Earticle

본 연구는 터치형 음악게임치료가 요양병원 노인환자들의 인지기능, 우울감, 자아존중감에 어떠한 효과가 있는지 알아보기 위한 것이다. 이를 위하여 수도권 A지역에 소재한 노인전문 요양병원에 입원중인 16명의 노인환자들을 대상으로 각각 8명씩 실험집단과 통제집단을 구성한 후, 실험집단에게 10회기에 걸쳐 음악게임치료를 실시하였다. 사전-사후에 걸쳐 실험집단과 통제집단의 인지기능, 우울감, 자아존중감 수준을 측정하였다. 그 결과, 실험집단 노인환자들의 인지기능은 유의한 변화를 보이지 않았으나, 우울감 수준과 자아존중감 수준은 유의하게 변화하였다. 즉, 실험집단 노인환자들의 우울감 수준은 유의하게 감소하였고, 자아존중감 수준은 유의하게 증가한 것으로 나타나, 음악게임치료의 효과성이 확인되었다. 끝으로, 연구의 제한점과 후속연구에 대한 시사점을 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of music game therapy on the cognition function, depression and self-esteem of elderly patients. The subjects were 16 elderly patients who were hospitalized in a geriatric hospital in the A city. The subjects were devided into the experimental group and the controlled group, and music game therapy was conducted to the experimental group for 10 sessions. Pre and post-score of MMSE-K, S-KGDS, Self-Esteem Scale were executed to the two groups. As a result, the level of depression decreased and self-esteem increased significantly in the experimental group. So this study showed that the music game therapy can have a positive influence on the depression and self-esteem of elderly patients.

목적 : 뇌병변 환자에게 집단 작업치료프로그램을 실시하여 개별 작업치료만 받는 환자와 집단 작업치료프로그램을 병행하여 받는 환자들의 상지기능, 인지∙지각기능 및 일상생활동작에 미치는 영향을 비교, 분석하여 집단 작업치료프로그램 적용 효과를 규명하고 효과적인 프로그램을 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위함이다. 연구방법 : 2008년 5월부터 10월까지 전통적 치료방법인 개별작업치료만 받는 뇌병변 환자 70명을 대상으로 8주 동안 주 5회 60분씩 총 40회의 치료를 실시하였으며, 치료적 활동프로그램이 포함된 집단작업치료프로그램에 참여하기를 동의한 환자 30명을 대상으로 8주동안 주4회 개별치료와 주1회 60분씩 집단치료를 실시하였다. 결과 : 개별작업치료만 받는 환자군에 비하여 집단작업치료프로그램을 병행하여 받은 환자군이 상지기능, 인지∙지각기능과 일상생활 수행기능이 통계적으로 유의하게 높아졌다. 결론 : 전통적 치료방법인 개별작업치료만 받는 환자군에 비하여 치료적 활동프로그램이 포함된 집단작업치료프로그램을 병행하여 받은 환자들의 치료 효과가 더 높았음을 나타내고 있다. 앞으로 보다 많은 대상으로 집단 작업치료프로그램 개발 및 치료효과를 입증할 수 있는 연구가 이루어지기를 바란다.

Objective : This research attempted to prove the effectiveness of applying group activity programs for patients with brain injuries. We compared and analyzed the influence on the upper limbs, cognitive and perception functions, and activities of daily living of patients who received only the occupational therapy and patients who receivedboth occupational therapy and group activity programs. Methods : We tracked 70 brain-injured patients who received only individual occupational therapy, which is a traditional 60-minute therapy that is applied 5 times a week during an 8-week period, and 30 brain-injured patients who agreed to participate in group occupational therapy programs including therapeutic activity programs. We gave this group individual occupational therapy 4 times a week for an 8-week period, along with a 60-minute group occupational therapy session once a week from May to October of 2008. Results : Comparing the patients who receivedthe individual occupational therapy with the patients who received both the individual occupational therapy and group activity programs, there were some significant differences statistically in their upper limbs, cognition and perception, and ADL. Conclusion : These results show that patients who receive both occupational therapy and group occupational therapy programs benefit more than patients who receive only traditional individual occupational therapy. We wish to developother group occupational therapy programs and intend to conduct many researches to prove their effectiveness in the future.

