Earticle

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the resistance exercise with aerobic exercise program on inflammation markers response in the elderly men. The subjects consisted 55 elderly men, who was aged 68~75 years were checked by a blood test, body composition and exercise stress testing. In measurement index, blood test were measured of WBC, albumin, RF, CRP, and fibrinogen. We enrolled 30 exercise group into the participated 12 week resistance exercise with aerobic exercise program. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of paired t-test. Results of this study were as follows; In the WBC, exercise group were showed significantly effects of physical activity program participation, but control group were no significantly. In th CRP and RF, CRP were showed significantly effects of physical activity program participation in the exercise group, and RF were showed no significantly effects of physical activity program participation in the each groups. In the Fibrinogen, exercise group were showed significantly effects of physical activity program participation, but control group were no significantly. These data suggest that the long-term physical activity program is an effective to improve CVD and inflammation markers response. Conclusionally, elderly men will no longer be a rare event, and providers have to prepare to treat such patients on a regular basis.

본 연구의 목적은 슬관절 전치환술환자에게 시행된 운동 프로그램들을 체계적으로 고찰하여 개별 연구의 특성과 운동 프로그램의 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구의 선정기준은 연구대상(슬관절 전치환술 받은 자), 중재 방법(운동 프로그램), 비교집단(대조군 있는 연구), 연구 결과(보행), 연구설계 (무작위 배정 임상 실험)로 하였다. 본 연구는 2014년 1월부터 2023년 12월까지 발행된 국내 연구 13편을 가지고 랜덤효과모형을 가지고 개별 연구의 효과크기를 산출하였다. 또한 보행에 대한 변수로 일어나 걷기 검사와 10 미터 보행 검사의 효과크기를 산출하였 다. 전체 효과크기는 Hedges’ g=0.58로 중간 효과크기로 나타났다. 하위 변수인 보행에 관한 효과크기는 일어나 걷기 검사는 Hedges’ g=0.45, 10 미터 걷기 검사는 Hedges’ g=0.68로 나타났다. 이는 Cohen이 제시한 기준에 의 하면 중간 효과크기로 나타났다. 따라서 운동 프로그램이 슬관절 전치환술을 받은 환자의 보행 능력이 향상되어 긍정적인 영향을 준 것으로 보인다. 향후 슬관절 전치환술을 받은 환자들을 대상으로 다양한 기능을 향상하는 운 동 프로그램에 대한 후속 연구가 필요할 것으로 보인다.

The purpose of this study was to systematically review exrecise programs implemented in patients with total knee replacement surgery to determine the characteristics of individual studies and the effectiveness of exercise programs. The study selection criteria were participants (total knee replacement patients), intervention (exercise program), comparision group (study with control group), study outcomes (gait), and studu design (randomly assigned clinical trial). This study calculated the effect sizes of individual studies using 13 domestic studies published from January 2014 to December 2023. In addition, the effect sizes the timed up go test and 10 meter walking test were calculated as variables for walking. The overall effect size was Hedges’ g=0.58, which was a medium effect size. The effect size for walking was Hedges’ g=0.45 for the timed up and go test(TUG), Hedges’ g=0.68 for the 10 meter walking test(10MWT). Therefore, the exercise program appears to have had a positive effect on improving the walking ability of patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty. Future studies are needed on exercise programs to improve various functions in patients who have undergone total knee arthroplasty.

본 연구는 성인 지적장애인의 운동프로그램 참여가 근기능에 미치는 영향을 확인하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 기존에 보고된 연구결과를 질적으로 합성하기 위해 체계적문헌고찰과 양적 합성을 위해 메타분석 을 수행하였다. 문헌 선정은 PRISMA 가이드라인을 준수하였고, 선정된 연구는 문헌의 특성을 파악하였다. 문헌의 질 평가는 Risk of Bias 평가 도구를 사용하였다. 메타분석은 R 4.2.2 프로그램 사용하였으며, 주요 결 과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 운동프로그램은 성인 지적장애인의 근력 향상 에 유의미한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 운동프로그램 은 성인 지적장애인의 근지구력 향상에 유의미하게 높은 수준의 효과 크기를 보였다. 셋째, 운동프로그램은 성인 지적장애인의 근기능 향상에 중간 수준의 유의미한 효과 크기를 보였다. 본 연구의 결과는 성인 지적 장애인의 근기능 향상을 위해 다양한 운동프로그램을 적용할 수 있음을 시사한다. 또한 향후 연구 수행 시 주의가 필요한 운동프로그램 설계 및 측정 도구 설정에 대한 근거가 될 것으로 기대한다.

