Earticle

본 연구는 고령화고용패널(KLoEE)의 자료를 활용하여 1964년-1974년 출생자 6,443명(남성 3,167명, 여성 3,276명)의 노동시장 진입 이후 20년 경력경로를 분석하였다. 배열분석과 다항로짓모형을 통해 경력경로 유형을 도출하고, 인구학적 요인 및 자녀 특성이 유형 귀속에 미치는 영향을 검증하였다. 분석 결과, 주요 경력 형성기의 경력경로는 실업 및 비경제활동형, 무급가족종사자 전환형, 임시･일용직 반복형, 상용직 지 속형, 자영업 지속 및 전환형의 5가지 유형으로 구분되었다. 첫 일자리 특성을 통제한 후 경력경로 유형에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석한 결과, 성별과 첫 일자리 진입 전 자녀 출생 경험이 주요 영향 요인으로 나 타났다. 여성은 남성보다 불안정한 경력경로 유형에 속할 가능성이 높았으며, 학력의 보호 효과가 유의하 지 않았다. 또한 첫 일자리 진입 전 자녀 출생 경험이 경력의 불안정성을 강화하였다. 이는 여성의 경력경 로가 단순히 개인의 노력이나 선택의 문제가 아니라 사회구조적 제약의 영향을 받는다는 것을 의미한다. 이를 바탕으로 사회정의에 기초한 진로상담에서의 상담 방향 및 상담자의 역할에 대해 논의하였다.

Using data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Elderly Employment(KLoEE), this study analyzed the 20-year career trajectories if 6,443 individuals (3,167 men and 3,276 women) born between 1964 and 1974. Sequence analysis and multinomial logistic regression identified five distinct career path types: (1) unemployment and non-participation, (2)transition to unpaid family work, (3)repeated temporary work, (4)continuous regular employment, and (5)self-employment continuation or transition. After controlling for first-job characteristics, gender and childbirth before first job entry emerged as primary predictors of career paths, and the protective effect of higher education was found to be non-significant for them. Furthermore, childbirth prior to labor market entry intensified career instability. These findings demonstrate that women’s career path are profoundly influenced by social structural constraints rather than being solely a matter of individual effort or choice. Based on these results, this study discusses directions and counselor roles in social justice-oriented career counseling.

본 연구의 목적은 6차산업 체험에 영향을 미치는 요인을 확장된 PPM모델(extended push-pull-mooring model)을 적 용하여 탐색하는 것이다. 이론적인 모델은 PPM을 근간으로 하여 새로운 변수들을 도입한 확장된 PPM모델이다. 새롭 게 도입된 변수 중 pull요인은 SERVQUAL 모형을 바탕으로 재구성하였다. 종속변수는 고객 충성도 모형을 바탕으로 추천의향과 지속이용을 채택하였다. 선행 변수와 이들 간 영향 관계를 검정하였고 이 과정에서 성별의 조절 역할에 대해 검정하였다. 본 연구의 연구모형을 314개 설문데이터를 기반으로 하여 구조방정식으로 검정하였다. 연구결과 체 험의도에 영향을 가장 크게 미치는 요인은 pull요인으로 밝혀졌다. Pull요인은 체험의도에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. Push요인과 mooring요인은 체험의도에 부(-)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 체험의도는 추천의향 및 지속이용에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 성별에 있어서 남성과 여성은 pull요인과 mooring요인에서 유의한 차이가 났다. Push요인은 여성에게만 체험의도에 부(-)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었으며, mooring요인의 경우 남성과 여성 모두에게 부(-) 의 영향을 미쳤지만, 여성이 남성보다 더 영향을 받는 것으로 분석되었다. 이러한 연구결과는 이론적으로는 6차산업 체험에 있어서 기존의 pull, push요인 위주의 분석에서 나아가 mooring 요인도 체험의도에 중요한 영향을 미친다는 것을 검정하였다. Pull요인으로 도입된 SERVQUAL을 바탕으로 제안된 확장된 PPM모델이 유용한 분석의 틀이 될 수 있음을 검정하였다. 실무적으로는 6차산업 체험을 활성화하기 위해 어떠한 요소에 전략적으로나 마케팅적으로 집중 해야 하는지에 대한 시사점을 제공할 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study is to explore the factors affecting the 6th industry experience by applying the extended push-pull-mooring model. The theoretical model is an extended PPM model that introduces new variables based on PPM. The pull factor of the newly introduced variables was reconstructed based on the SERVQUAL model. The dependent variable adopts recommendation intention and continuous use based on the customer loyalty model. The relationship between them were tested and the moderating role of gender in this process was tested. The research model of this study was tested by structural equation model based on 314 effective questionnaire data. The most significant factor affecting experience intention was the pull factor. Pull factor had a positive effect on experience intention. Push and mooring factors have a negative effect on experience intention. Experience intention had a positive effect on recommendation intention and continuous use. Male and female showed significant differences in pull and mooring factors. Push factor was analyzed to have a negative effect on experience intention only for women, and mooring factor had a negative effect on both men and women, but women were more affected than men. These results theoretically test that the mooring factors also have an important effect on the experience intention in the sixth industry experience. Based on the SERVQUAL introduced as a pull factor, the proposed extended PPM model proved to be a useful analysis framework. In practice, it was able to provide implications on what factors should be strategically and marketingly focused to activate the 6th industry experience.