This study was conducted to evaluate the status of drinking and effect of health promotion program on alcohol consumption in painting company workers in Busan, Korea. Self administered questionnaire, asking attitude towards alcohol consumption was administered to 280 workers from one painting company and we also measured blood sugar level, cholesterol level, liver enzyme function. Those were conducted two times before and after carrying out the drinking reduction program. We reviewed the current alcohol consumption status of 280 workers through frequency analysis. And we also evaluated difference of drinking behavior and liver enzyme function before and after the drinking reduction program in painting company workers. Liver enzyme function difference was analyzed through paired T-test by using SPSS 12.0K program. Painting company workers answered that the drinking reduction program was helpful(74.6%) and workers' indifference and company culture towards alcohol consumption were major obstacles for moderate drinking. 52.3% of workers answered that they intended to reduce alcohol consumption and 31.5% of workers maintain moderate drinking behavior. Difference of liver enzyme function before and after drinking reduction program had statistically significance in GPT(p=.001) and r-GTP(p=.070). This study demonstrated that the drinking reduction program is effective for moderate drinking behavior and alcohol-related liver impairment. In association of drinking problem, it is important to invent various effective tools for moderate drinking behavior such as employee assistance program, supportive culture of company for problem drinking.

성적 공상은 모든 형태의 성적인 생각과 이미지를 포함하는 포괄적인 개념으로, 감각적, 감정적 또는 생리적인 상태를 변화시킨다. 본 연구의 목적은 성인 여성이 가진 성적 공상에 대한 경험과 생각, 영향 등에 대해 질적인 방법으로 심층 분석하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 중부권에 거주하는 기혼 또는 미혼 여성 12명을 대상으로 한 초점집단면접을 실시하였다. 성적 공상에 대한 면담참여자의 생각과 경험을 듣기 위해 반구조화 된 면담질문을 사용하였고, 참여자의 동의하에 녹음된 면담자료는 전사과정을 거쳐 지속적 비교 분석법으로 분석되었다. 연구과정과 결과분석의 신뢰도와 타당도를 높이기 위해 참여자 점검과 연구 상황 및 의사결정 과정을 모두 기록으로 남겼다. 분석결과, 성적 공상의 인식, 성적 공상의 형태, 성적 공상 성과의 3개의 대범주에 대해 7개의 중범주 및 17개의 하위범주를 도출하였다. 성적 공상의 인식은 성적 호기심에 기반을 둔 자기만족적 상상, 자기 자신의 경험과 사회인식을 반영하는 상상, 폐쇄적 상상으로 범주화되었고, 성적 공상의 형태는 막연한 대상과 상황에 대한 공상, 구체적인 대상과 성행위에 대한 공상으로 범주화되었다. 성적 공상의 성과는 성적 결핍의 충족과 내적 갈등의 발현으로 범주화되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 성인 여성의 성적 공상의 인식 및 형태, 성적 공상의 성과에 대한 경험적인 근거를 제시하였으며, 여성이 갖는 성적 공상의 인식과 형태, 성과에 대한 다양한 의미를 찾아볼 수 있었다. 이는 그동안 남성 관련 관심 영역으로 치우쳐져 있던 성적 공상 연구를 여성에게도 확대하였다는데 의의가 있다.

