Earticle

Sperm treatment methods affect sperm fertility and developmental potential of in vitro fertilized(IVF) embryos. Confirmation of the developmental rate according to the information of donor cow will be helpful for the production of elite Jeju Black Cattle(JBC) embryos. To optimize the suitable JBC sperm treatment method, the following methods of percoll gradient, triladyl and percoll-triladyl combination(P, T and PT, respectively) were used to sperm treatment. At 2 days after IVF, there was no difference in the fertilization rate among all groups. The cleavage rate at day 4 was higher in PT and T groups than in P group. The blastocyst formation rate at day 8 was significantly increased in T and PT groups(p<0.05). In comparison of the in vitro development potential of donor and non-donor cows, there were no differences from IVF rate to blastocyst formation rate. According to JBC grade(1++, 1+, 1, 2), the development rate was the highest in 1++ grade cattle, followed by 1, 1+ and 2 grade. Also, in vitro developmental potential by carcass weight was the highest at the 300~350 kg, followed by 300 kg or less, 350~400 kg, and then 400 kg more over. While the T method can collect a small amount of viable sperm, the P method was present a little toxic to JBC sperm. Thus, we developed PT method combined two sperm treatment methods. In this study, the development of IVF embryos was more effective when the carcass grade was high and the carcass weight was about 350 kg. This result demonstrates that JBC sperm can be effectively recovered with simple and efficient PT method and using this technique, elite JBC IVF embryos can be produced in vitro for the mass production of JBC.

These study was to investigate the in vitro fertilization and viability of fresh and vitrified oocytes. Also, the developmental capacity of IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) oocytes were investigated. Then vitrification was performed with the use of 20% ethylene glycol + 20% DMSO + 0.5 M sucrose + 10% FCS + TCM-199 medium. Vitrification immature oocytes are cultured in vitrification solution for 10 min afterwards transferred to expose at room temperature for 5 min. and transferred to the ice water for 5 min. The oocytes were sealed in a 1.0 mm straw and placed in a LN2 container. Frozen oocytes were rapidly thawed in a water bath at 30～35℃, and then placed in TCM-199 medium containing 0.5 M sucrose for 5 min each, respectively, at 38℃. After being washed for 2～3 times, using fresh medium the oocytes were cultured in TCM-199 medium supplemented with 5% FCS at 38℃ in 5% CO2 and air. The normal morphology of fresh and vitrified-thawed oocytes were 87.1±2.1% and 54.8±2.5%, respectively. The viability rates of fresh and vitrified-thawed oocytes were 70.0±2.2% and 41.9±2.6%, respectively. Viability rates of vitrified-thawed oocytes were lower than that of fresh follicular oocytes (p<0.05). The in vitro maturation rates of fresh and vitrified oocytes were 45.1±3.6% and 28.9±4.4%, respectively. The IVF rates of fresh follicular and vitrified-thawed oocytes were 34.0±2.2% and 20.2±2.6%, respectively. The in vitro maturation and fertilization rates of vitrified-thawed oocytes were lower than those of the fresh follicular oocytes (p<0.05). A total of 350 oocytes were fixed and stained after co-incubation with spermatozoa, of which 88 had identifiable nuclear material. After IVF for 20 hrs, 25.1±3.4% of the oocytes found to have been penetrated by spermatozoas. Oocytes were fixed and stained after ICSI, and 105 oocytes contained identifiable nuclear material. After IVF and ICSI for 20 hrs, 34.3±3.4% and 59.0±2.0% of the oocytes were found to have been penetrated by spermatozoas. The developmental rates upon ICSI were significantly higher than those of the IVF method (p<0.05).

