Earticle

In this paper, as there are many cases of fires occurring due to the failure or inoperability of the thermostat of electronic products, the purpose is to test and analyze the risks and probabilities through fire cases and reproduction experiments, and suggest countermeasures. Among electronic products, water purifiers are composed of a refrigerant system with a compressor to make cold water, a heating device to make hot water, and an electric device used as an energy source. Due to the nature of the water purifier manufacturing, these devices are subject to a lot of moisture and dust. etc. exist in large quantities and use electrical energy, so there is a possibility of fire due to short circuit in the wire, electrical abnormal overheating (tracking phenomenon) in the thermostat, electronic board, starting relay, etc., and overheating of the heating device (Band Heater). there is. Therefore, in order to prevent fires from these devices, a system to remove foreign substances inside the water purifier is necessary, the use of heat-resistant (fire-resistant) wires for electrical devices is essential, and the use of non-combustible materials (semi-combustible materials) for each part is necessary to prevent fire. The risk must be eliminated through prevention and combustion expansion prevention devices.

We propose a noise reduced risk aversion index for measuring risk aversion through a laboratory experiment to overcome disadvantages of the multiple pricing list format developed by Holt and Laury (2002). We use randomized multiple list choices with coarser classification and reward weighting, supplement the rank of risk aversion with extra individual characteristics of risk attitude, and construct an index of risk aversion by standardizing the risk aversion ranking with quantile normalization. Our method reduces multiple switching problems that noisy decision makers mistakenly commit in experimental approaches, so that it is free of the framing effect which severely occurred in the HL. Furthermore, the index doesn't utilize any specific utility function or probability weighting, which allows researcher to hold the independence axiom. Since our noise reduced index of risk aversion has many good traits, it is widely used and applied to reveal fundamental characteristics of risk-related behaviors in economics and finance regardless of experimental environment.

We propose a new eliciting method of measuring risk aversion through a laboratory experiment to overcome disadvantages of the multiple pricing list format developed by Holt and Laury (2002) and standardize the risk aversion ranking by quantile normalization. Our method doesn't stick to any specific utility function, and is free of the framing effect or the multiple switching problem. Furthermore, with the new measure of risk aversion, we examine how individuals change risk attitude and decision making time when they face new informational disadvantages, i.e., less information about asset markets than experts. Decision making time gets shorter and risk aversion rises significantly when individuals perceive themselves informationally disadvantaged.

Understanding of gene regulation mechanisms is one of the main goals in systems biology of development. In this communication we introduce a biologically oriented approach to model gene regulation by explicitly involving all the available empirical data. The method is derived by further developing the family of diverse approaches known as fuzzy linguistic modelling (FLM) of gene action. FLM makes it possible to formulate in simple rules the known details of diverse and hierarchical gene-regulatory organization, i.e., to reword experimental conclusions formulated in the language of experimentalists into the language of model designers.

This paper presents field experiment results that illustrate the impact of cross-link interference on the cell search procedure in a 5G time division duplex system. We initially show how cross-link interference affects to the cell search procedure from an analytic aspect. An example of an experimental result provided in this paper shows how the user equipment wrongly estimates the symbol timing offset due to cross-link interference. Furthermore, we propose a modified cell search algorithm which is robust against the strong influence of cross-link interference. The proposed modification efficiently suppresses the effects of cross-link interference by applying selective energy normalization to the correlation process. The experimental results show that the modified algorithm can accurately estimate the symbol timing offset with a negligible increment in computation time.

The spectroscopy toolkit has been developed and tested. The toolkit consists of a CsI(Tl)/PIN diode detector, integrated electronics, and a multi‐channel‐analyzer and its size was 40 cm(width) by 20 cm(length) by 6 cm(high). It is compact, very portable and simpler and cheaper compared to the conventional spectroscopy system. The gamma energy resolutions of the toolkit were 7.9% for the 660 keV of 137Cs and 4.9% for 1,332 keV of 60Co respectively. The linearity for gamma energies was good. When the energy spectrum of a ceramic sample containing 232Th was measured with the spectroscopy toolkit for 20 minutes, there were significant peaks of the heavy metal. These results show that the resolution of the spectroscopy toolkit is sufficient to accumulate a quality spectrum in a few minutes by using weak, encapsulated commercial sources. Furthermore a toolkit experiment that how to measure energy spectra using the toolkit, and how to identify specific isotopes in a pottery piece, could be widely adopted for education and even for more sophisticated and higher level experiments.

