Earticle

본 사례연구에는 북경현대자동차(BHMC)의 중국에서의 성공적인 자동차 생산과 구매에 대한 전략을 파악하고자 한다. 우선 중국에서 자동차 공장건설을 위한 공장입지 평가 및 선정을 위하여 공장입지 결정요인과 중국의 입지특유의 우위를 평가한다. 그리고 북경현대자동차의 생산공장 건설에 따른 주요 현안인 공장건설 규모, 공장건설 및 개조, 공장레이아웃, 마지막으로 공장자동화에 관하여 주요 이슈들을 정리한다. 북경현대자동차의 공장 운영에서는 노무관리 및 현지인 기술이전, 생산성관리, 품질관리, 원가관리를 어떻게 성공적으로 중국에서 수행하고 있는지 파악하고 성공적인 공장운영을 위한 전략적 향후 과제를 제시하고자 한다. 특히, 향후 과제에서는 중국시장에서 치열하게 글로벌 메이커들이 경쟁하고 지속적인 원가하락의 압력에 대하여 어떻게 원가절감을 할 것인가를 중점적으로 부각하고자 한다. 본 사례를 통하여 중국에서의 성공적인 자동차 생산공장의 건설과 운영에 따른 실무적이고 정책적인 시점을 파악할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

On this study, we investigate the strategy of “Beijing-Hyundai Motor Company(BHMC)” for their successful motor vehicle production and sourcing in China. First of all, we evaluate the factors & chinese peculiarities for selecting the factory land and constructing the auto plant in order to establish the automobile factory in China. It arranges issues regarding the plant's construction-size, establishment, reorganization, layout and a factory automation which they are all important outstanding questions to be followed by constructing the plant of BHMC. In way of operating the plant by BHMC, it grasps how they are accomplishing their personal management/technical transfer/the management of its productivity, quality, cost, successfully in China. Besides, it suggests the strategy for managing the factory successfully in the hereafter. Specially, we indicate how we can have the cost reduction toward the continuous cost fall's pressure caused by global makers' competition. Through this study, we expect to have the practical and political point for the establishment & operation of the automobile factory in China.

Most of enterprises depend on a data modeler during developing their management information systems. In formulating business requirements for information systems, they widely and naturally use the interview method between a data modeler and a field worker. But, the discrepancy between both parties would certainly cause information loss and distortion that lead to let the systems not faithful to real business works. To improve or avoid modeler-dependant data modeling process, many automated data design CASE tools have been introduced. However, since most of traditional CASE tools just support drawing works for conceptual data design, a data modeler could not generate an ERD faithful to real business works and a user could not use them without any knowledge on database. Although some CASE tools supported conceptual data design, they still required too much preliminary database knowledge for a user. Against these traditional CASE tools, we proposed a Requirement-Oriented Entity Relationship Model for automated data design tool, called ROERM. Based on Non-Stop Methodology, ROERM adopts inner systematic modules for complete and sound ERD that is faithful to real field works, where modules are composed of interaction modules with a user, rules of schema operations and sentence translations. In addition to structure design of ROERM, we also devise detailed algorithms and perform an experiment for a case study.

Purpose: This study was to evaluate effects of case management provided for 7 months for medical aid in Korea. Methods: This study was a retrospective comparative study using secondary data analysis. Data from two pre-existing survey were reanalyzed. The data were collected through door to-door interviews using the structured questionnaire. For the medical service use, claims data from the Korea National Health Insurance Corporation was used. Subjects were 73 in the intervention group and 118 in the control group. Results: There was no significant change in the intervention group in self-care ability (p = .296), medication adherence (p = .194) or quality of life (p = .903) compared to those of the control group. For hospital visiting days, it appeared to decrease in the intervention group (p = .038) but with no significant difference from that of the control group (p = .157). Neither were there significant differences in medical expenditures (p = .605). Conclusion: Although the effect of case management in this study appeared extremely limited, the short intervention period and characteristics of the medical aid beneficiaries and the limit of controlling only the demand side were discussed as factors to be considered. Nurses have been carrying out professional roles in case management in Korea. However more efforts are needed to develop case management as an area for nursing specialization.

본 연구는 사례기반학습(CBL)에 기초하여 온라인 자기개발 교양 교과목을 적용한 사례 연구이다. 팬데믹 상황에서 확장되는 온라인 교수-학습 환경에서 사례기반학습을 적용한 사례 정보를 제공하고 온라인 교육에서 사 례기반학습의 활용 가능성을 모색하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 본 연구는 자기개발 교과목 구성요소를 도출하고, 사 례기반학습 교수-학습 전략에 따라 15차시 수업을 구성하였다. A사이버대학에서 2021-1학기에 과목을 수강한 620명을 대상으로 만족도 평가를 실시하였다. 양적 분석을 통해 만족도를 확인하고, 질적 분석을 통해 온라인 교 수-학습 환경에서 ‘사례’의 의미를 확인하였다.

