Earticle

스마트폰의 위치기반서비스가 활발히 사용됨에 따라 사용자들이 자신의 위치정보의 노출에 대한 염려가 커지고 있다. 본 연구는 프라이버시 계산 이론에 기반하여 스마트폰 사용자들이 자신의 위치정보의 제공을 어떻게 받아들이는지 확인하고자 연구모형을 개발하였다. 대학생을 대상으로 수집한 데이터를 SmartPLS를 이용하여 분석한 결과 프라이버시 계산 관점의 기존 연구와는 다른 결과를 얻었다. 프라이버시 계산이론은 인간은 합리적인 존재이며, 위험과 효과 측면을 고려하여 프라이버시 정보의 제공을 결정한다고 본다. 본 연구의 결과는 프라이버시 염려는 위험에 유의하게 영향을 미치 나, 사용의도는 효과에 의해서 유의하게 영향을 미쳤다. 이러한 결과는 감정적 판단과 행동적 판단이 서로 상이한 요인에 의해서 영향을 받는다는 행동경제학적 관점과 일치한다.

As Location-based services on smartphone are getting more popular, users have more concern on exposing their location information. This study developed a research model to identify how smartphone users perceive on providing information pertaining to their location based on privacy calculus theory. 203 responses were analyzed with SmartPLS 2.0. The outcome of this research is quite interesting because conventional belief of privacy calculus perspective does not hold. The privacy calculus theory is based on assumption that human being is rational and decision to provide privacy information is determined by risk and benefit aspects. However, the result of this study is in accordance with behavioral economics perspective in which emotional judgment and behavioral judgement are affected by different factors.

본 논문은 객체 해석을 객체 대수로 변환하는 알고리즘을 제안 한다. 이 알고리즘은 해석식을 등가의 대수식으롤 변환하고, 이 객체 대수식을 객체 대수 연산자 그래프로 표현한다. 이 변환 알고리즘은 질의의 효율적인 접근 계획을 생성할 뿐만 아니라 등가의 질의식임을 입증할 수 있다.

In this paper, we propose an algorithm to transform an object calculus into an object algebra. The algorithm translates the calculus expression into an equivalent algebra expression, and it maps the object algebra expression to an object algebra operator graph. This translation algorithm not only generates an efficient access plan of queries, but also proves the equivalent expressiveness of queries.

본 연구는 컴퓨터단층촬영을 이용한 요로결석 검사에서 저선량 CT(Low dose Computed Tomography) 프로토콜의 적용에 따른 유용성을 평가하였다. 연구대상은 2016년 6월-12월까지 부산지역 일개 의료기관을 내원한 비뇨기계 환자이며 연구에 이용된 프로토콜은 통계적 반복 재구성법(Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction, ASIR)을 50% 적용한 저선량 CT 프로토콜이다. 정량적 분석 결과 횡단면상(Axial image)의 신장의 관심 영역(region of image. ROI) 내 평균 화소 값과 표준편차는 복부촬영 프로토콜 $26.21{\pm}7.08$, 저선량 CT 프로토콜 $20.03{\pm}8.16$이며 관상면(Coronal imalge) 영상에서 신장의 관심영역 내 평균 화소 값과 표준편차는 복부촬영 프로토콜 $22.07{\pm}7.35$, 저선량 CT 프로토콜 $21.67{\pm}6.11$이었다. 정성적 분석결과 인공물에 대한 4명의 관찰자 평균값은 복부촬영 프로토콜 $19.14{\pm}0.36$, 저선량 CT 프로토콜 $19.17{\pm}0.43$이며 해상도 및 대조도의 평균값은 복부촬영 프로토콜 $19.35{\pm}0.70$, 저선량 CT 프로토콜 $19.29{\pm}0.58$이었다. 피폭선량 분석 결과 복부촬영 프로토콜의 CTDIvol 평균값은 18.02 mGy, DLP 평균값은 $887.51mGy{\cdot}cm$이며 저선량 CT 프로토콜 CTDIvol 평균값은 7.412 mGy, DLP 평균값은 $361.22mGy{\cdot}cm$이었다. 이로 인한 선량의 감소율은 각 58.82%, 59.29% 이었다.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usability of applied Low dose Computed Tomography(LDCT) protocol in examining urinary calculus using computed tomography. The subjects of this study were urological patients who visited a medical institution located in Busan from June to December 2016 and the protocol used in this study was Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction: low-dose CT with 50% Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction (ASIR). As results of quantitative analysis, the mean pixel value and standard deviation within kidney region of image(ROI)of the axial image were $26.21{\pm}7.08$ in abdomen CT pre scan and $20.03{\pm}8.16$ in low-dose CT. Also the mean pixel value and standard deviation within kidney ROI of the coronal image were $22.07{\pm}7.35$ in abdomen CT pre scan and $21.67{\pm}6.11$ in low dose CT. The results of qualitative analysis showed that four raters' mean values of observed kidney artifacts were $19.14{\pm}0.36$ when using abdomen CT protocol and $19.17{\pm}0.43$ in low-dose CT, and the mean value of resolution and contrast was $19.35{\pm}0.70$ when using abdomen CT protocol and $19.29{\pm}0.58$ in low-dose CT. Also the results of a exposure dose analysis showed that the mean values of CTDIvol and DLP in abdomen CT pre scan were 18.02 mGy and $887.51mGy{\cdot}cm$ respectively and the mean values of CTDIvol and DLP when using low-dose CT protocol were 7.412 mGy and $361.22mGy{\cdot}cm$ respectively. The resulting dose reduction rate was 58.82% and 59.29%, respectively.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanisms influencing passengers' personal information provision behavior in the smart airport environment, based on Privacy Calculus Theory. A theoretical model incorporating privacy concerns and trust as mediating variables was constructed, with a focus on analyzing the path effects of perceived benefits and risks on personal information provision intentions and behaviors. Using a survey method, data were collected from passengers with experience using smart airports, and a structural equation model was applied to conduct hypothesis testing and path analysis. The empirical results indicate that privacy concerns play a critical mediating role in the effects of benefits and risks on information provision intentions, while trust significantly facilitates passengers' information provision behavior. Ultimately, this study provides empirical evidence and practical strategies, offering theoretical and managerial insights into privacy protection and the rational utilization of data in smart service environments.