In mammal, oocytes are arrested at the metaphase Ⅱ until fertilization. However, unfertilized oocytes that remain in the oviduct or under in vitro culture, which is called "oocyte aging". Asynchrony negatively affects fertilization, pre- and post-implantation embryo development. Caffeine is known to phosphodiesterase inhibitor that rescues oocyte aging in several species. Nevertheless, the effect of caffeine was not clear in bovine aging oocytes. In this study investigated the cytoskeleton distribution in aged oocytes and the embryo development ability of aged oocytes from treated with or without caffeine during maturation. The cumulus and oocyte complexes (COCs) were cultured in 10% FBSTCM199 for up to 22h at 38.5℃ in 5% CO₂. For oocyte aging study, the COCs were cultured in 10% FBS-TCM199 supplemented with or without 10 mM caffeine for 40hs. And then oocytes underwent in vitro fertilization using highly motile sperm recovered from frozen and than thawed bull semen. As a result normal cytoskeleton percentage of caffeine treatment group more than the aging group (67.57%±4.11 VS 44.61%±6.40) and no significantly different compared to control group. Aged oocytes derived from addition of caffeine to the in vitro maturation medium significantly increased the percentage of 2- cell that developed to the blastocyst stage compared to the aging group. Blastocysts derived from caffeine treatment group significantly increased the total cell number compare aging (90.44%±10.18 VS 67.88%±7.72). Apoptotic fragmenting of genomic DNA was measured in individual embryos using the TUNEL assay. Blastocyst derived from caffeine treatment group significantly decereased the apoptotic index compared to blastocyst derived from aging group. In conclusion, we inferred that the caffeine treatment during oocytes aging periode can improved the develpmental rate and quaility in bovine embryos developing in vitro.

Notch 신호전달체계는 줄기세포의 항상성 조절뿐만 아니라 모낭을 포함한 다세포 조직의 발달 조절에도 주요한 역할을 담당한다. 다양한 연구논문을 통해 Notch 활성은 모낭 발달과정에 있어 세포의 운명을 결정하는데 매우 중대한 역할을 수행한다고 밝혀졌다. 또한, 모낭 줄기세포의 운명 조절과 모발 주기 조절 그리고 손상된 두피의 재건에도 중심적인 역할을 담당한다고 보고되고 있다. 게 다가 모구에 있어 Notch 신호전달체계는 모낭줄기세포의 분화 조절까지 그 기능이 보고되고 있다. 본 총설은 모낭의 발달 및 모낭 의 항상성 유지에 관여하는 Notch 신호전달체계 및 관련 조절 단백질들에 대한 최신 지견을 요약하고자 한다.

Notch pathway has been known as a major signal transduction route regulating stem cell homeostasis and development in multicellular organisms including hair follicles. Many studies have represented that Notch activity is critical to determine cell fate decision during hair follicle development. Also, growing results have revealed the pivotal role of Notch signaling pathway in controlling of hair follicle stem cell fates, regulation of hair cycles and resuscitation of injured hair organs. Furthermore, in hair bulb, Notch signaling pathway regulates hair follicle stem cell differentiation. The purpose of this review is to summarize considerable recent evidences in our understanding of Notch signaling and their regulating factors in hair follicle development to maintain their hair follicle homeostasis.

Notch信号通路被认为是不仅调节干细胞稳态，而且调节包括毛囊在内的多细胞组织发育的重要信号转导途径。许多研究 表明，在毛囊发育过程中，Notch活性在细胞命运决定方面起着关键作用。还有越来越多的研究结果表明，Notch信号通 路在控制毛囊干细胞命运、调控毛发周期和损伤毛发器官再生方面起着关键性的作用。此外，在毛球中，Notch信号通路 调节毛囊干细胞分化方面发挥了重要作用。本文综述了近年来参与毛囊发育和维持毛囊稳态的Notch信号通路以及相关调 控蛋白的最新研究进展。

모낭은 상피와 간엽 부분으로 구성된 작은 조직기관으로서, 모발의 발달과 성장에 매우 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있다. 배아초기단계에서 나타나는 모낭의 형성은 주로 모낭 니치(niche) 안에서의 상피-간엽 상호작용을 통해 조절되며, 이러한 상호작용은 또한 출생 이후의 모발 성장 주기와 재생에도 관여한다. 진피 모유두 세포는 모구(hair bulb)의 간엽부분에 존재하는 주요한 구성세포로, 다양한 신호물질을 발생시켜 인접한 상피세포에 전달하여 해당 세포의 행동을 조절한다. 현재까지 많은 신호전달체계들이 모낭의 발달과 성장에 관여됨이 보고되고 있으며, 가장 대표적으로 진피 모유두 세포 내 Wnt/β-catenin 기반 신호가 모낭세포와 상피세포간의 상호작용에 중요하다고 보고되고 있다. 이러한 Wnt/β-catenin 신호전달체계는 모낭 형성 및 재생에 중요하게 관여된다. 본 총설은 모낭 형성 및 주기에 있어 Wnt 신호전달체계에 대하여 현재까지 밝혀진 연구결과를 요약하고자 한다.