This study aimed to effects of exercise program on muscle function in adults with intellectual disabilities. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to qualitatively and quantitatively synthesize existing research findings. Literature selection followed the PRISMA guidelines, and the characteristics of the included studies were analyzed. Literature quality was assessed using the Risk of Bias tool. Meta-analsysis was performed using R 4.2.2. Main findings were as follows. First, exercise program did not significant improve muscle strength. Second, exercise programs demonstrated a significantly large effect size in improving muscle endurance. Third, exercise program had a statistically significant medium effect size on muscle function. These findings suggest that exercise program can effectively improve muscle function in adults with intellectual disabilities. Futhermore, the results inform the design of exercise program and the selection of appropriate measurement tools in future research.

본 연구는 운동 프로그램에 장애아동의 참여가 자립 컨디셔닝 능력에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 규명하고 장애아 동의 다양한 운동 프로그램 개발에 기초적인 자료로 제공하는데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구에 참여한 장애아동은 G시에 거주하는 7∼8세의 남자아동 16명으로 실험집단 8명과 대조집단 8명으로 나누어 구성되었다. 본 연구에서 사용된 검 사 도구는 자립 컨디셔닝 능력 검사를 이용하였으며, 자립 컨디셔닝 능력검사 평가지표는 착·탈의영역, 위생영역, 신 변처리, 운동시설 사용하기 등 하위 영역으로 구성되어 있다. 운동프로그램은 주 3회, 회당 60분씩 12주 동안 실시하였 다. 본 연구의 결과, 장애아동의 운동프로그램 참여가 자립 컨디셔닝 능력인 착·탈의 영역, 위생영역, 신변처리, 운동시 설 사용하기 등 모두에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤으며 통계적으로도 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.001). 또한 자립 컨디셔닝 능력 중 착·탈의 영역의 8개 하위 요인과 위생영역의 6개의 하위 요인 그리고 체육시설 사용하기의 4개의 하위 요인 모두에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 자립 컨디셔닝 능력 중 신변처리의 4개의 하위 요인 중 소변보기를 제외한 3개 하위 요인에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과, 장애아동을 대 상으로 한 12주 동안의 운동 프로그램의 참여가 장애아동의 자립 컨디셔닝 능력에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타 나 추후 장애아동들에 위한 더욱 흥미롭고 다양한 운동프로그램 개발이 요구되는 것으로 사료된다.

This study has the purpose of investigating how the participating of children with disabilities affect their independent conditioning, and to collect data in order to let the disabled children participate more effectively in the swimming program. 16 disabled children from G city of age 7 to 8 participated in this experiment. The experiment consist of two groups each consisting of 8 children : the experimental and control group. Tool used in the experiment is independent conditioning function test evaluation matrix. This matrix consist of the nude, area, sanitary area, personal treatment, and utilization of the swimming pool sub-area. The results were analyzed with independent and paired t-test (P<0.05) using SPSS 18 program. The participation of children with disabilities in the swimming program had a statistically significant positive impact on their independent conditioning in nude, area, sanitary area, personal treatment, and the use of the pool(p<.001). Also statistically significant difference was found all of the of the nude area, sanitary area and utilization of the swimming pool. However personal treatment showed positive 3 sub-area. It is suggested the swimming program for children with disabilities are vary effectivity for the development of children' independent conditioning level.