Objectives: The study aimed to compare the periodontal tissue status in middle-aged and elderly people before and after scaling health insurance coverage, using data from the 2013 and 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Methods: Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 24.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). A total of 5,109 people were included in the study, including 2,593 persons from 2013 and 2,516 from 2018, whose insurance was scaled according to the following age groups: 40～64 years and 65 years or older. Results: The factors affecting the periodontal tissue status of the middle-aged and the elderly from the time when insurance began to cover tartar removal (a method of preventing and treating periodontal disease) differed significantly after five years. Conclusions: It is necessary to establish measures to improve access to oral health education for the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases in the middle-aged and elderly population.

이 글은 수학과 과학에서 미적분계산법의 원 저작권에 관련된 유무형의 사용대상의 지적 소유권 귀속논의이다. 미적분계산법은 뉴턴과 라이프니츠가 독립적으로 발견한 것이며, 영 국과 대륙의 수학자그룹은 1699년에 시작하여 1714년까지 우위논쟁을 벌였다. 수학적 계산 방법의 지적인 소유의 귀속 사안은 실용적 효용성과 순수한 추상성과 인간지식의 문화적 보 편성에 비추어 결코 심각한 문제는 아니다. 하지만 자연법과 자연현상이 원 저작권자에 의 하여 언제 발견되고 어떻게 설명되는지는 원저자의 지적 권리와 우위에 대한 표준적 규범화 요구와 관련되기 때문에 과학의 진보와 과학과 수학교육과 관련하여 매우 중요하다. 게다가 수학적 발견에 따른 권리와 표준지식의 규범화는 학문공동체의 도덕적 의무로 위임되면서 원저자의 수학적 대상의 발견의 우위의 정당성확보를 위한 노력은 국가차원의 지지를 받아 온 문화적 우월성의 표현이다. 과학에서 지적 우위의 특권을 얻는다는 것은 표준지역에서 비표준지역에로의 지식 확산을 의미한다. 뉴턴이 뒤늦게 미적분계산의 우위를 주장하고 나 섰지만 오늘날 국제학술지 인용지수의 관점에서 보자면 라이프니츠에게 더 많은 지적인 귀 속이 가야 한다. 뉴턴이 계산방법을 먼저 고안하여 사용하고도 출간은 뒤로 미루었던 것은 17세기 바로크과학 연구관행의 정체성 때문이다. 미적분계산법의 우위에 관한 액면논쟁에 서 양자는 미적분학의 동등한 발견자로 인정된다. 미적분계산법의 최초의 발견과정은 어떠 하였는지를 평가하는 논증장소에서 당사자와 주변연구진은 원저자의 권리귀속을 수학적으 로만 해결하지 않았다. 그들은 과학기술 분야에서 미적분계산법의 가치와 중요성을 인식하 면서 용어 사용의 기술적 정당화를 시도하였다. 미적분계산법은 수사학을 통하여 발전할 수 있었고 18세기 유럽의 수학과 과학기술 분야에 비약적 발전을 이끌 수 있었다.