본 연구는 자원보존이론(Conservation of Resources Theory)을 토대로 전·후기 사별노인의 삶의 질 영향요인을 비교․분 석하고 동시에 연령과 성별의 상호작용 효과를 검증하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 한국고용정보원의 2022년도 제9차 고령화 연구패널조사(KLoSA) 자료를 활용하여 65세 이상 사별노인 1,286명을 대상으로 인구사회학적 특성, 물질적 자원, 건강 자원, 사회 적 자원을 단계적으로 투입한 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 주요 분석결과를 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 우선 전체 사별노인, 후기 사 별노인, 전기 사별노인 집단에서 경제적 만족도가 삶의 질에 가장 강력한 예측요인으로 확인되었으며, 건강 자원의 영향력은 연령집 단별로 상이하게 나타났다. 전기 사별노인은 일상생활수행능력(ADL)과 장애 여부가, 후기 사별노인은 주관적 건강상태와 만성질환 수가 더 중요한 영향요인으로 나타났다. 사회적 교류 빈도는 전기 사별노인에서 더 높은 영향력을 보였다. 특히 전기 사별노인 집단 에서만 연령과 성별의 상호작용 효과가 유의하게 나타나 여성은 연령 증가에 따라 삶의 질이 체계적으로 저하되는 취약성을 보였다. 이러한 실증분석 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구는 다음과 같은 정책적 함의를 도출하였다. 첫째, 전·후기 노인의 특성을 고려한 차별화된 정책적 접근이 요구된다. 둘째, 사별노인의 경제적 적응을 위한 종합적 지원체계를 구축해야 한다. 셋째, 연령대별 특성을 반영한 건 강관리 지원이 필요하다. 넷째, 사별 후 사회적 관계망의 재구축을 위한 차별화된 지원이 강화되어야 함을 제언으로 제시하였다.

This study aims to compare and analyze the factors affecting the quality of life of younger-old and older-old bereaved elderly based on the Conservation of Resources Theory, while simultaneously examining the interaction effects of age and gender. Using data from the 9th Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) conducted by the Korea Employment Information Service in 2022, hierarchical regression analysis was performed on 1,286 bereaved elderly aged 65 and over, progressively incorporating socio-demographic characteristics, material resources, health resources, and social resources. The main findings are as follows. First, economic satisfaction was identified as the strongest predictor of quality of life across all groups - the entire bereaved elderly population, older-old bereaved elderly, and younger-old bereaved elderly. The impact of health resources varied by age group. For younger-old bereaved elderly, Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and disability status were more significant factors, while for older-old bereaved elderly, subjective health status and the number of chronic diseases were more important influencing factors. The frequency of social interaction showed a stronger influence among younger-old bereaved elderly. Notably, only in the younger-old bereaved elderly group was there a significant interaction effect between age and gender, with women showing vulnerability in terms of systematic deterioration in quality of life with increasing age. Based on these empirical analysis results, this study draws the following policy implications. First, differentiated policy approaches are required considering the characteristics of younger-old and older-old elderly. Second, a comprehensive support system must be established for the economic adaptation of bereaved elderly. Third, health management support reflecting age-specific characteristics is necessary. Fourth, the study suggests that differentiated support for rebuilding social networks after bereavement should be strengthened.