The purpose of this review study was to investigate the effects and mechanism of exercise program on atherosclerosis inhibitive action in the obesity. Atherosclerosis by obesity, formerly considered a bland lipid storage disease, actually involves an ongoing inflammatory response. Recent advances in basic science have established a fundamental role for inflammation in mediating all stages of this disease from initiation through progression and ultimately, to the thrombotic complications of atherosclerosis. In the inhibitory plan of obesity and atherosclerosis, abdominal obesity is a weight reduction, hypocaloric diet, increased physical activity. LDL-C above target is a reduced saturated fat, trans fatty acid and cholesterol intake. Atherogenic dyslipidaemia is a weight reduction, mediterranean style diet rich in unsaturated fat, rich in fibre, low glycaemic index. Hypertension is a weight reduction, increased physical activity, restricted salt intake. Hyperglycaemia is a weight reduction, increased physical activity. In conclusion, these findings suggest that preventive of CVD, atherogenic events and type 2 DM by regular follew-up/long term adherence to treatment.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the 12weeks exercise program for balance strategy and reaction time development in old adults. Twenty intervention group(male 10, female 10) and twenty control group(male 10, female 10) were participated in the study. All participants completed standard protocols on the balance strategy, Motor Control Test(MOT-reaction time) of the NeuroCom Equitest. The effect of physical activity was significant on balance strategy score of the condition 5 (absent vision, sway-referenced support), condition 6(sway-referenced vision, sway-referenced support), and effect of exercise, group and coefficient were significant on the condition 5. On reaction time in the automatic postural response measured in reaction time test the effect of exercise program was significant in the SB(small backward), SF(small forward) translation, and, group effect in MF(medium forward). The effect of physical activity was the tendency of shorter reaction time were found in intervention group than control group. It was suggested that the exercise program developed the function of the role of the combination of physical fitness and sensory systems in maintaining postural balance to surrounding stimulus, and presented shorter reaction time in automatic postural response.

본 연구는 지적장애아동 어머니를 대상으로 운동프로그램을 실시한 후 고통감내력, 양육스트레스 및 자기효능감 의 변화를 검증하는 목적으로 수행되었다. 이를 위해 지적장애아동 어머니 20명을 각각 10명씩 실험집단과 통제집단으로 분류하였다. 분석결과, 첫째, 운동프로그램의 참여 전과 후의 고통감내력 차이를 분석한 결과, 지적장애아동 어머니의 고통감내력이 향상되었다. 둘째, 운동프로그램의 참여 전과 후의 양육스트레스 차이를 분석한 결과, 지적장애아동 어머니 의 양육스트레스가 감소되었다. 셋째, 운동프로그램의 참여 전과 후의 자기효능감의 차이를 분석한 결과, 지적장애아동 어머니의 자기효능감이 향상되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 지적장애아동 어머니의 고통감내력, 양육스트레스 및 자기효능감 에 대한 운동프로그램의 효과성을 검증한데 그 의의가 있다.

This study was conducted for the purpose of verifying changes in distress tolerance, parenting stress and self-efficacy after conducting exercise programs for mothers with intellectual disabilities. To that end, 20 mothers with intellectual disabilities were classified into experimental and control groups with 10 children each. As a result of the analysis, First, as a result of analyzing the difference in the pain tolerance before and after participation in the exercise program, the pain tolerance of the mother of intellectually disabled children was improved. Second, as a result of analyzing the difference in parenting stress before and after participating in the exercise program, the parenting stress of the mother of intellectually disabled children was reduced. Third, as a result of analyzing the differences in self-efficacy before and after participation in the exercise program, the self-efficacy of the mother of intellectually disabled children has improved. The results of this study are meaningful in verifying the effectiveness of exercise programs on distress tolerance, parenting stress and self-efficacy of mothers with intellectual disabilities.

본 연구는 기능성 운동, 탄력밴드 저항운동, 폼롤러 스트레칭이 지역사회 노인의 체력 및 대사성 위험요인에 미치 는 효과를 비교하기 위해 수행되었다. 의성군 치매보듬마을에 거주하는 여성노인 65명을 대상으로 10주간 개입을 실시 하였으며, 세 집단 비동등성 사전–사후 설계를 적용하였다. 체력 6개 항목과 대사성 위험요인 5개 항목을 평가한 결과, 모든 체력 지표에서 유의한 향상이 나타났으며(p<.001), 기능성 운동군의 향상 폭이 가장 컸다. 탄력밴드 운동군은 주로 근기능에서, 폼롤러 스트레칭군은 유연성에서 뚜렷한 개선을 보였다. 대사성 위험요인 중 혈압과 허리둘레는 유의한 변화 가 없었으나, 공복혈당과 체지방률은 감소하여 시기효과가 유의하였다. 본 연구는 운동 형태에 따라 체력 및 대사성 개선 양상이 다르게 나타남을 확인하며, 지역사회 기반 노인운동 프로그램의 맞춤형 설계 필요성을 제시한다.