Sexual fantasy is a comprehensive concept that includes all forms of sexual thoughts and images, which change our sensory, emotional or physiological states. The purpose of this study is to analyze thoughts and experiences with the adult women's sexual fantasy. For this purpose we conducted 4 focus group interviews with 12 women living in the central region of Korea. This study used a semi-structured interview questions to explore the experiences and thoughts about their sexual fantasy. The interviews were recorded with the consent of the participants and analyzed through the constant comparative analysis process. In order to increase the reliability and validity of the all the research and decision-making processes and results were recorded. We obtained 7 main themes and 17 sub-themes out of 3 categories of sexual fantasy (cognition, its form, outcome). Cognition of sexual fantasy was categorized as imagination what applying social cognitions and self-experiences, exclusive imagines which are based on the sexual curiosity. forms of sexual fantasy were categorized as fantasy about foggy targets and situations, fantasy about specific target and intercourse. outcome of sexual fantasy was categorized as emerging follows two conditions, which are the gratification of sexual deficiency, the inner conflicts. This study established an empirical basis for the recognition, form, and outcome of the adult women's sexual fantasy. And this study overcame the bias of sexual fantasy research flow which was far biased on those of men. Also, we suggested the implications and limitations of this study and the direction of future research.

본 연구는 오감체험 미술 치료가 초기 노인성 치매 환자들의 인지, 정서, 운동 감각기능에 미치는 효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 대상은 G광역시 서구에 소재한 S 주간보호센터를 이용하는 70, 80대 노인 치매환자들 중 초기로 판단된 9명을 선정하였다. 연구는 2017년 4월 28일부터 2017년 9월 1일까지 주 1회 60분씩, 총 17회기 오감체험 미술치료를 실시하였다. 오감체험 미술치료가 초기 노인성 치매 환자들에게 미치는 효과를 분석하기 위해서, 대상자들의 작품들과 치료과정에서 보이는 행동과 태도들을 관찰하여 인지, 정서, 운동 감각기능을 측정하는 평가지표를 고안하였다. 평가지표는 Petzold(1985), Schoeneberg(2004), 그리고 Wenge(1993) 등이 제안한 노인 미술치료의 목적을 참조하여 인지 영역, 정서 영역, 운동 감각기능 영역으로 나누었다. 평가지표에 따른 평가는 미술치료에 함께 참여하였던 세 명의 평가자가 초기 3회기와 후기 3회기 동안의 대상자들의 작품들과 행동 및 태도를 관찰하여 채점하였다. 평가자간 신뢰도는 급내 상관계수로 분석하였고, 평점은 비모수 검정 방법 중 Wilcoxon signed-rank test를 이용하여 검정하였다. 연구결과 오감체험 미술치료는 초기 노인성 치매 환자들의 인지, 정서, 운동 감각기능을 향상시키는 것으로 나타났고 그 중 인지영역의 색 인지가 가장 의미 있는 결과를 보였다.

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of art therapy using five-senses experiences on the cognition, emotions, and sensorimotor function of patients with early senile dementia. The subjects were nine patients who were aged in their seventies or eighties and diagnosed with early senile dementia. They participated in the therapy at a daycare center called S, located in Gwangju city, South Korea. Sixty-minute art therapy took place from April 28, 2017, to September 1, 2017, once a week, for a total of 17 sessions. In order to evaluate the cognition, emotions and sensorimotor function of the subjects, We developed a new analytic tool measuring the behavior and attitude of subjects and their art products during the art therapy. The method focused on three areas: cognition, emotions and sensorimotor function. Scoring was carried out by three peoplewho participated in all programs and, measured the three areas at the beginning of the study and in the last three classes. Inter-rater reliability was measured by intra-class correlation coefficient and all scores were statistically analyzed using Wilcox signed-rank test, a nonparametric method. The result showed that the art therapy had a positive impact, as evidenced by significant improvement in cognition, emotions and sensorimotor function of the early senile dementia patientswho participated in the study. Among the areas positively affected, color perception, a sub-item of the cognition area, showed the most significant improvement.