Gender-related differences are a widely discussed topic in mental health research, as sex and gender interact in more complex ways to affect mental health risk, progression and outcomes than other non-psychological problems. In this study, we explored the interrelationship of gender, mental health status, and mental health literacy, utilizing data from China General Social Survey (CGSS). Our central goal was to investigate the gender gap in mental health within Chinese society and illuminate its underlying causal pathway. Drawing upon current literature, we posited gender disparities exist in mental health in Chinese society, with women reporting lower levels of mental health than their male counterparts. We also hypothesized that mental health literacy plays an important intermediary role in this relationship. Our investigation utilized a representative sample drawn from CGSS, in which the richness of the population-wide data offers invaluable insights into the intricate dynamics between gender, mental health status, and mental health literacy. Employing a multistep data analysis approach, we began with a bivariate ANOVA analysis to compare gender-based difference in mental health status and assessed mental health literacy. Subsequently, we constructed and analyzed a structural equation model in order to better identify causal pathways underlying the gender gap in mental health. Our findings substantiated the existence of a gender gap in mental health status in Chinese society, with women reporting relatively poorer mental health levels, and found factors such as parental status and occupational status are relevant to women's mental health. Regarding mental health literacy, while men and women are similar in identifying mental health problems, women are more likely to incorrectly attribute mental problems to the influence of religious and/or supernatural factors. The study further suggested the poorer mental health status of women can, at least partially, be attributable to the lack of relevant knowledge, as the structural equation model obtained in the study supported the mediation effect of mental health literacy between gender and mental health status. These findings highlight the importance of mental health literacy and mental health education in China, on account of their potentially beneficial effects on women's mental wellbeing.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the satisfaction of massage using aroma essential oil and to determine whether there is a difference in the factors affecting satisfaction according to gender. For this purpose, data of 499 adults over the age of 20 who had received aroma essential oil massage were collected by quota sampling. The main research results are as follows. First, among the variables related to aroma essential oil massage about ‘satisfaction’ and ‘help for skin health’ only the perception was found to be different between men and women. second, variables related to aroma essential oil massage as a result of checking whether it affects satisfaction, ‘durability’ and ‘help for skin health’ was found to have an effect on satisfaction. Third, as a result of checking whether there is a difference in satisfaction influencing factors according to gender, it was found that for men, ‘duration’, ‘price perception’, ‘help for skin health’, ‘educational’, and ‘freedom of a spouse’ affect satisfaction. And for women, it was found that ‘duration’ and ‘help for skin health’ had an effect on satisfaction. Based on these results massage using aroma essential oils to improve satisfaction and secure customers different approaches depending on gender suggested to be applied.

本研究旨在探讨芳香精油对按摩满意度的影响因素􎨳并调查性别对满意度的影响因素是否存 在差异􀕶为此􎨳本文通过分配抽样方法收集了499名接受过芳香精油按摩的20岁以上成人的资 料􀕶主要研究结果为如下􎩁第一􀕵芳香精油按摩相关变量中􎨳针对“满意度”和“有助于皮肤健 康”的认识存在男女差异􀕶第二􀕵芳香精油按摩相关变量是否影响满意度的调查结果显示􎨳 “持续时间”和“有助于皮肤健康”对满意度均有影响􀕶第三􀕵满意度影响因素是否有性别差异的 调查结果显示􎨳“持续时间”􀕵“价格认知”􀕵“有助于皮肤健康”􀕵“学历”􀕵“配偶有无”均对男性 的满意度产生影响􀕶而对于女性而言􎨳“持续时间”和“有助于皮肤健康”两项对满意度产生了影 响􀕶基于上述研究结果􎨳建议针对性别􎨳采用不同方式􎨳提高芳香精油按摩满意度􎨳以此来 维持客户.