This study compared the effects of functional exercise, elastic band resistance exercise, and foam roller stretching on physical fitness and metabolic risk factors in older adults. A total of 65 community-dwelling adults aged 65 years or older participated in a 10-week intervention using a non-equivalent pretest–posttest design. Significant improvements were observed in all physical fitness variables (p <.001), with the functional exercise group showing the greatest overall gains. Elastic band exercise improved muscle function, while foam roller stretching yielded the largest increase in flexibility. Among metabolic risk factors, blood pressure and waist circumference showed no significant changes; however, fasting blood glucose and body fat percentage decreased significantly. These findings highlight the differential benefits of exercise modalities and support tailored community-based exercise programs for older adults.

The purpose of this study is to assess the combined exercise program (12 weeks exercise training: resistance and aerobic) and 6 weeks detraining on the correlation of metabolic syndrome markers and plasma adiponectin level in two groups. Subjects were separated into two groups (exercise training group [EG: n=8] and control group [CG, n=7]). EG underwent an 12-week training (two times aerobic training per week and two times resistance training per week, more than 40 min). After 12 weeks exercise training and 6 weeks detraining, we evaluated metabolic syndrome markers and plasma adiponectin at 3 periods periods (baseline, EBP; 12 weeks exercise program, 12 EP; 12 weeks and 6 weeks detraining, 12+6 EDP) in overweight and obese children. Compared with the CG, After the 12 weeks exercise treatment, weight, body mass index, waist girth, body fat, percentage body fat, lean body mass, percentage lean body, systolic blood pressure, insulin and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) indices were significantly lower, and plasma adiponectin level were not altered in the EG. After the 6 weeks detraining, insulin, insulin resistance and plasma adiponectin level were significantly increased in the EG. Adiponectin between after 12 weeks exercise intervention and 6 weeks detraining were significantly positive correlations with lean body mass, percent lean body and negative correlation with percent body fat, insulin, insulin resistance. In conclusion, after 12 weeks exercise treatment, plasma adiponectin level wasn't changed significantly but, after 6 weeks detraining, it was significantly increased. These findings suggest that combined exercise training is not only an effective tool in the management of metabolic syndrome markers in the training periods but also that these change were kept or additive effecting even after 6 weeks of detraining periods.

This review was aimed to identify risk factors of fall in the elderly and fall preventing exercises. This review is a literature study with books, articles for fall in the elderly. Falls are a major health problem among in the elderly. Woldwide, adult aged over 70 years, have a significantly higher fall related mortality than younger people and the severity of fall related complications also increases with age. The primary fall related injuries, such as fractures, head injuries, and post-fall anxiety. These lead to loss of independence through disability and fear of falling. The reduction in mobility and independence are often serious enough to result in admission to hospital or nuring home or even premature death. To reduce the alarming rate of falls and related excesssive mortality and morbidity, efforts must be made to detect persist at risk of falling and prevent or reduce the frequency of falls. To facilitate such approaches, it is essential to find the cause of falling of the elderly and the factors that are associated with risk of falling. Exercise program improve strength, balance, mobility and self-efficacy in the elderly.

Objective To assess the effect of combined hospital and home-based exercise programs on functional capacity and quality of life (QoL) among uncorrected atrial septal defect-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (ASD-PAH) patients. Methods This study was a randomized controlled trial with uncorrected ASD-PAH patients as the subjects. They were allocated randomly into control and exercise groups. Exercise group subjects performed hospital and home-based exercise programs, completing baseline 6-minute walking test (6MWT) and EQ-5D-3L QoL test (Utility Index and EQ-VAS scores), and were followed up for 12 weeks. The primary outcomes were 6MWT distance and EQ-5D-3L score at week 12. The N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level was also assessed. A repeated-measure ANOVA was performed to detect endpoint differences over time. Results The exercise group contained 20 subjects and control group contained 19. In total, 19 exercise group subjects and 16 control group subjects completed the protocol. The 6MWT distance, Utility Index score, and EQ-VAS score incrementally improved significantly in the exercise group from baseline until week 12, with mean differences of 76.7 m (p<0.001), 0.137 (p<0.001) and 15.5 (p<0.001), respectively. Compared with the control group, the exercise group had significantly increased 6MWT distance and utility index score at week 12. The EQ-VAS score increased in the exercise group at week 12. The NTproBNP level decreased at week 12 in the exercise group. Conclusion Combined hospital and home-based exercise program added to PAH-targeted therapy, improving functional capacity and QoL in uncorrected ASD-PAH patients.