This study aimed to (1) develop a learning management plan based on gamification integrated with microscale chemistry experiments in the unit Factors Affecting the Rate of Chemical Reactions for Grade 11 students, (2) examine learning achievement, and (3) assess changes in scientific competency. The study employed a one-group pretest–posttest design. The sample comprised 50 Grade 11 students from Montfort College, Chiang Mai Province, during the second semester of the 2024 academic year, selected through purposive sampling and organized into 10 heterogeneous groups for instruction. Learning activities were designed using gamification principles and microscale chemistry experiments and implemented through four lesson plans over twelve class periods. Research instruments included lesson plans, experimental kits, a performance assessment rubric, and a scientific competency assessment adapted from the PISA 2018 framework. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, and percentage). A one-sample Wilcoxon signed-rank test (using the 10 groups as the unit of analysis) was used to test whether group learning achievement exceeded the 70% criterion, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired samples was used to compare students’ pre- and post-instruction scientific competency scores. The results indicated that the developed learning management plan demonstrated good to very good quality. Students achieved an average learning outcome of 87.67 percent, which was significantly higher than the 70 percent criterion (p = .001). Furthermore, students’ scientific competency improved significantly from pre- to post-instruction (p = .016), with problem- solving showing the highest post-test mean score (̅ = 4.11, S.D. = 0.73).

중화인민공화국 「형법」 초안은 “인체 관련 유전자 편집(복제) 배아이식 행 위”에 대하여 “국가의 관련 규정을 위반”한 경우가 아니면 범죄에 해당하지 않 는다는 조문해석의 여지를 남겼다. 하지만, 「형법」 개정안(11) 제39조는 “국 가 관련 규정 위반”의 초안 규정을 삭제함으로써 동 행위는 불법이며, 어떠한 경우에도 허용될 여지가 없음을 명확히 하였다. 이로 인해 인체와 관련한 유전 자 편집(복제) 배아이식실험도 당연히 범죄로 되어 처벌대상이 된다. 즉, 이러한 행위는 국가가 별도로 규정한 사항인 ‘유전자 조작 복제배아 불법이식죄’로 사 법해석을 할 수는 없지만, 범죄의 불법적 요소를 근거로 실험의 합법을 유도할 수도 없다는 것이다. 인체 관련 유전자 편집(복제) 배아이식실험으로 발생하는 죄는 입법기술에 있 어 ‘응수형 입법’이자 ‘예방형 입법’으로, 결국 법적 규제의 공백을 막기 위해 어쩔 수 없는 일종의 ‘응급입법’이라 볼 수 있다. 이러한 행위에 대한 법적 규제 가 인간의 유전적 안전확보라든지 유전자 편집기술의 연구 등의 질서를 유지하 는데 도움이 되겠지만, 헌법상 학술연구의 자유를 침해하고, 유전자 편집 등 첨 단기술 발전을 저해하며, 유전적 질병치료와 우생학 발전 등의 기회를 상실할 수도 있다. 따라서 적법성과 합리성인 해석방법을 통해 형사사법실천에서 선별 적으로 비범죄화 할지의 여부는 중대한 이론적 문제이자 시급한 현실적 문제이 다. 한편, “인체 관련 유전자 편집(복제) 배아이식 행위” 중 그 행위가 심각한 경 우에 범죄를 구성한다는 것은 범죄구성의 총체적 규범평가요소로서 이 같은 실 험을 비범죄화 할 수 있는 길을 열어준다. 사법해석에는 주관기관의 승인을 받 지 않은 경우를 ‘사안의 심각’으로 규정하고 있어 일부 승인된 실험은 범죄가 되지 않을 수도 있다. 그러므로 ‘행위의 심각성’에 대하여 유전자 편집기술과 생 명윤리 등을 고려하여 명확한 입법화를 통해 비범죄화 해석이 가능하도록 하여 야 할 것이다.