This study is a case study that applies online self-development general education course based on Case Based Learning(CBL). The study seeks to provide case information that applies CBL to an online teaching-learning environment and explore the possibility of using CBL in online education. To this end, self-development course components were derived, and 15 weeks classes were organized according to CBL teaching-learning strategies. The satisfaction assessments were conducted on 620 students who took this course in 2021-1 at A Cyber University. Satisfaction assessment was confirmed through quantitative analysis, and the meaning of 'case' in online teaching-learning environments was verified through qualitative analysis.

Purpose: The implementation of case management for long-term hospitalization use has been approved for controlling medical cost increases in other countries. But, introduction of the case management in Korea has created issues that hinder its effective operation. This qualitative study aimed to obtain further understanding of the issues surrounding the management of Medical Aid beneficiaries' use of long-term hospitalization from the case managers' perspectives and to provide suggestions for successful case management. Methods: Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the data. Medical Aid case managers with 3 or more years of case management experience were recruited from urban, suburban, and rural regions. Data were collected through in-depth interviews: 12 nurse case managers participated in focus group interviews and 11 participated in individual one-on-one interviews. Results: Four major themes emerged: on-site obstacles that hinder work progress; going in an opposite direction; ambiguous position of case managers; and work-related emotions. Eleven subthemes were discovered: chasing potential candidates; becoming an enemy; discharging patients who have nowhere to go; welfare-centered national policies increasing medical costs; Medical Aid Program that encourages hospitalization; misuse of hospitalization; feeling limited; working without authority; fulfilling the expected role; fretting about social criticism; and feeling neglected and unprotected. Conclusion: The findings highlight the complexity and ambiguity of the issues faced by case managers. Successful management of Medical Aid resources requires the orchestrated efforts and collaboration of multiple stakeholders. More systematized support and resources for nurse case managers are essential to fully implement this nursing innovation in Korea.

Central cord syndrome (CCS) is extremely rare as a direct consequence of generalized epileptic seizure. CCS is associated with hyperextension of the spinal cord and has characteristic radiologic findings including posterior ligamentous injury and prevertebral hyperintensity following magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We experienced the case of a 25-year-old man who suff ered CCS after status epilepticus. Cervical spinal MRI revealed high signal intensity at the C1 level but with no signal or structural changes in other sites. After rehabilitation management, the patient significantly improved on the ASIA (American Spinal Injury Association) motor scale and bladder function. We proposed that epilepsy related CCS may be caused by muscle contractions during generalized seizure, which can induce traction injury of the spinal cord or relative narrowing of spinal canal via transient herniated nucleus pulposus or transient subluxation of vertebra. We also suggest CCS without radiologic fi ndings of trauma has good prognosis compared with other CCS.

중재제도의 핵심은 중재인이라고 할 수 있다. 중재인의 공정성과 독립성이 담보되지 않으면 중재제도의 실효성을 거두기 힘들다. 각국의 법률과 국제협약은 중재인의 의무에 대하여 각 규정을 두고 있다. 각 규정의 정도의 차이는 있지만 공통적으로 중재인의 공정성과 독립성을 강조하고 있고 그 위반의 효과를 언급한다. 그러나 공정성과 독립성의 추상성으로 인하여 구체적인 의미는 관련된 판례를 통하여 구체적으로 드러난다. 투자 중재에서 일방이 선임한 중재인에 대하여 타방이 기피를 신청하는 경우가 다수 있어 왔다. ICSID는 대부분의 사건에서 중재인의 기피신청을 받아들이지 않았다. ICSID 협약 제57조가 중재인으로서의 명백한 자질부족을 기피의 요건으로 제시하고 있기 때문이다. 본고에서 중재인에 대한 기피신청으로는 드물게 인용된 2가지의 ICSID사례를 중심으로 투자 중재인의 공정성과 독립성을 살펴보았다. 이 사례들에서는 문언상 명백성의 요건에도 불구하고 해석론으로 기존의 명백성의 기준 대신에 합리적인 의심 내지 외관성의 기준을 근거로 기피신청을 인용하였다. 이와 같은 해석론에 맡기는 데는 한계가 있고 투자 중재에 있어서 중재인에 대한 기피의 기준을 국제상사중재의 수준으로 완화하여 협약 제57조상의 명백성의 요건을 폐기하고 합리적인 의심 내지 의심할 만한 외관의 기준으로 개정을 추진할 필요가 있다.