ABSTRACT Background Sprengel’s deformity is a malpositioning anomaly characterized by dysplasia and elevation of the scapula. After Sprengel’s deformity corrective surgery, an abnormal scapulohumeral rhythm can be generated because of relative stiffness. An elaborate corrective exercise program is needed to prevent the recurrence of the deformity and maintain the effect of the surgery. Study design A single-subject case study. Observations The scapular elevation height and scapular upward rotation angle were measured to confirm the scapulohumeral rhythm during 80° shoulder abduction using am electromagnetic system in an 8-y-old girl who had undergone Sprengel’s deformity corrective surgery 3 y earlier. Shoulder abductor strength were measured using a Smart KEMA strength measurement system, with and without restricted scapular elevation. An elaborate corrective exercise program, including five types of exercises, was prescribed for 6 wk. The child’s parents were instructed to ensure that scapular elevation was restricted during the exercises. Scapular elevation and upward rotation were measured pre, 2, 4, and 6 wk after an elaborate corrective exercise program. Scapular elevation and upward rotation during 80° shoulder abduction were significantly decreased, and shoulder abductor strength with restricted scapular elevation was significantly increased 6 wk after the elaborate corrective exercise program. Conclusions After Sprengel’s deformity corrective surgery, an elaborate corrective exercise program is necessary to enable control of scapular elevation during humeral elevation.

Objective: To examine the effect of the telerehabilitation program on sleep quality and fatigue level in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) was aimed in this study. MS is a demyelinating disease defined by various signs and symptoms that affects physical, emotional, social, and cognitive functioning. Fatigue, depression, sleep disturbance and cognitive impairment are the among common symptoms of MS.Methods: The study implemented an individual exercise program for twice a week for 12 weeks via telerehabilitation. In the home-based video exercise group, the same exercises were given as video recordings and the patients were asked to do the exercises twice a week for 12 weeks. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life Scale-54 and Timed 25 Foot Walk Test were used in the evaluation. The trial is registered with the number of NCT04979845 on ClinicalTrials.gov.Results: PSQI scores changed from 5.6 (2.1) to 3.66 (2.09) in telerehabilitation group (p=0.03) while no significant change were seen in the video exercise group. Similarly FSS scores decreased from 4.37 (1.42) to 3.67 (1.68) in telerehabilitation group (p=0.04) while no significant changes were seen in the video based exercise group.Conclusion: The telerehabilitation program is thought to be an effective and accessible non-pharmacological application that can be used in the treatment of sleep quality and fatigue in individuals with MS.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of a public health center-based aerobic and resistance training program for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in people with visual, auditory, or physical/brain impairments. Methods The study included 25 adults aged >40 years who lived in Cheorwon-gun in South Korea, had a disability registered for visual, auditory, or physical/brain impairments under the Disability Welfare Act, and had either known cardiovascular disease or two or more risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The program comprised four education sessions and 12 weeks of customized aerobic and strengthening exercises performed twice a week at moderate intensity, with each exercise session lasting for 1 hour. The body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), and 30-second sit-to-stand test results were measured at baseline and on program completion. Results Seventeen subjects (68%) completed the program. There were significant decreases in BMI and percent body fat (both p<0.05), with a significant increase in 30-second sit-to-stand strength (p<0.05) but no changes in the 6MWD. In subjects with visual or auditory impairments, BMI and percent body fat were significantly decreased after the program; however, there was no significant change in the results of the 30-second sit-to-stand strength test or the 6MWD. Conclusion In people with disabilities, a 3-month community-based exercise program can decrease body mass index and percent body fat and increase sit-to-stand strength. The 30-second sit-to-stand test may be a useful measure of the strength and endurance of the lower extremities in people with disabilities.