본 연구는 영화 제작과 흥행에서 가장 중요한 요소 중 하나인 배우에 대한 탐색을 시도한다. 구체적으로 한국의 영화 관람객을 대상으로 할리우드 남녀 영화배우들을 선 호에 따라 유형화한 것이다. 또한 관객도 남자 관객과 여자 관객으로 구분하여 남녀 배 우에 대한 유형화의 차이를 알아보았다. 영화의 핵심 소비층을 대상으로 설문 조사한 결과 외국 남자 영화배우의 선호유형은 남성 관객에게서는 액션, 영웅, 모험가 등 3가지 유형으로 나타났다. 여성관객을 대상으로 한 분석에서는 영웅, 모험가, 조력자, 액션의 4가지 선호유형이 나타났다. 다음으로 외국 여자 영화배우에 대한 캐릭터 선호유형은 남성 관객과 여성 관객 모두에게서 3가지 유형으로 나타났다. 남성에게 있어서 최고인 기, 여전사, SF/판타지 등 3가지로 나타났고 여성 관객에게 있어서는 최고인기, 드라마 장르, SF판타지의 3가지로 유형화되었다. 이러한 결과는 학문적인 시사점과 함께 영화 의 제작과 마케팅에 실무적인 시사점을 제공하고 있다.

This study explores image types of Hollywood movie stars. Male and female actors are evaluated by both male and female moviegoers independently. The findings of this study showed that image types of male actors are action, heroes, and adventurers by male audiences, and female audiences classified male actors into heroes, adventurers, assistants, and action. For female actors, image types are trendy, female warriors, and SF fantasy, and male audiences classified them into trendy, romance, and SF fantasy. These results could provide academic implications and managerial implications for movie marketers.

현대 사회의 보편적인 범죄 증가 추세 속에 여성범죄 또한 과거에 비해 증가해 왔으나 여전히 범죄에 있어 여성과 남성의 성차는 두드러진다. 그럼에도 불구하고 범죄학에서 여성범죄에 관한 관심이나 이론화 수준은 상대적으로 낮은 실정으로, 특히 19세기 후반과 20세기 초반에 걸쳐 등장한 고전적 여성범죄 이론이 현대에 와서도 여성범죄를 이해하는 시각과 이론에 그 영향을 지속하고 있다. 따라서 본고에서는 오늘날까지 그 지적 영향력이 온존하고 있는 고전적 여성범죄 이론에 대한 비판적 검토를 해보는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 본고에서는 사회과학의 이론에 대한 분류기준과 평가준거를 설정한 다음 이를 기초로 고전적 여성범죄 이론의 특징과 한계점의 규명을 중심으로 한 평가를 시도하였다. 대체로 생물학적 결정론을 지배적 특징으로 하고 있는 고전적 여성범죄 이론은 기본 가정이나 설명 논리, 경험적 타당성 및 이론의 과학성 등 다양한 측면에서 한계를 내포하고 있다고 평가되었다.

Crimes committed by women have been increased in modern society. But gender differences in criminal behavior that women commit crimes much less than men are still salient. Nevertheless, levels of interest and theorizing efforts for women's crime are relatively low in contemporary criminology. Especially, classical theories of women's crime born in late 19th century through early 20th century are having major influences on our perspectives on women's crime even at the present. This article reviews classical theories of women's crime which have large intellectual influences on current perspectives on women's crime. Basic criteria for classification and evaluation of social theories are examined. And, based on these criteria, major characteristics and limitations of classical theories of women's crime are reviewed. It is found that classical theories of women's crime, mainly based on biological determinism, have limitations in several aspects including basic assumptions, explanatory logicalness, empirical validity and the standard of scientific method.