Article 39 of the amendment to the criminal law of the people's Republic of China (11) finally deleted the “violation of the relevant provisions of the state” in the draft, which means that the act of gene editing (cloning) embryo implantation related to human body itself is illegal, and there is no premise to be allowed. Gene editing (cloning) embryo implantation experiments related to human also belongs to the punishment scope of this crime. There is no such expression as “violating the relevant provisions of the state” in the accusations of the crime, although it can not be inferred that it is illegal for the judicial interpretation to summarize the crime as “the crime of illegal gene editing and embryo cloning”; However, we can not deduce the legality of such experiments according to the “illegal” elements added in the charges. The legislation of this crime is not only a kind of responsive legislation, but also a kind of preventive legislation. In the final analysis, it is an emergency legislation that must be adopted to prevent the “vacuum period” of legal regulation. Although it is conducive to ensuring the safety of human genetics and maintaining the management order of the research and application of gene editing technology, it violates the freedom of academic research in the constitution, and may also lose the opportunity to develop cutting-edge technologies such as gene editing, treat genetic diseases, develop liberal eugenics and expand basic rights. Therefore, it is an important theoretical issue as well as an urgent practical issue whether we can find a way of interpretation with both legitimacy and rationality to decriminalize such experiments selectively in criminal justice practice. The “serious circumstances” in the description of the crime, as the “integral standard evaluation element” of the crime constitution, can open up a path of decriminalization for such experiments. On the one hand, the situation of “not approved by the competent authority” can be included in the scope of “serious circumstances” by means of timely judicial interpretation, so as to decriminalize some approved experiments. On the other hand, “serious circumstances” is actually forcing the administrative legislation of gene editing (cloning) technology to legislate as soon as possible. In the future, according to the development of gene editing technology and ethics, we can gradually expand the scope of administrative license for such experiments, and find the path of decriminalization from the perspective of the unity of legal order and the relativity of illegal judgment.

An overview is provided on the past and ongoing efforts aiming at efficient utilization of an extensive empirical data from permanent experiments and monitoring plots in building and validation of forest growth and yield models. First, the properties and suitability of different types of data for different purposes are briefly evaluated. Then, a brief overview to the design, measurements and management of long-term experimental data at Luke is provided with the help of some examples. The main focus is to highlight the role of empirical data in assessing the performance of simulation tools, as well as individual growth and yield models. The validation process heavily depends on the goals set to validation. The goals of growth modelers may be quite different from those of the user of the models. Alternative methods applicable to different types of model evaluation are discussed starting from testing of individual growth functions, analyzing the interaction of sub-models in a simulation system, and finally in assessing the performance of whole simulation system. Finally, some examples of different evaluation methods of models and simulation tools using empirical data are presented.

본 논문은 모바일 폰 사진을 활용하여 도시 공간에서 전력선과 건물 사이의 거리를 편리하게 모델링하고 측정하는 방법에 중점을 두고 있으며, 이에 대한 정확성을 평가하였다. 모바일 장 치용 2뷰 지오메트리를 사용한 전력선과 건물의 3D 재구성 방법을 설계하여 어디에서나 즉시 측정할 수 있도록 하였다. 특징점을 사용하여 전력선과 건물 사이의 거리를 계산하고 건물 정 보를 활용하여 게임 가상 공간에 전력선과 전주를 배치할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 대전시 내 10개의 위치에서 실험을 실시하고, 상업용 시스템과 LiDAR가 있는 경우와 없는 경우를 포함 한 이전 방법과의 성능을 평가하였다. 우리의 방법을 스마트폰에 구현했기 때문에 장점은 휴 대성과 저렴함이다.

This paper focuses on a method for conveniently modeling and measuring the distance between power lines and buildings in real urban spaces using mobile phone photos and assessing their accuracy. A 3D reconstruction method of power lines and buildings using a 2-view geometry was designed for mobile devices to enable instant measurements from anywhere. It is possible to position power lines and utility poles in game virtual spaces by calculating the distance between power lines and buildings using feature points and utilizing building information. In this paper, we conducted experiments at 10 locations in Daejeon city and evaluate a performance between our method and previous methods, including commercial systems with and without LiDAR. Since we implemented our method on a smartphone, the advantage of our method is portability and inexpensiveness.

We estimate investors' attention level to mutual fund fees based on a parsimonious asset allocation model with limited attention in an experimental setting. We find that, on average, investors allocate 62.5% of their full attention to mutual fund fees. We also find that cognitive ability is an important factor in determining investors' attention to the fees. The estimated attention level implies investors in the U.S. mutual funds market pay $16 billion more in fees per year than the level they recognize. We evaluate policy options to increase attention to fees and find that the policy effectiveness may depend on one's cognitive ability.