Objective To examine the effects of a bedside exercise program on the recovery of swallowing after a stroke.Method Fifty stroke patients with dysphagia (<6 months post-stroke) were enrolled and classified into two groups, the experimental (25 subjects) and control groups (25 subjects). The control group was treated with conventional swallowing therapy. The experimental group received additional bedside exercise training, which consisted of oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal, and respiratory exercises, 1 hour per day for 2 months, and they were instructed regarding this program through the nursing intervention. All patients were assessed for their swallowing function by Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study (VFSS), using the New VFSS scale, the level of functional oral intake, the frequency of dysphagia complications, the presence (or not) of tube feeding, the mood state and quality of life before the treatment and at 2 months after the treatment.Results After 2 months of treatment, the experimental group showed a significant improvement in the swallowing function at the oral phase in the New VFSS Scale than that of the control group (p<0.05). Further, they also showed less depressive mood and better quality of life than the control group. However, there was no significant change in the incidence of dysphagia complication and the presence (or not) of tube feeding between the two groups.Conclusion Bedside exercise program showed an improvement of swallowing function and exhibited a positive secondary effect, such as mood state and quality of life, on subacute stroke patients with dysphagia. For improvement of rehabilitation results on subacute stroke patients with dysphagia, this study suggests that additional intensive bedside exercise would be necessary.

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of advanced practice nurseeguided home-based rehabilitation exercise program (HREPro) among patients with lower limb spasticity post-stroke. Methods: This randomized controlled study recruited 121 patients with lower limb spasticity poststroke. Intervention (n = 59) and control (n = 62) groups underwent 12-month HREPro and conventional rehabilitation, respectively, after discharge. The FugleMeyer assessment of spasticity measurement, modified Ashworth scale of motor function, 10-Meter Walk Test of walking ability, and Barthel index of activities of daily living (ADL) were evaluated at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months after discharge. Results: Significant differences were found in spasticity degree, motor function, walking ability, and ADL at 6 and 12 months after discharge between the control and intervention groups. Lower limb spasticity and ADL in the intervention group were significantly improved. Conclusion: HREPro is effective for rehabilitation of patients with lower limb spasticity post-stroke and has favorable home application.

Objective To investigate the eff ect of self exercise in cardiac rehabilitation on cardiopulmonary exercise capacity for selected patients with coronary artery disease. Method The subjects of this study were patients who received percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and who participated in a cardiac rehabilitation program. The supervised exercise group participated in 6-8 weeks of aerobic exercise training with telemetry ECG monitoring in hospital. Th e self exercise group, whose exercise risk was low, was instructed to participiate in self exercise training in a community exercise environment according to the exercise tolerance test (ETT) using a modified Bruce protocol. Both groups underwent ETTs before and 6 months after initiation of the cardiac rehabilitation program. We compared the supervised group with the self exercise groups on exercise capacity. Results After 6 months, the supervised exercise group showed significant changes in maximum oxygen consumption, maximal heart rate, resting heart rate, and submaximal rate pressure product. The self exercise group also showed significant improvement of maximum oxygen consumption and submaximal rate pressure product. However, the changing rate of maximum oxygen consumption was signifi cantly higher in the supervised exercise group than the self exercise group. Conclusion Both the supervised and self exercise groups showed similar improvement of cardiopulmonary exercise capacity after 6 months’ participation in the cardiac rehabilitation program. However, the changing rate of maximum oxygen consumption, maximal heart rate, and resting heart rate were significantly higher in the supervised exercise group than the self exercise group.

Background: Prolonged sitting, low physical activity, and trunk muscle weakness in university students increase the risk of low back pain (LBP), which can alter gait and lower-limb muscle activation. Purpose: To investigate the effects of a 4-week trunk stabilization exercise program on spatiotemporal gait parameters, lower-limb muscle activation, and functional disability in university students with LBP. Study design: Single-group pre-post intervention study. Methods: Twenty-seven university students with LBP performed 16 trunk stabilization exercises once daily for 40 minutes, 5 days per week, for 4 weeks. Gait was assessed using a pressure-sensing walkway to obtain stance phase, single-limb stance, and stride length. Surface electromyography recorded activation of six lower-limb muscles during gait and was normalized to maximum voluntary isometric contraction. Functional disability was evaluated using the Korean version of the Oswestry Disability Index (K-ODI). Pre-post differences were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Stance phase duration significantly decreased, whereas single-limb stance and stride length significantly increased (p<.01). Soleus and biceps femoris activity increased (p<.01), while rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, and popliteus activity decreased (p<.05); gastrocnemius showed a non-significant increase. K-ODI scores decreased from 29.40+/-5.60 to 23.62+/-5.01 (p<.01). Conclusions: A 4-week trunk stabilization program improved gait efficiency, reorganized lower-limb neuromuscular activation, and reduced functional disability in young adults with LBP. Trunk stabilization may be used as a practical, non-invasive intervention in university populations.