This thesis is on the debate on Infinitesimal Calculus Priority which composes of arguments of intellectual rights over material or spiritual uses and ownership on original authorities in mathematics and science. The Infinitesimal Calculus is invented independently by I. Newton and G. W. Leibniz and the controversy begins from 1699 to 1714 by scientific activities between english research groups and continental research groups. The intellectual ownership of mathematical methods is not usually serious problem in regarding to development of human knowledge, because its practical usefulness and pure abstractions are common in use and could be utilized for cultural generality. But authentical claim and rights of ownership are important for explanation and story telling by teaching learning, questions, when it is invented and how to explain phenomena of nature. In the process of inventions in science and technology are authorities related to standard explanation. It's also duties of researchers in scientific communities original intellectual rights to explain. So scientists in England, France and Germany participate in controversy through supporting by state's helping dimension, and try to express cultural excellency of their country. The gaining intellectual rights in science is to get a privilege, knowledge from the standard region to periphery region to extend. Although I. Newton insists later the priority on Infinitesimal Calculus in his own way, successful results must be contributed to works of G. W. Leibniz, if we regard citations of index in International Journals. But it was the academic habits in the Baroque period that I. Newton did not publish his works. In the surface debate on the priority of Infinitesimal Calculus is to accept both as independent inventor. During the evaluating on the first invention of Infinitesimal Calculus is needed a placeholder for argumentations of the researchers who are awaken to conceive importances of technical problem solving thinking and methods through Infinitesimal Calculus. So they needs rhetoric skills to justify their getting knowledge through debating. The Infinitesimal Calculus could be developed through rhetoric and bring mathematics and technology into leap in 18 century of Europe.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of calculus removal, an essential factor in periodontal disease in the elderly population. Further, the study aimed to identify the oral hygiene management matters of individuals and to use the information as primary data for preventing dental loss and improving the prevention of chronic diseases. From December 20, 2019, to January 15, 2020, the results of 171 studies on oral hygiene management and awareness of calculus removal among the elderly aged 65 or older in Busan and Gyeongnam are as follows: The elderly with good health appreciated their functional oral health status and showed significant differences (Χ2=298.26, p<.001). Many of the elderly brushing their teeth at least three times a day had a better health status and showed significant differences according to their health status (= 134.42, p <.001). Usually, older people who are in good health have a dental floss (Χ2=89.31, p<.001), and the dental floss were used more often and significantly differed depending o health status (Χ2=92.53, p<.001). The elderly’s perception of tartar removal has shown that the overall average out of five points is positive at 3.48. Older female adults were more positive and showed significant differences regarding gender (t=-7.95, p<.001). Senior citizens aged 65 to 70 were more positive about dental removal than those aged 71 or older, with significant differences in age (t=6.65, p<.001). As described above, oral hygiene management for the elderly population needs to develop a periodontal disease prevention program linked to systemic diseases, considering that there are many chronic diseases.

치과업무의 특성상 장시간 반복작업, 불충분한 휴식, 부적절한 자세, 과도한 힘, 진동 등에 노출이 많이 되는 특징이 있어 치과위생사에게 상지근육의 통증이 자주 일어난다. 이에 수기구로 치석제거시 팔의 근육의 활성 도를 EMG를 활용하여 주된 근육의 활성도를 측정하였다. 부산광역시 D대학의 4학년 학생 22명을 대상으로 천지 굴근, 장모지굴근, 천지신근에 DTS EMG를 측정하여 데이터 값을 치아의 중앙, 근심, 원심별로 평균값은 수기구 를 이용한 치석제거 행위를 하면서 측정하여 비교하였다. 그 결과 수기구로 치석제거 시 대부분의 부위와 치면에 서 천지굴근의 근활성도가 가장 높게 나타났으며, 대상자의 일반적인 특성과 근육의 활성도 간의 차이는 없는 것 으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 수기구를 이용한 치석제거 시 활성화되는 팔의 근육을 파악하였다는 점에서 의미가 있 으며, 치석제거 업무의 효율성 향상과 근골격계질환을 예방할 수 있는 대책이 마련되기를 바란다.

It is characterized by a lot of exposure to long-term repetitive work, insufficient rest, inaapropriate posture, excessive force, and vibration, so pain in the upper limb muscles frequently occurs to dental hygienists. Therefore, when removing calculus with hand istrumnets, the activity of the muscles of the arm was measured using EMG. EMG was measured in the Flexor digitorum superficilis, Fles pollicis lingus, Extensor digitorum communis in 22 stuents at D university in Busan. and the data values were measured and compared by measuring the average value by the middle, mesial, and distal of the tooth. As a result, when removing calculus with hand instruments, the muscle activity of the Flexor digitorum superficilus was the highest in most areas and teeth, and there was no difference between the subject’s general chracteristics and muscle activity. This study is meaningful in that it identifies the muscles of the arm that are activated when removing calculus using hand instruments.