Background: Nuclear reactors produce a great number of antielectron neutrinos mainly from beta-decay chains of fission products. Such neutrinos have energies mostly in MeV range. We are interested in neutrinos in a region of keV, since they may take part in special weak interactions. We calculate reactor antineutrino spectra especially in the low energy region. In this work we present neutrino spectrum from a typical pressurized water reactor (PWR) reactor core. Materials and Methods: To calculate neutrino spectra, we need information about all generated nuclides that emit neutrinos. They are mainly fission fragments, reaction products and trans-uranium nuclides that undergo negative beta decay. Information in relation to trans-uranium nuclide compositions and its evolution in time (burn-up process) were provided by a reactor code MVP-BURN. We used typical PWR parameter input for MVP-BURN code and assumed the reactor to be operated continuously for 1 year (12 months) in a steady thermal power (3.4 GWth). The PWR has three fuel compositions of 2.0, 3.5 and 4.1 wt% 235U contents. For preliminary calculation we adopted a standard burn-up chain model provided by MVP-BURN. The chain model treated 21 heavy nuclides and 50 fission products. The MVB-BURN code utilized JENDL 3.3 as nuclear data library. Results and Discussion: We confirm that the antielectron neutrino flux in the low energy region increases with burn-up of nuclear fuel. The antielectron-neutrino spectrum in low energy region is influenced by beta emitter nuclides with low Q value in beta decay (e.g. 241Pu) which is influenced by burp-up level: Low energy antielectron-neutrino spectra or emission rates increase when beta emitters with low Q value in beta decay accumulate Conclusion: Our result shows the flux of low energy reactor neutrinos increases with burn-up of nuclear fuel.

Background: Simultaneous detection of neutrons and gamma rays have become much more practicable, by taking advantage of good gamma-ray discrimination properties using pulse shape discrimination (PSD) technique. Recently, we introduced a commercial CLYC system in Korea, and performed an initial characterization and simulation studies for the CLYC detector system to provide references for the future implementation of the dual-mode scintillator system in various studies and applications. Materials and Methods: We evaluated a CLYC detector with 95% 6Li enrichment using various gamma-ray sources and a 252Cf neutron source, with validation of our Monte Carlo simulation results via measurement experiments. Absolute full-energy peak efficiency values were calculated for gamma-ray sources and neutron source using MCNP6 and compared with measurement experiments of the calibration sources. In addition, behavioral characteristics of neutrons were validated by comparing simulations and experiments on neutron moderation with various polyethylene (PE) moderator thicknesses. Results and Discussion: Both results showed good agreements in overall characteristics of the gamma and neutron detection efficiencies, with consistent ~20% discrepancy. Furthermore, moderation of neutrons emitted from 252Cf showed similarities between the simulation and the experiment, in terms of their relative ratios depending on the thickness of the PE moderator. Conclusion: A CLYC detector system was characterized for its energy resolution and detection efficiency, and Monte Carlo simulations on the detector system was validated experimentally. Validation of the simulation results in overall trend of the CLYC detector behavior will provide the fundamental basis and validity of follow-up Monte Carlo simulation studies for the development of our dual-particle imager using a rotational modulation collimator.

본 연구는 고령화 사회에 고층건물이 급증하는 현실을 방영하여 화재 시 노인들의 대피행동에 대한 심리적 이해를 제공하고자 총 30명의 노인들을 대상으로 고층건물 화재 대피실헙을 진행하였다. 신체적 노화과정이 심리적 상태에 영향을 미치는 노령층의 특수성을 고려하여, 노인들의 건강 및 인지상태에 대한 자신감과 위기 시 안전하게 대피할 수 있다는 자기효능감에 중점을 두었다. 분석결 과, 건강 상태에 대한 낮은 자신감은 대피공간에 대한 높은 요구와 관계가 있었으며, 시각 및 청각에 대한 자신감은 자기효능감, 공간탐색, 위기판단과 상관관계를 모였다. 반면, 실험 전 자기효능감은 실제로 이동한 층수와 부적 관계를 나타내었다. 다중회귀분석에서는 건강과 인지능력에 대한 자신 감이 자기효능감에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤으며, 정성적 분석결과로부터 대피실험이 노인들에게 자기 효능감을 변화시킨 의미있는 경험으로 작용한다고 유추할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 노인들의 대피 를 위한 정책적 배려와 함께, 위기 시 현실적 자신감과 자기효능감을 갖도록 적절한 교육이 제공되 어야 함을 시사한다.

The purpose of this study was to provide psychological understanding on seniors’ behavior during fire evacuation in order to reflect the reality of the rapid growth in both seniors and high-rise buildings in Korea. A total of 30 seniors participated in this study, and the results of correlation analysis showed that (1) a low level of confidence had a relationship with a high level of needs on refuge area; (2) the level of confidence on visual and auditory status had relationships with self-efficacy, special exploration, and judgement in risk; and (3) the level of pre-experiment self-efficacy was negatively related with the number of floors they actually passed through. The result of multiple regression analysis revealed that seniors’ confidence on health and cognitive status influenced on pre-experiment self-efficacy, while the result of qualitative analysis implied that the participation in this experiment changed the seniors’ self-efficacy as a meaningful experience. It is necessary to establish a policy and provide education for seniors’ safe evacuation by considering their psychological characteristics.