Hair follicle (HF) is a miniature organ composed of epithelial and mesenchymal (dermal) compartments, and has a pivotal role in hair development and growth. In embryonic, the formation of HF is mainly regulated by mesenchymal-epithelial interactions within the dermal papilla (DP) niche, and this interaction is also responsible for the postnatal hair growth cycle and regeneration. DP cells are the main components of the mesenchymal compartments in hair bulb, and have an instruction role by generating several signals to regulate the behavior of neighbor epithelial cells in hair cycle. Among the many signaling pathways implicated in HF development and growth, Wnt/β-catenin signaling in DP cells plays critical roles in the reciprocal instructive communication between DP and epithelial cells. It is clear that Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is important for HF morphogenesis and regeneration. The goal of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of Wnt signaling pathway in HF development and cycling.

毛囊是由上皮及真皮间充质组成的微型器官，在头发发展和生长中起关键作用。在胚胎初期，毛囊的形成主要由真皮乳 头细胞生态位内的上皮-间充质相互作用调节，并且这种相互作用也涉及生长后的毛发生长周期和再生。真皮乳头细胞是 毛球（hair bulb）内的间充质组成成分，并且通过产生多种信号来调节周围相邻的上皮细胞的行为。至今，有许多信号 通路涉及毛囊的发展和生长的报道中，真皮乳头细胞内Wnt/β-catenin信号通路对毛囊细胞和上皮细胞之间的相互作用起 关键作用。这种Wnt/β-catenin信号通路对毛囊的形成和再生是重要的。本文综述了Wnt信号通路在毛囊形成和周期中的 研究。

The coupling of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in a variety of biological processes. However, little is known regarding the involvement of the autophagy/ER stress pathway in early embryogenesis or the underlying mechanism (s). Here, we showed that the developmental competence of in vitro-produced (IVP) bovine embryos was highly dependent on the autophagy/ER stress balance. Although relative abundances of autophagy-associated gene transcripts, including LC3, Atg5, and Atg7 transcripts, were high in oocytes and throughout the early stages of preattachment development, extensive autophagosome formation was only detected in fertilized embryos. Using inducer and inhibitor of autophagy, we showed that transient elevation of autophagic activity during early preattachment development greatly increased the blastocyst development rate, trophectoderm cell numbers, and blastomere survival; these same parameters were reduced by both inhibition and prolonged induction of autophagy. Interestingly, the induction of autophagy reduced ER stress and associated damage, while the developmental defects in autophagy-inhibited embryos were significantly alleviated by ER stress inhibitor treatment, indicating that autophagy is a negative regulator of ER stress inearly embryos. Collectively, these results suggest that early embryo genesis of IVP bovine embryos depends on an appropriate balance between autophagy and ER stress. These findings may increase our understanding of important early developmental events by providing compelling evidence concerning the tight association between autophagy and ER stress, and may contribute to the development of strategies for the production of IVP bovine blastocysts with high developmental competence.

Melatonin is induced by light information through the retina and leads to growth factor activation. Thus, we investigated the effects of melatonin by controlling the photoperiod of growing young rats. Male Sprague‐gDawley rats (n=6; 4 weeks old) were divided into two experimental groups: the L/D group (normal photoperiod; light/dark: 12/12 h; lights on at 9:00 a.m.) and the L/L group (light/light: 24 h). Rat body weight and food consumption were measured daily for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, the rats were anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine (50 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) and sacrificed. Tissue was then collected for RNA isolation (from brain, heart, liver, kidney, adrenal gland, testis, tibia, hind limb muscles). Also, serum was isolated from blood using a centrifugal separation. The L/L group had significantly lower body weight than the L/D group from 4 to 6 weeks (p<0.05). The L/D group had increased tissue mass, compared with the L/L group, but the difference was not statistically significant. The L/D group had a significantly higher melatonin concentration than the L/L group between the hours of midnight and 2:00 a.m (p<0.01). These results indicate that photoperiod length may affect the secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland. Also, the reduction of nocturnal melatonin secretion may retard the development of growing young rats. In future studies, we plan to compare exogenous melatonin administration with endogenous melatonin concentration induced by photoperiod control. Moreover, we will confirm whether the effects seen in pathological animal models can be reversed by controlling the photoperiod.