디지털 기술의 지속적인 발달에 따라서, 테크놀로지가 상호적으로 수학적 사고를 촉진할 수 있는 방법으로 활용되어질 수 있는지 에 대한 질문들이 제기 될 수 있다. 그렇다면 수학적 사고와 이해를 증진시키기 위하여 교사, 학생, 테크놀로지 간의 어떠한 상호작용 이 이루어져야 할까? 교사는 어떻게 이것을 조율할 수 있는가? 본 연구는 이러한 질문들 중 일부를 해결하고자 교수⦁학습 현장에서 양방향의 의사소통 방법을 조율하기 위한 방법으로 TPACK을 구성요소로 하는 도구의 오케스트레이션(Instrumental Orchestration)을 바탕으로 하였다. 도구의 오케스트레이션이 교수학습에서 계획되어진 것이라고 한다면, 그것이 잘 수행되기 위해서는 테크놀로지의 통합된 지식(TPACK)과의 상호작용은 필수적이라고 할 수 있다. 오케스트라에서 지휘자가 의도적으로 악기 편성을 하고 어떻게 지휘 할 것인지를 계획하는 것과 같이, 스마트폰 앱에서의 그래핑 계산기와 같은 도구를 활용한 시각적 이해는 학생들의 통합적 사고 형성 에 영향을 줄 수 있다는 것을 수업 중에 이루어진 SNS를 통한 학생들과의 의사소통, 중간고사결과, 태도검사, 설문지 등의 분석을 통하여 보여주었다.

As digital technology continues to evolve, questions may arise as to whether technology can be used as a way to promote mutual mathematical thinking. So what intersections between teachers, students, and technology should be made performed to promote mathematical thinking and understanding? How can the teacher tune them? To solve this problem, this study was based on the instrumental orchestration of a tool that uses TPACK as a method to coordinate two-way communication in teaching and learning. If the orchestration of the tool is planned in teaching and learning process, the intersection with the integrated knowledge of technology is essential for its successful performance. Just as a conductor in the orchestra intentionally organizes musical instruments and plans how to conduct them, visual understanding such tool as a graphing calculator in a smartphone application can be designed to utilized in the class. Through this, students' integrated thinking was accomplished according to the analysis of the communication with students through SNS, midterm results, the attitude test, and questionnaires.

본 연구는 측방압 측정용 탐침 교육 장비를 개발하여 탐침의 측방압을 측정하고 정량적인 분석을 통해 적정한 측방압 크기를 도출하고자 하였다. 실험참가자는 임상 경력 10년 이상의 전문가 10명이었으며, 치아모형에 서 개발한 탐침 장비를 활용하여 측방압을 1회당 각 10회씩 1주 간격으로 총 3회 반복 측정하였다. 분석 결과, 치 아모형에서 탐침을 수행하기 적절한 측방압의 평균은 1회차 18.96g, 2회차 18.86g, 3회차 18.53g으로 나타났다. 통 계적 검정 결과, 측정 시점별 측방압은 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 이 결과는 전문가들이 측정을 반복하여 도 20g 미만의 값이 치아모형에서 탐침을 이용한 측방압으로 적당함을 의미한다. 이 연구는 전문가를 통한 정량 적인 측방압을 평가하고, 통계적 검정을 통한 유효성을 분석하여 학습자의 임상 전단계 치석탐지 교육에 기여하였 다. 그러나 실제 학습자가 탐침의 측방압을 학습하는 효과를 평가하기 위하여 교육 도구로 활용한 추가 연구가 필 요하다.

This study developed a dental explorer training device to measure lateral pressure and derived the lateral pressure through quantitative analysis. Ten experts with over 10 years of clinical experience participated in the study. Each expert measured lateral pressure 10 times during three sessions held at 1-week intervals using a tooth model. The average lateral pressures were 18.96g, 18.86g, and 18.53g for the first, second, and third sessions, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between the sessions. These results suggest that a lateral pressure of less than 20g is appropriate when using a dental explorer on a tooth model. This study aids preclinical calculus detection education by providing quantitative lateral pressure data and validating its effectiveness through statistical tests. However, further research is necessary to evaluate its effectiveness as a training tool for learners.