本稿は、明治期の翻訳小説『小公子』における終助詞を調査の対象とし、『小公子』における女性語について考察したものである。研究の方法は、話者の性別によって、どのような終助詞が、どのように使い分けられていたのか。また、相手と場面による使い分けについて考察を行い、性別による終助詞の待遇的な違いについても考察を試みた。 明治20年代の『小公子』の女性語について述べてきたことをごくかいつまんでいうと、次の三点が挙げられる。第一に、肝腎なのは『小公子』の翻訳者が当時の様々な時代相、例えば、男女の社会で異なる位置、つまり時代背景や女学雑誌の啓蒙的な性質や作品の性格などを考慮し、女性の言葉づかいに工夫したことが考えられる。女性語の場合は、終助詞「わ」の少なさ、「よ」「な」「こと」「とも」「もの」などは敬語表現に接続して使われていること、そして当時有識者の間で非難の的になった言葉․終助詞「わ」「だわ」「てよ」などを人為的に避けた可能性が考えられる。 第二に、当時の社会風潮と翻訳者の翻訳意図によって、女性語は制限があったのに比べて、男性語はそういう制約に比較的自由であったことが考えられる。例えば、女性が使う終助詞は10語に過ぎないが、男性が使っている終助詞は29語もあり、このような事実を物語ってくれる。 第三に、談話のストラテジーにおける男女差が反映され、断定的な言い方を避けたり、敬語表現に配慮せざるを得なかった環境は女性語が男性語より敏感であったようである。そのため、情意表現の一つである終助詞においても、男女による待遇的な意味合いが異なっているのではなかろうか。また、強い主張を表す「ぜ」「ぞ」などは、『小公子』当時の言語規範․女性の言葉づかいに対する規範意識から鑑みて、女性において使いにくい環境であったことが言える。

Purpose: This study aimed to compare energy drink (ED) use between male and female college students and identify predictors of high-risk ED use. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 256 students (125 males, 131 females) from two universities between October 2023 and January 2024. High-risk ED use was defined as consuming EDs at least once per week or mixing them with alcohol. Binary logistic regression was used to identify predictors. Results: A total of 85.5% of participants reported lifetime ED use, with a mean initiation age of 16.8 years. Among ED users, 16.9% consumed EDs at least once per week, and 21.5% reported mixing them with alcohol. Notably, 62.1% reported increased consumption during examination periods. Males were more likely to use EDs, mix them with alcohol, exercise regularly, and smoke, whereas females reported higher depression levels and greater peer influence. Predictors of high-risk ED use included male gender, earlier initiation, smoking, and insufficient sleep (< 7 hours/day). Conclusion: These findings highlight the need for gender-sensitive interventions that integrate education on ED and AmED risks, links with smoking and alcohol, peer influence, and stress management. University health centers can play a leading role in delivering such programs through student-preferred platforms. Sustained impact may require institutional commitment and policies such as restricting ED sales in campus vending machines or mandating warning labels about the risks of excessive consumption.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the association among various adolescent prob- lem behaviors in South Korea, focusing on gender differences. Methods: This secondary analysis was conducted using cross-sectional data from the 19th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey, conducted in 2023 which included 52,880 mid- dle and high school students in South Korea. They completed an anonymous self-admin- istered survey regarding problem behaviors (drinking alcohol, smoking, drugs use, and sexual experiences). Data were analyzed using complex-samples chi-square and multiple logistic regression models. Results: Among the 52,880 adolescents, the prevalence rates of alcohol use, smoking, drug use, and sexual experiences were 32.6%, 8.6%, 1.7%, and 6.5%, respectively. Gender differences were observed in alcohol use complex-samples multiple logistic regression models. However, no significant gender difference was found in drug use (p=.250). Four problem behaviors were significantly associated with one other when analyzed as inde- pendent variables (odds ratio [OR], 1.33?10.85). The strongest associations were found between alcohol use and smoking (OR, 10.49?10.85), and between smoking and sexual experiences (OR, 4.91?4.96). Conclusion: This study found significant gender differences in adolescent problem be- haviors, with male adolescents exhibiting higher rates of alcohol use, smoking, and sexu- al experience. Strong associations were observed between alcohol use and smoking, as well as between smoking and sexual experience. These findings suggest the need for in- tegrated intervention strategies that target multiple co-occurring problem behaviors.

