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The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between TOEIC score and the amount of English listening strategies used in TOEIC listening test. Data were collected from 75 Korean college students who took TOEIC test in 2011, and a questionnaire was used as the tool for this study. The major findings of this study include: First, high level college students used more memory, cognitive Ⅱ, metacognitive, compensation, and affective strategies than low level college students did in TOEIC listening test. But low level college students used more cognitive Ⅰ strategies than high level students did. Second, the gamma score was very high in memory, cognitive Ⅱ, metacognitive, compensation, and affective strategies, which means that there are high correlations between TOEIC score and the amount of English listening strategies used. But in cognitive Ⅰ, the gamma score was -.845(p<.001), which means there are negative correlations between them. Therefore, I could say that although Cognitive Ⅰ and Ⅱ could be taught from the beginning level in teaching English listening, and Cognitive I such as ‘To listen with translating into Korean’, ‘To try to translate into Korean what they heard’, and ‘To try to mimic words that they heard’ could be more useful in the beginning level. Later, cognitive Ⅱ should be emphasized more than cognitive Ⅰ. But teachers must consider students’ cognitive ability when they teach how to use metacognitve strategies.

For different reasons, many viewers like to watch a summary of films without having to waste their time. Traditionally, video film was analyzed manually to provide a summary of it, but this costs an important amount of work time. Therefore, it has become urgent to propose a tool for the automatic video summarization job. The automatic video summarization aims at extracting all of the important moments in which viewers might be interested. All summarization criteria can differ from one video to another. This paper presents how the emotional dimensions issued from real viewers can be used as an important input for computing which part is the most interesting in the total time of a film. Our results, which are based on lab experiments that were carried out, are significant and promising.

This study reports on early adolescents' health information seeking behaviors that investigated cognitive, affective, and physical aspects of behaviors as they experienced to find information on their needs of health information seeking. In spite of the current widespread internet health information use by adolescents, little research exists to illuminate how they are engaged in cognitive, affective, and physical information behaviors in information search process. Qualitative data were collected through individual interviews informed by Kuhlthau's information search process. Forty adolescents from S city in South Korea participated in the project. Findings report thoughts, feelings, and actions aspects of information search process. This study expects to extend our knowledge of the adolescents' health information seeking behaviors of Kuhlthau's information search process.

설교자는 본문의 의미와 저자의 의도를 파악할 때, 인지적인 차원에 서 개념적 의미(conceptual meaning)를 주해할 뿐만 아니라, 정서적인 차원의 의미도 포함시켜야 한다. 정서적 의미(affective meaning)는 저 자의 의도를 청중들에게 효과적으로 전달하기 위해 저자 자신이 사용 한 감정과 정서를 말한다. 해석자가 본문에 나타난 감정들을 정확하게 주해할 때, 본문에 담겨 있는 진정한 의미를 깨달을 수 있게 된다. 특히 말라기를 본문으로 설교할 때, 설교자는 말라기서 전반에 나타난 정서 적 의미를 고려하여, 청중들로 하여금 마음의 감각을 통해 하나님의 사 랑과 은혜를 경험할 수 있도록 해야 한다. 설교자들은 말라기 본문에 선명하게 드러나는 하나님의 마음과 감정을 설교에 담아 청중들로 하 여금 하나님의 사랑을 다시금 확신시켜서 그들의 정서적 감정을 거룩 한 감정으로 변화시켜 주어야 한다. 왜냐하면 경건한 행동을 위한 마음 의 결단은 청중들의 거룩한 정서로부터 시작하기 때문이다. 이를 위해 설교자들이 먼저 거룩한 감정과 정서로 완전히 무장되어야 한다. 설교 자는 충분한 본문 묵상의 시간을 통해 하나님과의 깊은 교제와 사귐 가 운데로 나아가야 한다. 코로나 시대 설교자들은 이전보다 더욱 순교적 인 각오로 성도들에게 회복과 소망의 복음을 전할 때 교회의 강단은 다 시금 회복과 부흥을 경험하게 될 것이다.