소셜 네트워크 서비스(SNS)의 사용이 사회 전반으로 확대되면서 사용자들은 더욱 더 다양하고 많은 개인정보를 SNS에 제공하고 있으나 이러한 정보를 불법적으로 사용하는 사례 또한 늘어나고 있다. 따라서 사용자들의 프라이버시 침해 우려는 지속 사용 의도를 방해하는 가장 큰 요인이 되고 있다. 기존의 연구들은 사용자들의 SNS 사용을 유도하기 위해 이러한 프라이버시 침해 우려 자체를 줄이는 데 초점을 맞추어 왔다. 그러나 본 연구에서는 사용자의 SNS 지속 사용 의도를 적절히 이해하기 위해서 는 프라이버시 침해 우려를 줄이려는 시각에서 접근하는 것도 중요하지만, 사용자가 인지하는 이득을 증가시키는 시각의 접근법이 같이 수반되어야만 한다고 제안한다. 따라서 프라이버시 계산 모형을 이론적 틀로 하여, 사용자가 인지하는 이득으로 네트워크 형성지원과 네트워크 외부성을 제안하고 여기에 덧붙여 SNS 제공업체에 대한 신뢰의 역할을 살펴보는 연구 모형을 제안하였다. 이를 검증하기 위해 150명의 페이스북 사용자와 150명의 카카오톡 사용자를 대상으로 횡단 설문 연구를 실시하였다. 그 결과 SNS 제공업체에 사용자가 가지는 신뢰는 네트워크 외부성과 지속 사용 의도 관계, 프라이버시 침해 우려와 지속 사용 의도 관계, 이 두 가지 관계에서 매개 역할을 하였다. 그러나 네트워크 형성 지원은 페이스북 사용자의 지속 사용 의도에는 유의한 영향을 미쳤지만, 카카오톡 사용자에게는 유의 한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 드러났다.

Given the proliferation of social network services, it has become important to understand its user’s continued use behavior. As users’ privacy concerns in SNS have been identified as a critical barrier against forming this continued intention, many studies have focused on inducing continued intention by mitigating privacy concerns. However, this paper suggests to approach users’ continued intention not only from the perspective of mitigating privacy concerns but also from the perspective of increasing potential benefits. Under the theoretical framework of privacy calculus model, we conducted cross sectional survey on 150 Facebook and 150 KakaoTalk users. The result suggests that trust mediates the relationships between privacy concerns and continued intention and between network externality and continued intention, and the influence of support for network formation on continued intention. The effect of network externality on continued intention, however, is not significant among Facebook users while it is significant among KakaoTalk users.

기대수명의 지속적인 증가와 건강에 대한 높은 관심은 인터넷과 스마트폰의 대중화로 일반인들의 건강정보에 대한 이용에 큰 변화를 가져왔다. 모바일 헬스 환경으로 의료시장이 확대되면서 많은 건강관련 앱이 만들어져 유통되고 있지만, 각종 규제로 서비스 제공이 어려워지면서 그 수용속도가 더딘 상황이다. 이에, 본 연구는 프라이버시 계산모형을 바탕으로 개인건강기록 앱 수용저항에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 지각된 가치와 지각된 위험요인(심리적 위험, 시간손실 위험, 제도적 위험) 및 지각된 혜택요인(유용성, 상호작용성, 자율성)을 도출하고 이들 간의 영향 관계를 검증하였다. 또한, 제조사에 대한 신뢰의 조절효과를 분석하여 지각된 위험과 지각된 혜택이 지각된 가치에 미치는 영향이 어떻게 달라지는지를 추가적으로 살펴보았다. 개인건강기록 앱을 인지하면서도 사용하지 않는 국내 대학생을 대상으로 설문조사를 진행한 후, 구조방정식모형을 활용하여 분석을 진행하였다. 가설검증 결과, 지각된 가치는 수용저항에 부(-)의 영향을, 지각된 위험(시간손실 위험)은 지각된 가치에 부(-)의 영향을 미치고, 지각된 혜택(유용성, 상호작용성, 자율성)은 지각된 가치에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한, 제조사에 대한 신뢰는 지각된 위험(제도적 위험)이 지각된 가치에 미치는 영향력을 약화시켰다. 본 연구결과는 개인건강기록 앱의 수용저항을 줄이기 위한 세부기준을 확인하고 제안함으로써, 개인건강기록 앱 시장 환경에서 경쟁우위를 확보하기 위한 지침 마련에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

The continuous increase in life expectancy and high interest in health has brought about significant changes in the use of health information by the public according to the development of information technology represented by the Internet and smartphones. As the medical market expands to the mobile health environment, many health-related apps have been created and distributed, but the acceptance rate is slow as it has become challenging to provide services due to various regulations. In this study, perceived value, perceived risk factors (psychological risk, risk of time-loss, legal risk), and perceived benefits (usefulness, interaction, autonomy) were derived and verified as factors that affect the acceptance resistance of personal health record apps based on the privacy calculation model. In addition, by analyzing the moderating effect of trust in the manufacturer, how the perceived risk and perceived benefit affect the perceived value was verified. A survey was conducted on Korean college students who recognized the personal health record apps but did not use them, and 127 samples were analyzed using structural equations. As a result of hypothesis verification, perceived value has a negative effect on acceptance resistance, perceived risk (risk of time-loss) has a negative effect on perceived value, and perceived benefits (usefulness, interaction, autonomy) were found to have a positive effect on perceived value. Trust in manufacturers has weakened the impact of perceived risks (legal risk) on perceived values. This study is expected to play an important role in maintaining a competitive advantage in the personal health record app market environment by identifying and proposing detailed criteria for reducing the acceptance resistance of personal health record apps.