Purpose: Preventing the effects of physical vulnerability is a practical approach to improving older adults’ depressive symptoms. This study aims to examine the relationship between gender differences related to muscle strength and depressive symptoms mediated by perceived stress. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data from 2,705 older adults (65 years old or older) from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VII 2016 and 2018 were analyzed. The moderated mediation model was developed; the outcome, independent, mediation, and moderated mediation variables in the literature-based research model were depressive symptoms, muscle strength, perceived stress, and gender, respectively. Results: Perceived stress had a mediating effect on the relationship between muscle strength and depressive symptoms. The indirect effect of muscle strength on depressive symptoms mediated by perceived stress was β = -.02 (95% CI:-0.03~-0.01). The moderated mediation model demonstrated that the interaction term of handgrip strength and gender negatively affected perceived stress, which indicated that gender moderated the mediating model of perceived stress on the association of muscle strength and depressive symptoms (β = -.01, p <.05). The conditional indirect effect model was insignificant in the male group (β = -.00, 95% CI:-0.01~0.01) but significant in the female group (β = -.01, 95% CI: -0.02~0.00). Conclusions: Perceived stress mediated the relationship between muscle strength and depressive symptoms. However, the effect differed by gender. A stress-mediated depressive symptoms intervention program for older adults should be developed to consider women’s needs.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify gender differences in the social function of healthy aging among older South Koreans. Methods: This study applied a cross-sectional design using secondary data (Survey on the Welfare and Living Conditions of the Elderly in Seoul, 2018), and 3,034 older adults (men=1,420; women=1,614) were sampled. I used multiple regression analysis to identify the factors related to the social function of healthy aging by gender. Results: The study’s findings indicated that women tended to have a poorer socioeconomic and health-related status than men. In addition, women were frailer than men in social health. Moreover, there were significant gender differences in physical and mental health-related functions, in which women fared worse than men. As for the gender-related factors of healthy aging, there was a relationship between the lifestyle factors (frequency of drinking and exercise) and the social function of healthy aging among women. Conclusion: Results of this study revealed the importance of evaluating the social function of healthy aging among older adults by gender to develop appropriate interventions.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify gender differences associated with weight related teasing by parents, and development of anti-fat attitudes among Korean children aged 5 to 7 years. Methods: This study used a descriptive cross-sectional design. Questionnaire interviews were conducted by enrolling 222 healthy children having normal development and living with their parents in South Korea. Results: Results showed gender and parental weight-related teasing was significantly associated with anti-fat attitudes among children. Significance of the association between parental weight-related teasing and anti-fat attitudes among kindergarten children differed according to the child’s gender. Among girls, the higher level of parental weight-related teasing was associated with greater anti-fat attitude. However, parental weight-related teasing was not associated with increased anti-fat attitude among boys. Conclusion: Considering our study results, we recommend developing programs aimed towards decreasing teasing in the family environment, such as changing the gender-specific weight norms to prevent anti-fat attitudes in Korean girls.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate gender differences in the association between depressive symptoms and weight, weight perception, and body satisfaction among Korean adolescents. Methods: A secondary data analysis was performed on data from 33,374 adolescents who participated in the 2015 Adolescent Health Behavior Online Survey. They were classified as underweight, normal weight, or overweight/obese; weight perception was classified into perception of being underweight, normal weight, or overweight/obese; and weight satisfaction into desire to gain weight, satisfied, and desire to lose weight. Results: Among boys, perception of being underweight (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07~1.35) and desire to gain weight (AOR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.30~1.62) were associated with depression. Among girls, perception of being overweight or obese (AOR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.07~ 1.29) and a desire to lose weight (AOR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.18~1.42) were associated with depression. Conclusion: Gender differences were observed in the association between weight perception and depression in adolescents. The perception of being underweight among boys and the perception of being overweight/overweight among girls were associated with depression. Thus, gender-specific intervention programs to correct weight perception and weight satisfaction are needed in order to relieve depressive symptoms in adolescents.