The core of the arbitration system is the arbitrator. If the impartiality and independence of the arbitrator is not guaranteed, the arbitration system will not be effective. In that regard, the national laws and international conventions have clauses on the duties of the arbitrator. Although there are differences in the extent of each rules. they emphasize the impartiality and independence of the arbitrator in common and refer to the effect of the violation. However, due to the abstraction of impartiality and independence, the specific meaning can be grasped through the relevant cases. There have been many cases in which one party propose the disqualification of the arbitrators appointed by the other party in an investment arbitration. In contrast, the ICSID did not accept the proposal of disqualification of arbitrator in most cases. This is because Article 57 of the Convention requires a proof of the manifest lack of the quality required by the Convention. In this article, I have reviewed two ICSID cases in which rarely upheld the proposal of disqualification, including facts, in a relatively detailed way. In these case, it was judged based on the standard of reasonable doubt or appearance instead of the standard of the manifest. Judgments that alleviate the standard of the disqualification of arbitrators in ICSID investment arbitration are emerging and that trend will likely remain in the future. However, it is also possible to consider revising Article 57 of the Convention to the same level as that of commercial arbitration, to mitigate the requirements of manifest lack of quality in the Article 57 of the Convention.

In the so-called inalienable possession (IAP) constructions both the possessor NP (PS NP) and the body-part NP (BP NP) can take Accusative Case. In their passive counterparts the BP NP can take either Nominative or Accusative Case, whereas the PS NP can take only Nominative Case. I suggest how to account for these Case marking phenomena in terms of Agree in the framework of Chomsky's (2000, 20001) recent Minimalist Approach. I argue that the Case marking phenomena can be straightforwardly accounted for in terms of the theory of Agree and the basic syntactic relation and principle such as c-command and MLC without the stipulations employed in the previous accounts.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify risk factors of unplanned extubation in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with mechanical ventilation using a patient safety model. Methods: This study was designed to be a case-control study. Data collection sheets, including 29 risk factors of unplanned extubation in mechanically ventilation patients were retrospectively collected based on a patient safety model over 3 years. From 41,207 mechanically ventilated patients, 230 patients were identified to have unplanned extubation during their ICU stay. Based on the characteristics of the cohort of 230 patients who had unplanned extubation, 460 case control comparison groups with planned extubation were selected by matching age, gender and diagnosis. Results: Risk factors of unplanned extubation were categorized as people, technologies, tasks, environmental factors and organizational factors, by five components of the patient safety model. The results showed the risk factors of unplanned extubation as admission route [odds ratio (OR) = 1.8], GlasgowComa Scaleemotor (OR = 1.3), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score (OR = 1.06), agitation (OR = 9.0), delirium(OR = 11.6), mode of mechanical ventilation (OR = 3.0-4.1) and night shifts (OR = 6.0). The significant differences were found between the unplanned and the planned extubation groups on the number of reintubation (4.3% vs. 79.6%, p < .001), ICU outcome at the time of discharge (X2 = 50.7, p < .001), and length of stay in the ICU (27.0 ± 33.0 vs. 43.8 ± 43.5) after unplanned extubation. Conclusion: ICU nurses should be able to recognize the risk factors of unplanned extubation related with the components of the safety model so as to improve patient safety by minimizing the risk for unplanned extubation.

Familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP), a genetic disease showing the autosomal dominant inheritance pattern was first reported by Andrade in 1952. There are three precursor proteins of amyloid inducing FAP: transthyretin (TTR), Apolipoprotein A-1, and Gelsolin. Among these three proteins, abnormal TTR expression by point mutation is most frequently discovered in FAP. Although TTR type FAP has been treated and classified according to clinical findings in the past, it is classified genetically in these days. Since the substitution of methionine for valine at position 30 is most common gene mutation, TTR type FAP is divided into Val30Met type FAP and uncommon non-Val30Met type FAP. Because Asp38Ala mutation type is rarely reported in uncommon non-Val30Met type FAP, we are reporting the clinical characteristics and disease progression of non-Val30Met Type FAP with Asp38Ala Mutation.