Smartphone and its applications (i.e. apps) are increasingly penetrating consumer markets. According to a recent report from Korea Communications Commission, nearly 50% of mobile subscribers in South Korea are smartphone users that accounts for over 25 million people. In particular, the importance of smartphone has risen as a geospatially-aware device that provides various location-based services (LBS) equipped with GPS capability. The popular LBS include map and navigation, traffic and transportation updates, shopping and coupon services, and location-sensitive social network services. Overall, the emerging location-based smartphone apps (LBA) offer significant value by providing greater connectivity, personalization, and information and entertainment in a location-specific context. Conversely, the rapid growth of LBA and their benefits have been accompanied by concerns over the collection and dissemination of individual users’ personal information through ongoing tracking of their location, identity, preferences, and social behaviors. The majority of LBA users tend to agree and consent to the LBA provider’s terms and privacy policy on use of location data to get the immediate services. This tendency further increases the potential risks of unprotected exposure of personal information and serious invasion and breaches of individual privacy. To address the complex issues surrounding LBA particularly from the user’s behavioral perspective, this study applied the privacy calculus model (PCM) to explore the factors that influence the adoption of LBA. According to PCM, consumers are engaged in a dynamic adjustment process in which privacy risks are weighted against benefits of information disclosure. Consistent with the principal notion of PCM, we investigated how individual users make a risk-benefit assessment under which personalized service and locatability act as benefit-side factors and information privacy risks act as a risk-side factor accompanying LBA adoption. In addition, we consider the moderating role of trust on the service providers in the prohibiting effects of privacy risks on user intention to adopt LBA. Further we include perceived ease of use and usefulness as additional constructs to examine whether the technology acceptance model (TAM) can be applied in the context of LBA adoption. The research model with ten (10) hypotheses was tested using data gathered from 98 respondents through a quasi-experimental survey method. During the survey, each participant was asked to navigate the website where the experimental simulation of a LBA allows the participant to purchase time-and-location sensitive discounted tickets for nearby stores. Structural equations modeling using partial least square validated the instrument and the proposed model. The results showed that six (6) out of ten (10) hypotheses were supported. On the subject of the core PCM, H2 (locatability  intention to use LBA) and H3 (privacy risks  intention to use LBA) were supported, while H1 (personalization  intention to use LBA) was not supported. Further, we could not find any interaction effects (personalization X privacy risks, H4 & locatability X privacy risks, H5) on the intention to use LBA. In terms of privacy risks and trust, as mentioned above we found the significant negative influence from privacy risks on intention to use (H3), but positive influence from trust, which supported H6 (trust  intention to use LBA). The moderating effect of trust on the negative relationship between privacy risks and intention to use LBA was tested and confirmed by supporting H7 (privacy risks X trust  intention to use LBA). The two hypotheses regarding to the TAM, including H8 (perceived ease of use  perceived usefulness) and H9 (perceived ease of use  intention to use LBA) were supported; however, H10 (perceived effectiveness  intention to use LBA) was not supported. Results of this study offer the following key findings and implications. First the application of PCM was found to be a good analysis framework in the context of LBA adoption. Many of the hypotheses in the model were confirmed and the high value of R2 (i.,e., 51%) indicated a good fit of the model. In particular, locatability and privacy risks are found to be the appropriate PCM-based antecedent variables. Second, the existence of moderating effect of trust on service provider suggests that the same marginal change in the level of privacy risks may differentially influence the intention to use LBA. That is, while the privacy risks increasingly become important social issues and will negatively influence the intention to use LBA, it is critical for LBA providers to build consumer trust and confidence to successfully mitigate this negative impact. Lastly, we could not find sufficient evidence that the intention to use LBA is influenced by perceived usefulness, which has been very well supported in most previous TAM research. This may suggest that more future research should examine the validity of applying TAM and further extend or modify it in the context of LBA or other similar smartphone apps.