Ras small GTPases are involved in regulating various cellular signaling pathways including cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Ras GTPase subfamily is comprised of 15 proteins; 11 Ras, 3 Rap, and one Rheb related protein. Some Ras proteins, such as RasC and RasG, have been identified for their major functions, but there are proteins whose functions have not been studied yet, such as RasU and RasX. Here, we investigated the roles of RasU in cell motility and development. RasU shows the highest homology with RasX. To investigate the functions of RasU, rasU null cells were used to observe the phenotype. Cells lacking RasU were larger and more spread than wild-type cells. These results indicate that RasU plays a negative role in cell spreading. In addition, we investigated the roles of RasU in cell motility and development of Dictyostelium cells and found that rasU null cells exhibited decreased random migration speed and delayed developmental process. These results suggest that RasU plays an important role in cell motility and development.

In Dictyostelium , there are 15 Ras subfamilies, including 11 Ras, 3 Rap, 1 Rheb. The Ras proteins are involved in regulating various cell processes as switch proteins. The functions of many Ras proteins have been identified, but some of Ras proteins have not yet been identified. Here, we focused on identifying the roles of RasW among them. To investigate the functions of RasW in cell morphology, cell migration, and development in Dictyostelium , we compared the phenotypes of wild-type cells and rasW null cells. rasW null cells showed a larger, more spread-out morphology and reduced cell motility compared to wild-type cells. There was no significant difference between wild-type cells and rasW null cells during multicellular developmental process. These results suggest that RasW is involved in regulating cell morphology and cell migration in Dictyostelium.

Calcium ions play an important role in development and intracellular signaling . Dictyostelium discoideum has 14 genes encoding calcium -binding proteins (CBPs), but the function of most CBPs during development has not yet been studied . In this study, we investigated the specific functions of CBP7, one of 14 CBPs, in development using RNA interference cell lines of CBP 7, cell lines overexpressing CBP 7, cell lines with point mutations in the EF-hand domain , and cell lines expressing fragment proteins . was intended to reveal. CBP7 consists of 169 amino acids and contains 4 EF-hand domains. The CBP7-overexpressing cells showed complete loss of developmental process . These cells remained in the single-cell growth stage under development -inducing conditions , while wild-type cells formed aggregations within 6– 8 h of development and eventually formed fruiting bodies . The experiments using point-mutated CBP7 protein showed that all EFhand domains of CBP7 were important for CBP7 to function during developmental process . These results suggest that CBP 7 plays an important role in developmental processes across all EF-hand domains.

[목적] 이 연구는 파크골프인구 증가에 따른 지역사회에서의 파크골프장 개발과 관련하여 지역주민이 파크골프장 개 발에 대한 인식수준과 수용가능성을 파악하고, 파크골프장개발과 관련한 지역사회 정책수립에 도움을 줄 수 있는 기 초자료를 제공하는데 목적을 두고 연구를 진행하였다. [방법] 이를 위한 연구대상은 최근 대구, 경북지역에 파크골프 장이 개발되어 운영되고 있는 지역에 거주하는 주민 300명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 이중 269부를 최종 분석에 활용하였다. [결과] 첫째, 지역사회 파크골프장 개발에 대한 지역주민의 관광영향인식은 개발지지에 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 지역사회 파크골프장 개발에 대한 지역주민의 관광영향인식은 골프관광객에 대한 태도에 영향을 미쳤 다. 셋째, 지역주민의 개발지지는 골프관광객에 대한 태도에 영향을 미쳤다. [결론] 지역사회주민들은 파크골프장 개 발에 대해 긍정적, 부정적 인식이 동시에 존재하며 부정적인식은 지역사회개발과 외부관광객에 대한 태도에도 영향 을 미칠 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 지역사회에서는 개발에 대한 부정적 인식을 감소시킬 수 있는 정책방 안을 마련하여 주민들의 불안감을 해소시킬 필요가 있다.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was conducted with the aim of identifying the level of awareness and acceptability of park golf course development by local residents and providing basic data to help establish community policies related to park golf course development. [Method] To this end, a survey was conducted on 300 residents living in areas where park golf courses were recently developed and operated in Daegu and Gyeongsangbuk-do, of which 269 copies were used for the final analysis. [Result] First, local residents' perception of tourism impact on the development of community park golf courses affected the development site. Second, local residents' perception of tourism impact on the development of local community park golf courses affected their attitudes toward golf tourists. Third, local residents' support for development affected their attitudes toward golf tourists. [Conclusion] This confirmed that local residents have both positive and negative perceptions of park golf course development, and negative perceptions can also affect community development and attitudes toward outside tourists. Therefore, in the local community, it is necessary to resolve residents' anxiety by preparing policy measures that can reduce negative perceptions of development.