Not only have female juvenile offenders been understudied, but also few attempts have been made to explore differences between female and male juvenile offenders. To examine gender differences among juvenile offenders, 36 female juvenile offenders were compared with 202 male juvenile offenders, in terms of offender background characteristics and personality functioning. As a result, female and male juvenile offenders differed in various aspects: as to whether they had a history of psychological abuse in the family and whether they had delinquent friends. Significant differences found between female and male juvenile offenders included alcohol/drug abuse and ability to handle difficult situations. In addition, female juvenile offenders were more likely to display mental health problems, such as anxiety, depression, paranoia, schizophrenia, and suicidal ideations, than male juvenile offenders. The present study emphasizes that differential efforts of intervention and treatment for female juvenile offenders are necessary in order to prevent repetitive delinquent behaviors. Finally, limitations of the present study and suggestions for future research were discussed.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between unhealthy eating behavior and depression in adolescents, with confounding variables adjusted. Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of the data collected from the 2013 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS). The analysis included 72,435 participants (36,655 male and 35,780 female). The data were analyzed by x2 test, t-test, and logistic regression analysis using SPSS Version 21 by complex samples analysis. Results: Compared with male adolescents with healthy eating behavior, those who with unhealthy eating behavior were more likely to suffer depression with other factors controlled (OR=1.37, 1.07~1.75). On the other hand, female adolescents with unhealthy eating behavior were less likely to feel depressed compared with female adolescents with unhealthy eating behavior and with other factors controlled (OR=0.98, 0.64~1.50). However, it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that healthy eating behavior may be a protective factor against depression in male adolescents, but not in female adolescents. Furthermore, our results suggest that the longitudinal associations between mental health and healthy eating behavior and other lifestyle factors are complex.

In the present study, we explored whether there are items that function differently across women and men on Tellegen’s Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire(MPQ; Tellegen, 1982; Tellegen & Waller, In Press) by using Mantel-Haenszel(MH) statistic. For the purpose of the study, we applied MHITER program to a sample of responses to the 300-item MPQ personality test. The subjects were 300 individuals(137 men and 163 women, with a mean age of 39.72). The findings of the present study are as following. Firstly, some of the MPQ scales showed significant mean differences across gender; these were Social Potency, Social Closeness, Stress Reaction, Aggression, Harm Avoidance, and Absorption scales. Secondly, six MPQ scales showed more than three items functioning differently. Among others, the Traditionalism scale had the most DIF items, which is followed by Stress Reaction, Aggression, Social Potency, Achievement, and Harm Avoidance. In conclusion, there was a non-negligible number of DIF items across gender in MPQ scales, implying that there may be many DIF items in other personality tests that are currently used. The fact that men and women differently responded to some items reflect a socio-cultural impact in their perspectives on the personality items/tests.

This study utilized projective drawing tests to identify whether the gender difference on a projective drawing test reflects actual differences of their psychological conditions between boys and girls. Despite their lack of objective scoring criteria, drawing tests have revealed that boys are more problematic both emotionally and behaviorally than girls. In this study, gender differences were examined via the Emotional-Behavioral Drawing Test. Six evaluators score the psychological conditions of 172 elementary school children. Positive automatic thought and emotional reactivity were measured as covariates. Results indicated there were statistically significant gender differences in drawing scores, but there were no significant effects of covariates. Given these results, it is plausible that no significant differences in psychological conditions existed between genders, even though boys may draw more psychologically problematic drawings than girls. It is suggested to apply gender criterion to score all types of drawing tests because boys and girls are different in drawings and expressing emotions.

Purpose: This study investigated the relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), focusing on gender differences and using large-scale data on the Korean general population. Methods: The total sample included 9,079 eligible participants aged 40 years who participated in the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted between 2010 and 2012. Complex sampling methods, including strata sampling, clustering, and sample weighting were used to allow generalization of the findings to the Korean population. For the bivariate analysis, chi-square tests were conducted to compare differences in general/behavioral characteristics, individual MetS components, the prevalence of COPD, and the number of MetS components according to the presence or absence of COPD and gender. Finally, a multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for variables was conducted. Results: The prevalence rates of COPD and MetS were 13.6% and 26.0%, respectively. The prevalence rate of MetS in the COPD group was 23.0% for the total sample, 18.5% for men, and 38.5% for women. After sample weighting and adjusting for covariates, there were no significant relationships among COPD, MetS, and the individual MetS components. Conclusion: Although MetS components were not significantly associated with COPD, the results indicate that health care professionals should recognize that two conditions, respiratory symptoms and MetS, may coexist in patients, women in particular, or healthy general populations encountered even if a patient has a normal body mass index and does not drink or smoke at all.