본 연구에서는 코로나19 전후 대면수업과 비대면 수업에 따른 대학 교양 수학 학업성취도의 변화를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 A 대학의 2019학년도와 2021, 2022학년도 1, 2학기 미적분학1, 미적분학2 교과목을 수강한 모든 학생을 연구대상자로 선정하여 중간고사와 기말고사 점수의 분포를 비교하였다. 비대면 수업과 대면수업에 따른 수업 만족도와 경향을 분석하기 위하여 2022학년도 교양 수학 수업을 이수한 학생 186명을 대상으로 설문 결과를 수집하여 분석하였다. 대 면수업과 비대면 수업 성취도의 비대칭도(왜도)를 비교했을 때, 비대면 수업의 성 취도 분포는 대면수업의 성취도 분포와 달리 학기 말로 갈수록 하향으로 치우치는 결과를 보였다. 이러한 현상은 고등학교 수학교육과정의 내용을 거의 담고 있지 않 은 미적분학2 과목뿐만 아니라 고등학교 과정의 내용을 상당수 포함하고 있는 미적분학1 과목에서도 동일하게 나타났다. 성취도 분석 결과와 설문을 통해 학기 말 까지 수업 집중도와 성취도를 유지한다는 점에서 비대면 수업에 비해 대면수업의 학습 효과가 좋다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 비대면 온라인 수업을 대학 교양 수학 수업에 확대 적용하기에 앞서 수업의 설계 및 운영 계획을 수립하는 데 활용 될 수 있는 방법을 제안하였다.

This study aims to examine the changes in university liberal arts mathematics academic achievement according to face-to-face and nonface- to-face classes before and after COVID-19. To this end, all students who took Calculus 1 and Calculus 2 in the 2019 and 2021 and 2022 semesters of A University were selected as study subjects and the distribution of midterm and final exam scores was compared. In order to analyze class satisfaction and trends according to non-face-to-face and face-to-face classes, the results of the survey were collected and analyzed for 186 students in liberal arts mathematics classes in 2022. When comparing the asymmetry (skewness) between face-to-face and non-face-to-face classes, the distribution of achievement in non-faceto- face classes showed a downward bias towards the end of the semester, unlike the distribution of achievement in face-to-face classes. This phenomenon was found not only in Calculus 2, which contains almost no high school content, but also in Calculus 1, which contains a significant amount of high school content. Through the achievement analysis results and questionnaire, it was confirmed that face-to-face classes have better learning effects than non-face-to-face classes in that they maintain class concentration and achievement until the end of the semester. In addition, a method that can be used to establish a class design and operation plan was proposed before expanding the application of non-face-to-face online classes to college liberal arts mathematics classes.

본 연구는 개인화 광고를 제공받기 위한 유저의 앱 추적 허용 의도에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하고자 프라이버시 계산 모델을 적용 및 확장하였다. 개인화 광고의 혜택적 측면인 인지된 유용성과 손실적 측면인 프라이버시 염려가 앱 추적 허용 의도에 영향을 미치는지 검증 하였으며, 프라이버시 계산 모델을 확장하여 개인화 광고에 대한 짜증이라는 감정적 측면이 앱 추적 허용 의도에 영향을 미치는지 검증하였다. 또한, 인지된 유용성, 프라이버시 염려, 개인화 광고에 대한 짜증에 영향을 미치는 선행요인을 파악하여 유저의 앱 추적 허용 의도에 영향을 미 치는 구조적 모형을 확인하였다. 분석 결과, 개인화 광고에 대한 사전태도는 인지된 유용성과 개 인화 광고에 대한 짜증에 유의한 영향을 미쳤고, 사전 프라이버시 침해 경험은 프라이버시 염려 와 개인화 광고에 대한 짜증에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 개인정보 보호 효능감은 인지된 유용성과 프라이버시 염려, 개인화 광고에 대한 짜증에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 인지적 측면인 인지된 유용 성과 프라이버시 염려는 앱 추적 허용 의도에 유의한 영향을 미쳤으나, 감정적 측면인 개인화 광 고에 대한 짜증은 앱 추적 허용 의도에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다.

This study applied and extended the privacy calculus model to identify the factors affecting the user's intention to allow app tracking to be provided with personalized advertisements. We verified whether perceived usefulness, which is a beneficial aspect of personalized advertisements, and privacy concerns, which are a loss aspect, affect app tracking acceptance intention, and extended privacy calculus model that focused only on cognitive aspects. In addition, we identified prior factors affecting perceived usefulness, privacy concerns, and irritation in personalized advertising to identify structural models that affect users' intention to allow app tracking. As a result, the prior attitude on personalized advertising had a significant effect on perceived usefulness and irritation in personalized advertising, and the prior privacy invasion experience had a significant effect on privacy concerns and irritation in personalized advertising. Efficacy on privacy protection had a significant effect on perceived usefulness, privacy concerns, and irritation in personalized advertising. The cognitive aspects of perceived usefulness and privacy concerns had a significant effect on the intention to allow app tracking, but the effect of irritation on the emotional aspect of personalized advertising on the intention to allow app tracking was not statistically significant.