이 연구는 남명 조식(南冥 曺植)의 철학사상을 인성강점 연구와 인성교육의 측면에서 구인화하여 이를 측 정하는 인성척도를 구성하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 전국의 초등학교 4학년부터 고등학교 3학년까지 1,089명을 대상으로 연구를 실시하여 자료를 수집하였고, 도출된 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 남명 인성척도의 영역을 구성하기 위해 탐색적 요인분석을 실시한 결과, 인(仁), 의(義), 예(禮), 지(知), 신(信), 경 (敬)으로 대별되는 6가지 요인구조가 지지되었다. 요인분석으로 도출된 6가지 요인을 ‘인성강점’으로 명명 하였고, 6가지 요인별 문항들을 추가적으로 요인분석한 결과 각각은 단일요인으로 구성되는 것으로 나타 났다. 둘째, 남명 인성척도의 신뢰도를 살펴보기 위해 내적 합치도와 검사-재검사 신뢰도를 검증한 결과, 모두 양호하였다. 셋째, 남명 인성척도의 검사 내용과 구조에 기초한 근거를 살펴본 결과, 확인적 요인분 석을 통해 알아본 요인 타당도는 모형의 적합도와 간명도가 우수하였다. 그리고 학년의 증가에 따라 6가 지 인성강점의 점수가 초등학교 4~5학년 시기에는 높다가 초등학교 6학년~중학교 1학년 시기에 감소하 고, 다시 고등학교 1학년 이후 시기에 소폭 증가하거나 변화가 없는 경향을 나타냈다. 이어서 6가지 영역 의 상호 상관을 검증한 결과, 영역별로 상관이 양호하였다. 넷째, 다른 검사와의 관계에 기초한 근거를 토 대로 타당도를 살펴본 결과, K-BYI-2, KICS, CST-A와의 상관이 양호하였다. K-BYI-2와는 긍정적 심리변인과 는 정적 상관, 부정적 심리변인과는 부적 상관을 나타냈고, KICS와 CST-A와는 개념적으로 유사한 성격강 점들과 뚜렷한 정적 상관을 나타냈다. 이 연구는 기존의 성격강점 검사들보다 우리나라의 전통 문화적 맥 락과 배경을 반영하고, 우리나라 초중고등학교 교육과정의 핵심역량을 반영한 인성척도를 개발하여 남명 학 연구 뿐만 아니라 인성강점 연구의 스펙트럼을 확장하였다는 점에서 의미가 크다.

The purpose of this study is to construct character strengths scale that measures the philosophical ideas of Nammyeong Jo Sik in terms of character strength research and education. We collected 1,089 data from the fourth grade of elementary school to the third grade of high school across the country, and the derived results are summarized as follows. First, as a result of conducting exploratory factor analysis to construct the area of the Nammyeong character strength scale, six factor structures were supported, roughly divided into In(禮), Ui (知), Ye(信), Ji(敬), Shin(仁), and Gyeong(敬). The six factors derived from factor analysis were named ‘Character Strengths’, and as a result of additional factor analysis of the six factor items, each was found to consist of a single factor. Second, in order to examine the reliability of the Nammyeong character strengths scale, the internal consistency and test-retest reliability were verified, and all were good. Third, as a result of examining the evidence based on the inspection content and structure of the Nammyeong character strengths scale, the model’s fit were excellent for factor validity found through confirmatory factor analysis. And as the grade increased, the scores of the six character strengths were high in the 4th to 5th grades of elementary school, then decreased after the 6th and again showed a slight increase or no change after the first year of high school. In addition, as a result of verifying the inter-correlation between the six character strengths, the correlation was good. Fourth, as a result of examining the validity based on the evidence based on the relationship with other tests, the correlation with K-BYI-2, KICS, and CST-A was good. K-BYI-2 showed a positive correlation with positive psychological variables and a negative correlation with negative psychological variables, and a clear positive correlation with character strengths conceptually similar to KICS and CST-A. This study is significant in that it expanded the spectrum of character strengths research as well as Nammyeong studies by developing character strengths scale that reflects the traditional and cultural context and background of Korea, and elementary, middle and high school curriculum rather than the existing character strengths tests.

