefficients=2.45) were higher than other factors. Conclusion: Findings show that public hospitals have to make an effort to improve community image through the provision of quality care, and excellent role performance. Support for these activities is available from both Central and Local Governments.