본 연구는 주관적 인지기능의 감소가 객관적 인지기능, 우울, 불안에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시되었다. 65세 이상 노인에게 한국판 치매 설문 도구로 주관적 인지기능을 조사하여 주관적 인지기능 감소군(28명), 정상군(52명)으로 구분하였다. 두 집단에 6개월 간격으로 2회 객관적 인지기능, 우울, 불안을 조사하였다. 두 집단의 인지기능, 우울, 불안은 paired t-test, 공분산 분석으로 분석하였다. 연령을 통제한 후, 1차와 2차 조사 모두에서 주관적 인지기능 감소군의 주관적 인지기능, 즉시회상, 지연회상, 단어유창성, 우울, 불안점수가 정상군보다 통계적으로 유의미하게 감소하여 있었다. 1차와 2차 조사 모두에서 주관적 인지기능 감소군의 인지기능과 우울, 불안이 정상군보다 감소하여 있다는 사실은 인지기능 감소가 일시적인 현상이 아니라 실제로 인지기능의 변화가 일어나고 있음을 의미한다.

This study aims to investigate change of cognitive function, depression and anxiety according to time interval to identify whether subjective cognitive function is related to cognitive decline. Elderly adults aged 65 years or older visit a public healthcare center were divided into a subjective cognitive impairment group (n=28) and a normal group (n=52) based on the Korean Dementia Screening Questionnaire. The two groups’ objective cognitive function depression and anxiety at the baseline and 6-month follow-up were compared. Both groups’ objective cognitive function, depression and anxiety were then analyzed with paired t-tests and ANCOVA. After controlling for age, the two groups showed significant differences in subjective cognitive function, immediate recall, delayed recall, word fluency, depression, and anxiety at the baseline and 6 month follow-up. The fact that the differences in cognitive function, depression and anxiety at baseline are maintained over six months suggests that these changes are not transient but that cognitive impairment is indeed occurring.

본 논문은 지역사회 재가 노인(65세 이상)의 인지수준에 영향하는 신체적 요인을 파악하기 위하여 수행되었다. 분석에 사용된 자료는 2010~2012년도 서울시 보건소 방문건강관리사업의 대상자 중 352명의 노인을 대상으로 하였다. 노인의 인지수준은 한국어판 하세가와 치매척도(HDS-K)를 사용하였으며, t-test, ANOVA, 다변량 회귀분석을 사용하여 노인의 인지수준에 영향하는 요인을 파악하였다. 연구대상자 중 13.6%에서 경도인지장애가 나타났다. 지역사회 재가 노인은 연령, 체중변화량, 체질량 지수 변화량, 걷기운동, 유연성 운동에 따라 인지수준의 차이가 나타났다. 특히 정상 체질량 지수를 보이는 노인들은 최근 2년간 체질량 지수가 3이상 감소된 그룹에서 인지수준이 가장 낮았다. 정상 체질량 지수를 보이는 노인의 인지수준에 영향하는 요인에는 연령, 최근 2년간 체중변화, 최근 2년간 체질량 지수 변화, 걷기 운동 등이 있었으며, 이들 변수들은 노인의 인지수준을 12.2% 설명하고 있었다. 그러므로, 최근 갑작스런 체질량 지수 변화가 있는 노인들의 인지 장애 예방을 위하여 이들에 대한 영양관리 및 걷기 운동 프로그램의 적용이 필요하다.

A descriptive research is studied to identify the physical factors affecting to cognitive function among elderly residents over 65 years old in a community. The data were collected from 352 participants as part of a health-related survey by home visits in Seoul in 2010-2012. Their cognitive function was measured using the Korean form of Hasegawa Dementia Scale(HDS-K) and the collected data were analyzed by using t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. From the analysis, the prevalence rate of cognitive impairment was 13.6%. Elderly residents in a community showed different cognition levels by the status of age, change of weight, change of BMI, walking and flexibility exercise. Especially, the lowest cognition level was found in the normal BMI group with decreased BMI change by over 3. The factors influencing on cognition level of the elderly with normal BMI were age, change of weight, change of BMI, and walking exercise. The variance indicated 12.2% as their cognition level. Therefore, for preventing the cognitive impairment of the elderly that were rapidly decreased of BMI, we need the program to manage their nutrition and walking exercise.