본 연구는 우리나라 고등학교 초임교사들의 교사지식(MKT) 중 거의 연구가 이루어지지 않은 영역인 "교수를 위한 전문화된 수학 내용 지식"(SCKT)을 조사하여 우수한 교사를 양성하는데 시사점을 얻고자 수행되었다. 이를 위해 경기지역에 서로 다른 학교에 근무하는 고등학교 초임교사 두 명을 연구 참여자로 그들의 미적분 수업을 중심으로 2011년 7월부터 2012년 2월까지 관찰과 면담을 실시하였다. SCKT는 수학적 개념과 성질의 문제를 설명할 수 있는 지식, 수학적 개념과 성질의 연관성을 설명할 수 있는 지식, 그리고 수학적 규칙과 절차를 설명할 수 있는 지식으로 분류되어 조사되었다. 미적분 영역에서 교사의 SCKT는 다양하게 발현되지 않은 것으로 나타냈는데 그것은 학생의 질문에도 SCKT의 개별화된 수학지식을 제시하지 못하고 교과서의 내용을 그대로 반복하는 모습에서 알 수 있었다. 교사 스스로는 수학내용지식을 가지고 있으나 그 하위구조의 지식을 차별화하여 제시하지 못하였다. 따라서 사범대학의 교사교육에서 현장의 수학수업의 실제와 연계된 학교수학을 중심으로 하는 SCKT가 더욱 개발되고 실천될 수 있는 방안을 꾸준히 모색하여야 할 것이다.

This study was to investigate novice teachers' Specialized Content Knowledge for Teaching in High School Calculus Lessons. The lessons of two novice teachers in Kyunggi Do were observed from July, 2011 to Feb. 2012. All observed lessons were audeotaped and transcribed into word files. Their calculus lessons were analyzed into three kinds of knowledge consisting of SCKT. Their SCKT just copied the contents of the textbook and other additional SCKT were not found for teaching. Even though students asked a question that they did not understand, the teacher just repeated the previous contents that already he used. But this study included possible contents of SCKT within the areas these teachers covered so that teachers in school may use for teaching of Calculus. The novice teacher do not have sufficient experience, the program of the college of education and the contents of the teacher certificate-examination should include multi-dimensional approaches in SCKT to pre-service teachers in order to raise better specialized teachers in mathematics.

One of the advantages of web services is development of the software through composition of web services, which use existing web services as a component to create software on demand, for composition to be useful and valid in development of the software, web services composition need to be validated for correctness. In this paper, we have formally represented web services using Pi-Calculus. It is a kind of process algebra which can be used to model dynamic concurrent systems and behavior of web services composition is very close to it. For verification the tool MWB (Mobility Workbench) has been used.

Targeting at the features of concurrency and mobility, π calculus nowadays could serve as a highly effective tool of modeling and evaluating the software system. After a brief introduction of π calculus, the paper mainly discusses a comparison algorithm based on π calculus which is used frequently in software modeling. Since there are two different ways of data storage: the random storage and the linked list storage of elements, the paper analyzes both, with the special emphasis on the algorithm in the comparison carried on by any two elements.

In this paper, a new road surface crack detection algorithm is proposed; it is based on the ridge edge detection on fractional calculus and the dual-thresholds on a binary image. First, the multi-scale reduction of image data is used to shrink an original image to eliminate noise, which can not only smooth an image but also enhance cracks. Then, the main cracks are extracted by using the ridge edge detection on fractional calculus in a grey scale image. Subsequently, the resulted binary image is further processed by applying both short and long line thresholds to eliminate short curves and noise for getting rough crack segments. Finally the gaps in cracks are connected with a curve connection function which is an artificial intelligence routine. The experiments show that the algorithm for pavement crack images has the good performance of noise immunity, accurate positioning, and high accuracy. It can accurately locate and detect small and thin cracks that are difficult to identify by other traditional algorithms.

This paper discusses the performance curves analysis based on stochastic network calculus under the diversified requirements from different applications in network. Such requirements need different quality of service (QoS), one of which is performance curve analysis. This paper proposes a theory model to investigate the performance curves in SNC. This model integrates the probability calculation into performance analysis model so as to present and analyze the statistical reuse characteristic of data stream over the Internet. The QoS model combines the above two analysis curves without using the min-plus algebra in order to avoid the noncooperation caused by Prb-MinPlus. Several innovations are included in this model. Firstly, the arrival curve indicates the stochastic data steam in the network by integrating the probability functions. Thus, the data stream is able to reflect the current situation in a network. Secondly, the model proposed in this paper integrates arrival curve and service curve to build up the model. As a result, the performance analysis could be carried out more precise. Thirdly, the proposed model has been compared with Jiang-SNC in terms of probability upper boundary and overall performance. It is observed that, the proposed model outperforms Jiang-SNC in QoS and can avoid the problem of Prb-MinPlus.