본 연구의 목적은 엘리트 장애인 선수들의 스트레스를 효율적으로 대처할 수 있도록 도와주는 대처 프로그램을 개발 및 적용하여 효과를 검증하는 것이다. 연구대상자는 C시청 장애인 실업 사격팀 선수 5명으로 구성되었다. 선행연구, 전문가 의견 및 선수 면담 자료를 바탕으로 개발된 스트레스 대처 훈련 프로그램을 연구대상자에게 10주간 적용하여 그 효과를 검증하였고, 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 10회기로 구성된 스트레스 대처 훈련 프로그램은 엘리트 장애인 선수의 스트레스를 감소시키데 유의한 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 10회기 동안 실시된 스트레스 대처 훈련 프로 그램은 엘리트 장애인 선수의 정서중심대처와 적극적 대처를 유의하게 증가시키고, 회피 같은 소극적 대처는 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study was to develop and verify of stress coping program for elite athletes with disabilities. Verified effects of stress coping program by applying it to 5 disabled elite athletes. The subjects were four disabled elite athletes belonged in C semi professional shooting team with disabilities. The measures were stress inventory and stress coping inventory. The results were as follows. Firstly, stress coping program with ten sessions was significant effective in decreasing stress of disabled elite athletes. Secondly, stress management program with ten sessions was significant effective in increasing emotion focused coping and problem focused coping of disabled elite athletes, while stress management program was significant effective in decreasing avoidance coping of disabled elite athletes.

이 글의 목적은 개발과 근대화 담론이 지역에 가해진 폭력의 양상을 제주와 오키나와의 사 례를 통해 살펴보는 데에 있다. 특히 제주에서의 개발담론과 ‘일본 복귀’ 이후 오키나와 부흥 프로젝트와의 관계를 당시 개발 담론을 비판적인 시각에서 바라보고 있는 현기영과 오시로 다 쓰히로의 작품을 통해 지역의 대응 방식을 비교하였다. 제주와 오키나와는 모두 개발과 근대화 담론이라는 이름으로 지역에 가해진 폭력에 노출되 었고, 지역 주민들은 이를 내면화하거나 저항해왔다. 이러한 근대화 프로젝트는 단순히 지역에 국한되는 것이 아니라 지역이 타자를 만나는 방식에도 영향을 미쳤음을 보여준다. 개발담론은 단순히 경제적 성장이라는 측면뿐만 아니라 지역을 이데올로기로적으로 재편하 려는 국가의 욕망과 맞닿아 있다. 현기영의 ｢마지막 테우리｣는 이러한 국가 폭력의 연속성을 초원과 해변의 대립을 통해 보여주고 있는데 이는 근대가 억압해왔던 역사책임을 외면하고 그 자리를 가시적인 근대화 담론으로 치장하려는 개발 전략 저항하는 서사적 전략이다. 오시로 다쓰히로의 경우도 오키나와 경제부흥에 대한 비판적 성찰을 통해 경제부흥이 노정 할 수밖에 없는 은폐된 폭력의 양상을 서사화하고 있다. ｢후텐마여｣는 ‘기지 속 오키나와’를 살아가고 있는 이들의 ‘일상’에 주목한 작품으로 미일 양국 주도하의 기지경제에 포섭된 오키 나와인의 내면적 저항을 보여준다. 현기영과 오시로 다쓰히로는 ‘개발’과 ‘근대화’라는 근대적 호명을 외면하는 지역적 신체를 발견해 낸다. 한국과 일본 정부에 의해 주도된 제주와 오키나와의 근대화 프로젝트는 지역에 대한 우호적 시선 혹은 시혜적 접근이 아니라 냉전의 질서 속에 편입되어 갔던 동아시아의 상 황, 그리고 지역에서의 국가의 책임을 ‘발전’과 ‘성장’의 외형 속에 은폐하기 위한 국가의 기획 이 작동이었음을 보여준다.