The purpose of this study is to examine that high school students recognize mathematical situation when they are requested for changing same mathematical situation into different situation, and to find the cause of nonrecognition if they cannot identify it. The results of the study are followings. First, percentage of correct answers to the questions of turning equal mathematical situation into function is higher than the one of turning equal mathematical situation into equation and inequality. And percentage of correct answers to the questions of relation between linear equation, linear inequality and function is lower than the one of relation between quadratic equation, quadratic inequality and function. As a result of individual interview for comprehensibility of the students on these relations , it is found that if degree goes up and there is different expressions of questionaries although mathematical situation is identical, it affects comprehensibility of the subjects. Second, the students who are acquainted with mechanical calculation have difficulty in solving subjective questions such as drawing graphs. It is found that they cannot understand identical mathematical situation because they have trouble in drawing graph or applying to get the answer while many students understand a point of intersection on the graph as correct answer. Third, as a result of individual interview for comprehensibility of the students on relation between equation, inequality and function the students, it is found that they manage to get correct answer even without perfect comprehensibility on this relation. And there are the students who comprehend these relations after they solved the problem in which they made errors in the process of calculating or they failed to completing graph.

Computerized cognitive training utilized to enhance cognitive function in dementia patients enables them to autonomously execute and acquire tasks while obtaining prompt and precise feedback on their performance. We are designed to highlight the efficacy and clinical relevance of computerized cognitive training programs as therapies for elderly adults with mild dementia. In accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, we conducted a review of pertinent literature across various databases, including the Korean Information Service System, Research Information Sharing Service, National Assembly Digital Library, DBpia, and PubMed, encompassing research from 2003 to 2023. Utilizing rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria, we examined a final sample of 12 research. The data indicated that following computerized cognitive training interventions for senior adults with mild dementia, ADAS-Cog exhibited the most substantial effect size (g=-1.400), succeeded by MMSE (g=0.631), DRS (g=0.522), BNT (g=0.335), and GDS (g=-0.304), ranked by intervention efficacy. The findings allow us to assert that computerized cognitive training programs significantly enhance cognitive function, alleviate depressive symptoms, and improve language abilities in elderly individuals with mild dementia.

본 연구의 목적은 가상현실재활프로그램이 뇌졸중 환자의 상지기능, 인지와 일상생활활동에 미치는 영향을 조 사하는 것이다. 프로그램 참여한 25명 중 무작위로 실험군 13명과 대조군 12명으로 분류하였다. 실험군 가상현실재활 훈련 기기를 활용하여 재활훈련을 주 3회와 일반 작업치료 주 2회 적용하였고, 대조군은 일반 작업치료만 매주 5회, 회당 30분씩 진행하였다. 가상현실재활프로그램 진행한 결과 인지기능은 가상현실재활프로그램 실시한 실험군은 3.39 점 증가 하였고, 일반 작업치료만 실시한 대조군은 실험 후 1.5점이 증가하였다, 상지기능은 가상현실재활프로그램 실 시한 실험군은 4.84점 증가 하였고, 일반 작업치료만 실시한 대조군은 1.34점이 증가하였다, 일상생활활동은 가상현실 재활프로그램 실시한 실험군은 20.38점 증가 하였고, 일반 작업치료만 실시한 대조군은 7.61점이 증가하였다, 이 결과 를 통해 가상현실프로그램이 뇌졸중 환자의 상지기능, 인지와 일상생활활동도 효과가 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있다

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a virtual reality rehabilitation program on upper limb function, cognition, and activities of daily living in stroke patients. Among the 25 participants in the program, it was randomly classified 13 experimental group and 12 control group. Rehabilitation training was applied 3 times a week and general occupational therapy 2 times a week using virtual reality rehabilitation training equipment in the experimental group, and general occupational therapy was performed 5 times a week, 30 minutes per session in the control group. As a result of the virtual reality rehabilitation program, cognitive function increased by 3.39 points in the experiment group, The control group who received only general occupational therapy increased by 1.5 points. As for the upper limb function, the average of the experimental group subjected to the virtual reality rehabilitation program increased by 4.84 points The control group who received only general occupational therapy increased by 1.34 points. As for activities of daily living, the average of the experimental group that conducted the virtual reality rehabilitation program increased by 20.38 points, The control group who received only general occupational therapy increased by 7.61 points. This result show that the virtual reality program has an effect on upper limb function, cognition, and activities of daily living of stroke patients.