Silviculture in Finland has been based over decades on even-aged forest management, favoring coniferous single-species stands. Research has shown that mixed forests can provide a wider range of ecosystem services than single-species stands. Changes in the operating environment set new demands for the use of forests. Wood production is one objective, but at the same time, forests are expected to mitigate climate change, protect biodiversity, play an important role in the water and nutrient cycles and provide citizens with recreational opportunities. Mixed forests offer great opportunities for sustainable and multifunctional forest management taken into account climate impacts, resilience, resource efficiency and biodiversity. Wood production can also benefit from mixed forests. Even though the silviculture of mixed forests in Finland would not result in increased wood production, the improved vitality and resistance of mixed forests secure sustainability of wood production in changing conditions. There is urgent need for information on how to grow and manage existing mixed forests and how to establish and grow new mixed forests. To solve these questions, we measured cross sectional data from current young mixed forests (a total of 29 stands) to evaluate past growth and current state of well managed mixed forests. In addition, we established long-term experiments with a clear matrix of different silvicultural options to find out the dynamics of growth by tree species and origin (planting, direct seeding and natural regeneration), and the most effective methods for establishing and managing mixed stands. Totally 18 long-term experiments with 284 plots (1000 m2) were established in 2020-2022. Those experiments will be measured regularly, at early phase with 1-to-3-year interval and later with 5-year intervals. The challenge in establishing long-term experiments is that at the same time we have to consider widely both the current needs and future potential uses for experiments.

This paper reports results from two types of priming experiments (i.e., masked and cross-modal priming experiments) which compare Chinese L2 learners’ morphological processing of a Korean verbal suffix -ko with adult native speakers of Korean. L1/L2 differences were found in both the masked and cross-modal priming experiments: Full priming effects were found in the masked priming experiment and partial priming effects in the cross-modal priming experiment in L1, while weak or no priming effects were found in both types of priming experiments of L2. These findings indicate that L2 learners of Korean are less sensitive to morphological structure than native speakers and dependent on the lexical storage of the full form. This study also provided evidence for the non-difference between the masked priming and the cross-modal priming experiments both in L1 and L2.

In the rocky intertidal environment, the frequency and duration of heatwaves have increased over the last decade, possibly due to global climate change. Heatwaves often result in lethal or sub-lethal disturbances in benthic animals by changing their metabolic activities. In this study, we investigated the impacts of extreme heatwave stress on the hemocyte functions of Mytilisepta virgata and subsequent mortality to gain a better understanding of the potential causes and consequences of mass mortality events in this mussel during summer. We discriminated three types of hemocytes in the hemolymph, granulocytes, hyalinocytes, and blast-like cells, using flow cytometry and revealed that granulocytes were the major hemocyte involved in cellular defensive activities, such as phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. For the experiment, mussels were exposed to a 40◦C air temperature for 12 h per day over 5 days under laboratory conditions as a simulated semi-diurnal tidal cycle. Mortality began to occur within 3 days after beginning the experiment, and all mussels had died by the end of the experiment. Flow cytometry indicated that the mussels exposed to high air temperatures produced significantly more ROS than did the control mussels within 2 days after the onset of the experiment, which may have caused oxidative stress. Such high levels of ROS in the hemolymph increased DNA damage in hemocytes after 3 days of exposure and decreased the phagocytosis of hemocytes 4 days after the experiment began. The observed mortality and decline in immune capacity suggested that an extreme heat event occurring in the rocky intertidal ecosystem during summer could exert sublethal to lethal impacts on macrobenthic animals.

This paper presents the effect of the supramolecular complex of GA (Glycyrrhizic acid) and Mt (menthol) and GA: Mt (4: 1) obtained on their basis can restore functional dysfunction of the liver mitochondria in alloxan diabetes, ie, inhibit lipid peroxidation. The hypoglycemic activity and mitochondrial membrane stabilizing properties of the supramolecular compound GA: Mt (4: 1) in alloxan diabetes were more pronounced than those of menthol, GA and its GK: Mt (2: 1) and GA: Mt (9: 1) compounds. According to the results obtained, the concentration of GA did not affect the peroxidation of lipid membranes of the liver mitochondria. However, a concentration of 15 μM of GA was found to reduce LPO (lipid peroxidation) formed by the effect of Fe2+ / ascorbate on the mitochondrial membrane by 58.0 ± 5.0% relative to control. The inhibitory effect of GA and its supramolecular compounds in different proportions with menthol on the peroxidation of lipids in rat heart and brain tissue has been studied