The purpose of this article is to look into the aspects of violence inflicted on the region by the discussion of development and modernization through the examples of Jeju and Okinawa. Especially for the relationship between the development discussion in Jeju and the Okinawa revival project after the return of Japan, the local response methods were compared through the works of Hyun Ki-young and Oshiro Tatsuhiro, who viewed development discussion from a critical point of view at the time. Development discourse is not just in terms of economic growth, but also in line with the country’s desire to reshape the region ideologically - often based on hierarchy. Hyun Ki-young’s ｢The Last Shepherd｣ shows the continuity of this national violence through the confrontation between meadows and beaches, which is an epic strategy where non-modern bodies were actively called out against the development strategy of ignoring the historical responsibility that the modern era had suppressed and tried to decorate their place with visible modernization discussion. Oshiro Tatsuhiro’s case also embodies the aspect of concealed violence, in which economic revival had no choice but to roam through critical reflection on Okinawa’s economic revival. ｢Dear Futenma｣is a work that focuses on the "daily life" of those living in ‘Okinawa in base’, showing the internal resistance of Okinawans who were recruited into the base economy led by both the U.S. and Japan. Hyun Ki-young and Oshiro Tatsuhiro discover local bodies that ignores the modern terms, ‘development’ and ‘modernization’. The modernization project between Jeju and Okinawa, led by the Korean and Japanese governments, shows that it wasn’t a friendly nor considerate approach to the region, but the situation in East Asia, incorporated into the Cold War order, and the nation’s plan to cover up the nation’s responsibilities in the region under the looks of ‘development’ and ‘growth’.

この文章の目的は、開発と近代化言説が地域に加えた暴力の様相を、済州と沖縄の事例を通じ て詳しく見ていくことにある。特に済州における開発言説と ｢日本復帰｣以後の沖縄復興プロジェクト との関係を、当時の開発言説を批判的な目線で見つめている玄基栄と大城立裕の作品を通して、 地域の対応方式を比較した。 済州道と沖縄は、共に開発と近代化言説という名のもと、地域に加えられた暴 力に晒され、地域住民はこれを自ら内面化するというやり方で、隠蔽したり、覆し たりしながら、克服しようという動きが見られた。これは両地域で繰り広げられた近 代化プロジェクトが、単純に地域に限られたものではなく、地域が他者と出会う方 式にも影響を与えられたことを意味する。 開発をめぐる言説は、単に経済的成長という側面のみならず、地域をイデオロ ギー的に再編ーそれはしばしば位階を前提としたーしようという国家の欲望と向か い合わせとなっている。玄基栄の 最後の牧童は、このような国家暴力の連続性 を、草原と海辺との対立を通して示しているのだが、これは近代が抑圧してきた歴 史責任から目を背け、それを可視的な近代化言説で装おうとする開発戦略に抵抗 する非近代的新体を積極的に呼名している叙事的戦略である。 大城立裕の場合は、沖縄経済復興に対する批判的な省察を通して、経済復興 が露呈せざるを得ない隠蔽された暴力の様相を叙事化している。普天間よは ｢基地の中の沖縄｣を生きている人たちの ｢日常｣に注目した作品であり、日米両国 の主導下にある基地経済に包摂された沖縄人の内面的抵抗を示している。 　玄基栄と大城立裕は、｢開発｣と ｢近代化｣という近代的呼名を無視した地域 的新体を見い出した。韓国及び日本の政府によって主導された済州と沖縄の近代 化プロジェクトは、地域に対する友好的な視線、あるいは施恵的な接近ではなく、 冷戦の秩序のなかに組み込まれていった東アジアの状況、そして地域における国 家の責任を、｢発展｣と ｢成長｣という外形のなかに隠蔽するための国家の企てが作 動したことを示している。