Background and Purpose Cardiovascular risk factors are considered to also be risk factors for dementia. Recent studies have shown that the prevalence of cognitive dysfunction is high in patients with cardiac diseases. However, few studies have investigated the influence of cardiac function on cognition and brain structural changes in dementia. The aims of this study were to determine the relationship between cardiac and cognitive function, and to characterize any structural changes in the brain that could be caused by cardiac function in patients with dementia. Methods Dementia patients (n=93) were recruited prospectively with checking for the presence of vascular risk factors such as hypertension. Cognitive function was measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination, modified Mini-Mental State test, and Korean version of the Dementia Rating Scale. Brain magnetic resonance imaging was conducted to evaluate the cerebral white-matter changes (WMC), ventricular dilation, and cortical and hippocampal atrophy. Cardiac function was evaluated using two-dimensional echocardiography. We divided the patients into two groups according to the presence (+) or absence (-) of WMC. ResultszzIn the entire cohort, the size of the left atrium (LA) was positively correlated with the degree of WMC, irrespective of age (p<0.05). The LA was larger in the WMC (+) group (n=42) than in the WMC (-) group. General cognitive function was significantly lower in the WMC (+) group than in the WMC (-) group. Subjects with an enlarged LA tended to exhibit lower cognitive function and more-severe cerebral WMC. Conclusions Cardiac dysfunction represented by LA enlargement could be related to cognitive decline and WMC of the brain resulting from impairment of the cerebral hemodynamic process in dementia.

Objective Cognitive interventions (CIs) are recognized for enhancing cognition and mitigating cognitive decline in dementia patients. Our study assessed the effects of a 12-week, home-based, robot-assisted CI on cognition and brain function in patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia.Methods In this single-blind randomized controlled trial, 51 patients with mild AD dementia were assigned to either a robot-assisted CI group (n=27) or a waitlist control group (n=24). The CI was conducted for 60 minutes per day over 12 weeks. The primary outcome was brain function, measured by resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG) using a 19-channel wireless EEG device and the secondary outcome was cognitive function, measured using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. No significant baseline demographic or clinical differences were observed between the groups. Eighteen participants in the robot group and 19 in the control group completed the study.Results EEG analysis revealed a decrease in theta band activity in the mid-frontal area for the robot group, while the control group exhibited an increase in this area. In addition, the robot group showed significant cognitive improvements in working memory, visual association memory, and reaction time after the 12-week CIs.Conclusion These findings suggest that robot-assisted CIs may be associated with enhanced cognitive and brain function in patients with mild AD dementia.