보편화된 연돌효과 저감대책의 단순적용과 같이, 대상건물의 연돌효과 발생특성을 고려하여 않고 대책을 적용하는 경우에는 대책방안 적용에 따른 연돌효과문제의 개선효과가 경감될 수 있으며, 또한 대책방안이 과하게 적용될 수도 있다. 따라서 효과적인 연돌효과 저감대책의 수립을 위해서는 대상건물의 연돌효과 발생특성 즉 압력분포특성을 명확히 분석하는 것이 선결조건이라고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 시뮬레이션 해석기법을 활용하여 탑상형 고층 주거건물의 연돌효과 발생에 관한 일반적 특성을 분석하고 있으며, 이에 근거하여 수립된 연돌효과문제 개선방안의 적용효과를 검토하고 있다. 탑상형 고층 주거건물에서는 메인 출입구 및 지하주차장 등의 영향으로 중성대가 건물의 하층부에 위치하고 있으며, 방화도어로써 기밀성능이 우수한 세대 현관도어의 압력분담율이 큰 것으로 분석되었다. 따라서 탑상형 고층 주거건물에서는 고층부의 세대 현관도어를 중심으로 각종의 연돌효과문제가 발생할 것으로 예측되었다. 따라서 이러한 연돌효과 발생특성에 근거하여, 본 연구에서는 고층부 세대 현관도어에 작용하는 압력차를 저감하는 방법으로 건물의 중성대를 상승시키는 방법 및 세대 현관도어의 압력을 분산하는 방법이 제시되었다. 또한, 개별대책방안 적용에 따른 문제의 개선한계 및 2차적 문제발생을 고려하여 대책방안을 종합적으로 적용하였으며, 이를 통하여 문제를 발생시키고 있던 전체 층의 세대현관도어의 압력차가 저감되었다.

In the case that stack effect countermeasures are applied simply without the analysis of stack effect characteristic in a building, the stack effect in the building could not reduce effectively and the unnecessary countermeasures could be applied. Therefore, in order to apply the countermeasures suitably, it is very important that the pressure distribution by stack effect in the building has to be analyzed clearly. In this study, the stack effect characteristics of the tower type high-rise residential building were analyzed by CONTAMW simulation and the stack problem reduction effect by the countermeasures which were decided based on the characteristics was investigated. In the tower type high-rise residential buildings, neutral pressure level is located in the lower part of the building by the influence of main entrance and underground parking. And the air-tightened main door of each apartment unit shares the almost stack pressure. So, stack problems are expected around main doors of the upper floors in the tower type high-rise residential building. Based on the characteristics, two kinds of methods were suggested to mitigate the pressure of the main door. one is to raise the neutral pressure level of the building and the other is to divided the main door pressure. The concrete countermeasures for the methods were selected and their reduction effects on the stack problems were investigated. In the application of individual countermeasure, the limitation of problem reduction effect and the possibility of the secondary problem were detected. But, by the parallel application of all the countermeasure, the stack problems in the building were improved effectively without the secondary problems.

The current study evaluated carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from beef and pork production and distribution chains in the South Korean meat industry. Data from industrial example farms and slaughterhouses were assessed on the basis of both the guidelines from the United Kingdom’s Publicly Available Specification (PAS) 2050:2011 and the Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute carbon footprint calculation. The main factors for our estimations were animal feeds, manure waste, transportation, energy and water, refrigerants, and package data. Our analyses show that 16.55 kg CO2 equivalent (eq) was emitted during the production of 1 kg of live cattle. When retail yields and packing processes were considered, the CO2-eq of 1 kg of packaged Hanwoo beef was 27.86 kg. As for pigs, emissions from 1 kg of live pigs and packaged pork meat were 2.62 and 12.75 kg CO2-eq, respectively. While we gathered data from only two farms and slaughterhouses and our findings can therefore not be extrapolated to all meats produced in the South Korean meat industry, they indicate that manure waste is the greatest factor affecting ultimate CO2 emissions of packaged meats.

Purpose: Various intervention strategies are needed to reduce the suicide rate among late adolescents. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the factors that can help overcome suicidal tendencies in late adolescents from the perspective of case managers. Methods: This qualitative study explored the reinforcing factors that can help overcome suicidal behaviors in late adolescents, by conducting focus group interviews with case managers from the local community. Interviews with 10 case managers were recorded and transcribed, and the data were analyzed using the content analysis method. Results: The main theme of this study was “a step in a new direction”. Three categories were derived: “inner changes”, “another possibility opened up by the interest of significant others”, and “connecting with community resources to help overcome”. Each category had subcategories that influenced the intention and course of action of behaviors to overcome the suicide crises. Conclusion: Our findings, from the exploration of the experiences of case managers, provide an in-depth understanding of the reinforcing factors for overcoming suicide among late adolescents. They provide useful preliminary data for the development of effective suicide prevention programs for the adolescents.