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a resilience measurement scale and verify its validity and reliability. Methods: This was a methodological study. The preliminary items of the scale were derived from literature reviews and in-depth interviews. The data were collected from October 30, 2017 to January 20, 2018, and paramedics working in hospitals or fire departments were selected using convenience sampling. A self-reported questionnaire was completed by 213 paramedics in Korea. Results: Through content validity, item analysis and exploratory factor analysis, a total of 6 factors and 26 items were extracted, and the total variance was 67.12%. Factor 1 was "self-efficacy" (11 items), factor 2 was "internal control" (5 items), factor 3 was "empowerment" (2 items), factor 4 was "interpersonal capability", (3 items), factor 5 was "social support" (2 items), and factor 6 was "adaptation and coping" (3 items). Conclusion: This is the first scale developed in Korea to measure the resilience of paramedics. In future, this scale of this study will contribute to developing a resilience improvement program based on understanding the resilience level of paramedics.

목적 : 본 연구는 학령기 아동의 글씨쓰기를 평가하기 위해 라쉬분석을 활용하여 글씨쓰기 평가도구를 개발 하고, 신뢰도 및 타당도를 검증하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 글씨쓰기 평가도구의 개발 과정은 4단계로 진행되었다. 첫 번째 단계에서 문헌 검색을 통해 글 씨쓰기 평가를 위한 예비문항을 수집하였고, 두 번째 단계에서 전문가 조사, 내용타당도 및 문항이해도 조사, 전문가 검증을 통해 17문항의 평가도구 문항을 선정하였다. 세 번째 단계에서 검사 방법 및 점수 화 방법을 구성하였다. 마지막 단계에서 1~6학년 일반 아동 326명의 자료를 수집하였으며, 라쉬분석 결 과를 바탕으로 16문항의 글씨쓰기 평가도구를 개발하였다. 결과 : 첫째, 라쉬분석을 통한 대상자 및 문항 적합도 결과 난이도가 낮은 문장에서 부적합 대상자는 13명, 부적합 문항은 역전과 선의 매끄러운 정도, 난이도가 높은 문장에서 부적합 대상자 11명, 부적합 문항은 선의 매끄러운 정도 문항이었다. 둘째, 글씨쓰기 평가도구의 문항 난이도는 대상자의 능력 평균이 문항 난이도의 평균보다 높고, 가장 어려운 문항은 글자크기의 일관성, 가장 쉬운 문항은 역전 문항이었다. 셋 째, 라쉬분석을 통한 문항 분리신뢰도는 .96~.99로 높은 수준이고, 대상자 분리신뢰도는 .69~.70으로 받아들일 만한 수준이었다. 결론 : 본 연구는 한글의 특성에 맞추어 학령기 아동의 글씨쓰기를 객관적으로 평가할 수 있는 평가도구 개발에 관한 첫 연구라는데 의의가 있다. 따라서 본 연구 결과는 학령기 아동의 주요 작업인 글씨쓰기에 대한 평가와 중재에 유용한 자료가 될 것이라 사료된다.

Objective: The objectives of the present study were to develop a tool to assess school-aged children’s handwriting using Rasch analysis, testing the tool’s reliability and validity. Methods: The development of the handwriting evaluation tool proceeded in Four steps namely, construction of assessment items, test for construct validity using Rasch analysis, and test for inter-rater reliability. In the first step, Preliminary items for handwriting evaluation were collected through literature search. In the second step, 17 items were constructed through expert survey, content validity survey and expert review. In the third step, In the final step, testing and scoring methods were determined. data were collected from 326 1st–6th grade children and a handwriting evaluation tool consisting of 16 items was developed based on the Rasch analysis results. Results: The following results were obtained. First, regarding subject fit and item fit examined through Rasch analysis, on the sentences of lower difficulty the number of misfit subjects were 13 and misfit items were reverse and the degree to which lines were smooth, while on the sentences of higher difficulty the number of misfit subjects were 11 and misfit item was the degree to which lines were smooth. Second, regarding item difficulty, the average subject ability was higher than the average item difficulty. The most difficult item was consistency in letter size, while the least difficult item was reverse. Third, the item reliability computed in the Rasch analysis was excellent, ranging from .96–.99, and the subject reliability was acceptable with a range of .69–.70. Conclusion: This study is significant since it is the first to develop a tool that takes the unique features of Hangul (Korean alphabet) into account and objectively assesses school-aged children’s handwriting. We believe the study’s findings will be useful for occupational therapists who assess and treat school-aged children’s major task, handwriting.