Objective It is known that many of the cognitive and social deficits associated with autism can arise from abnormal functional connectivity between brain networks. This aberrant functional connectivity in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) can be explained by impaired integrity of white matter tracts that link distant regions of the networks. Methods We investigated white matter in 9 children with high-function autism (HFA) compared to 13 typically developing controls using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The aim of this research is to provide supporting evidence for abnormalities in neural connectivity as an underlying pathophysiology of the main characteristics of ASD. Results We found impairment of neural connectivity, mainly in association fiber tracts as evidenced by decreased fractional anisotropy (FA), the index of white matter integrity, of these tracts. Among them, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF) had a significant relationship with ADI-R score. The inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF) and superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) also showed decreased FA. Decreased FA of ILF and SLF had negative correlations with scores of social interaction. Conclusion These findings suggest that widespread abnormalities in association fiber tracts may contribute to both core and associated symptoms of ASD.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The accumulation of amyloid-${\beta}$ ($A{\beta}$) in the brain is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and plays a key role in cognitive dysfunction. Perilla frutescens var. japonica extract (PFE) and its major compound, rosmarinic acid (RA), have shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. We investigated whether administration of PFE and RA contributes to cognitive improvement in an $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-injected mouse model. MATERIALS/METHODS: Male ICR mice were intracerebroventricularly injected with aggregated $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ to induce AD. $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-injected mice were fed PFE (50 mg/kg/day) or RA (0.25 mg/kg/day) for 14 days and examined for learning and memory ability through the T-maze, object recognition, and Morris water maze test. RESULTS: Our present study demonstrated that PFE and RA administration significantly enhanced cognition function and object discrimination, which were impaired by $A{\beta}_{25-35}$, in the T-maze and object recognition tests, respectively. In addition, oral administration of PFE and RA decreased the time to reach the platform and increased the number of crossings over the removed platform when compared with the $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-induced control group in the Morris water maze test. Furthermore, PFE and RA significantly decreased the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain, kidney, and liver. In particular, PFE markedly attenuated oxidative stress by inhibiting production of NO and MDA in the $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-injected mouse brain. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that PFE and its active compound RA have beneficial effects on cognitive improvement and may help prevent AD induced by $A{\beta}$.

The purpose of this study was to find out the effects of electroencephalograph (EEG) power and coherence on cognitive function in normal elderly, non-demented elderly with mild cognitive impairment, and demented elderly during working cognition tasks. Forty elderly women (19 demented elderly, 10 non-demented elderly with mild cognitive impairment, 11 norma1 elderly) participated in this study, All subjects performed working cognition tasks with Raven's CPM while EEG signal was recorded, EEGs were measured continuously at rest and during the working cognition task. EEG power and coherence was computed over 21 channels: right and left frontal, central, parietal, temporal and occipital region. We found that there were more correct answers among normal elderly women than in other groups Owing the working cognition task, ${\Theta}$ wave at Fp1, Fp2 and F8, a wave at Fp2, ${\beta}$ wave at Fp1, Fp2. F4 and F8 of the frontal region was increased significantly in the demented elderly group. On the other hand. ${\Theta}$ wave at Fp1, Fp2 and F7, ${\beta}$ wave at Fp1, Fp2, F3 and F7 of the frontal region was increased significantly in the group of non-demented elderly with mild cognitive impairment. In contrast. in the normal elderly group, all of the ${\Theta}$ wave and ${\beta}$ wave at Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, F7 and F8 of the frontal region (except ${\beta}$ wave at F3) was increased significantly, These results suggest that the nerves in prefrontal and right hemisphere regions were most active in the demented elderly group during problem solving, and the nerves in the prefrontal and left hemisphere lobe were most active in the group of non-demented elderly with mild cognitive impairment. In contrast, me majority of nerves in the frontal region were active in the normal elderly group.

Objectives: In this study, the effects of dance sports programs on the physical function, cognition, depression and quality of life of the elderly were verified for women aged 65 and older. Methods: The experimental group applied dance sports programs for once a week, 50 minutes/times and 12 weeks, and the comparison group was required to participate in existing sports programs without applying dance sports programs for 12 weeks. The experimental group and comparison group were randomly allocated with 33 subjects and 31 controls. Results: balance, depression, and quality of life were investigated in advance and post-production of the program to compare the changes between the experimental group and the control group. Conclusions: Dance sports programs targeting the elderly are life sports that help improve balance, depression, and quality of life.

목적 : 노인의 배뇨장애는 매우 흔하다. 일차 하부요로 자체는 노화의 문제일 수 있지만, 또한 뇌 기능 저하로 발생할 수 있다. 이에 인지기능의 저하와 소변증상의 상관관계에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 연구방법 : 3차 대학병원을 통해 등록한 94명의 60세 이상의 치매 환자를 대상으로 소변증상을 확인하기 위해 과민성방광증상점수 설문지(이하 OABSS)를 사용하였다. 이후 과민성방광증상을 확인한 설문지와 인지기능척도인 K-MMSE, CDR과 상관관계를 확인하였다. 연구결과 : 고령의 환자일수록 OABSS 점수는 증가하는 경향을 보였고 이는 기존에 있던 연구와 동일하여, 이번 연구에 신뢰도를 확인하였다. MMSE, CDR 검사에서 인지기능과 치매가 악화될수록 OABSS 값도 증가되어 과민성방광증상이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 나이와 성별을 보정하여도 같은 결과를 보였다. 인지 기능과 치매 단계와 과민성방광증상의 심각성 사이의 유의한 상관관계를 나타낸다. 결론 : OABSS 점수는 연령에 따라 증가하는 경향이 있다. 그러나 과민성방광증상은 초기인지장애 환자에게서 볼 수 있으며, OABSS, MMSE, CDR 점수의 관계에 따라 치매 증상이 더 심할 때는 더욱 심각해진다. 노년기 과민성방광증상은 인지기능 저하 가능성이 있을 수 있으므로 주의깊게 보아야 한다.

Objective : The urinary disorder of the elderly is very common. Firstly, the urination symptom can be a problem of aging, but it can also be caused by poor brain function. Here, we want to investigate the correlation between poor cognitive function and urinary symptoms. Methods : To check urine symptoms for 94 dementia patients aged 60 or older who registered through tertiary university hospitals, an Overactive Bladder Symptom Score was used (hereinafter OABSS). Subsequently, correlation analysis were done between OABSS and K-MMSE and CDR, which are the cognitive functions scale. Results : The OABSS tended to increase with older patients, which is the same as previous studies, so the reliability of the study was confirmed. K-MMSE and CDR tests showed that OABSS values also increased as the cognitive function and dementia deteriorated, resulting in hypersensitivity bladder symptoms. The same result was achieved when age and gender were corrected. Indicates a significant correlation between cognitive function and the severity of dementia phase and hypersensitivity bladder symptom. Conclusion : OABSS tend to increase with age. However, hypersensitivity bladder symptoms can be seen in patients with early cognitive impairment, and depending on the relationship between OABS, MMSE and CDR scores, they become more severe when the dementia symptoms are more severe. In elderly, hypersensitivity bladder symptoms should be viewed carefully, as there may be a possibility of impaired cognitive function.

연구목적 : 지역사회에 거주하는 재가노인의 활동참여수준과 인지기능 및 연령과의 상관관계를 조사하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 2019년 10월 1일부터 동년 11월 16일까지 재가노인 31명을 대상으로 K-ACS와 CERAD-K로 활동 참여수준과 인지기능을 평가하였다. 자료분석은 SPSS 22.0으로 기술통계, Spearman rank-order 상관분석, Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA를 실시하였다. 연구결과 : 연구에 참여한 재가노인의 여가활동 참여수준은 언어능력, 학습정보 기억력과 유의한 양의 상관관계를 보였고 그 외 활동참여수준과 인지기능 간에 유의한 관련성이 없었다. 연령과 모든 활동참여보유율 간의 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 결론 : 노인들의 활동 참여수준 향상을 위해서는 관련있는 인지기능 하위 요소에 대한 다양한 연구가 필요하며 본 연구 결과는 노인의 다양한 활동 영역에서의 독립적 수행을 위한 작업치료 중재의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Objective : To conducted to investigate the correlation between the level of participation in activity and cognition of the elderly people living in the community. Methods : This study was conducted on 31 the Community Dwelling Elderly People aged 65 or older. Data collection was performed using K-ACS, CERAD-K. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Spearman rank-order correlation and Kruskal-Wallis variance analysis using SPSS 22.0. Results : The level of participation in leisure activities showed a significant amount of correlation with language ability, memory of learning information, and there was no other significant correlation. Total activity participation level in overall activities all showed significant negative correlation in the activities. Conclusion : In order to improve the level of activity participation of the elderly, various studies are required on the cognitive subfactor that affect them. It will be available as basic study for independent performance in various activities of the elderly.