Preachers need to exegete conceptual meaning in the cognitive dimension and to include affective meaning when they try to recognize the meaning of the text and authorial intention. Affective meaning implies author’s emotions and affections in order for him to effectively deliver authorial intention to listeners. Interpreters must exegete affections in the text in order to properly understand the meaning of the text. Especially, preaching from the Malachi requires preachers to consider affective meaning in the text of the Malachi and to make the listeners to experience God’s love and grace through their sense of the heart. Preachers should put God’s heart and affection clearly revealed in the Malachi into their sermon, so that the listeners could convince God’s love and change their affection into holy affection. The decision of the heart for holy action begins with listeners’ holy affection. For this to happen, preachers should be totally armed with holy affection and emotion. Preachers in the Post-Covid-19 era should preach the gospel of recovery and hope with martyrdom resolution even more than before and then their pulpit would experience spiritual recovery and revival again.

The villainess character has recently emerged as a transnationally circulating archetype across Korean and Japanese media, particularly within manga, manhwa, web novels, and webtoons. While existing scholarship frequently relies on nation-bound, comparative frameworks to analyze this phenomenon, such approaches risk overlooking how the archetype gains subversive meaning precisely through the process of cross-border mobility. This paper frames the villainess archetype as a “transnational icon” (Bruce, 2015), illuminating how she continuously circulates and generates tangible friction against distinct patriarchal scripts. Through textual analysis of the manga The One Within the Villainess (Akuyaku Reij(Reij?? no Naka no Hito Hito) and a qualitative examination of audience ) reception, I demonstrate how a single narrative functions as a site of shared discursive resistance. Specifically, the villainess serves as a transnational icon by allowing Japanese readers to interpret her uncompromising revenge as catharsis against domestic cultural scripts of femininity, while Korean readers are drawn to the close female relationships that disrupt compulsory heteronormativity. The villainess archetype’s shifting legibility reveals the emergence of “ambient” solidarity (Rickert, 2013) ?an uncoordinated ecological attunement where readers are drawn into transnational circulation to enact shared, yet culturally specific forms of feminist resistance.

This study aims to summarize the effects of Arduino-based educational programs through a meta-analysis. Eleven eligible primary studies were obtained through a systematic literature review and coded accordingly. The results are as follows: The meta-analysis revealed that the overall effect size for all the studies was 0.518. Analysis of the moderator variables indicated statistically significant differences between them. Regarding the learning domains, the results were ranked in descending order of the cognitive and affective domains. Within the cognitive domain, the effect sizes were ranked in descending order as follows: logical thinking, content knowledge, convergence competency, self-efficacy, computational thinking, and creative problem-solving skills. In terms of subject areas, the descending order of effect sizes was agriculture, STEAM, environmental science, practical arts, artificial intelligence, informatics, and computers. Regarding school level, the results were ranked in the following descending order: college, elementary school, middle school, and high school.

Narratives arouse diverse and rich affective responses to recipients, and this is one of the reasons why narratives are universal and popular. Computational studies on narratives have established a formal model or system of the affective response based on the theory in psychology or media research, and have analyzed or generated a narrative that can evoke a specific affective response. In this paper, we propose a new computational model that can detect the affective response expected to appear in the narrative based on the narrative agent's knowledge. First, we designed a narrative representation model that can elaborately express the event structure and the agent's knowledge as well. Additionally, an analysis method was proposed to detect the three affective responses and the related situational information. Then, we validated the model through a case study about an actual movie narrative. Through the case study, we confirmed that the model captures the affective responses of the audience. The proposed model can be effectively used for the narrative analysis and the creation that must consider the affective responses of the recipient.

This study investigated the influence of sleep quality on daily affect and affective instability, emphasizing the moderating role of hypomanic personality. Forty-two adults (≥19 years old), 21 with elevated hypomanic personality traits and 21 controls, participated in a 14-day ecological momentary assessment study. The participants completed affect assessments four times daily, and sleep indices, including sleep onset latency, total sleep time, wake after sleep onset, and sleep efficiency, were re- corded using Mi Band 5 actigraphy. Compared with controls, the hypomanic personality group exhibited longer sleep onset latency and wake after sleep onset, shorter total sleep time, and lower sleep efficiency. They also reported higher levels of posi- tive and negative affect and affective instability. Multilevel analyses revealed that hypomanic personality moderated the sleep? affect relationship: poor sleep quality predicted lower positive affect, higher negative affect, and greater affective instability, with significantly stronger effects in the hypomanic group. These findings suggest that poor sleep is a vulnerability factor for affective instability, particularly in individuals with elevated hypomanic traits. These results underscore the importance of sleep in understanding the affective processes relevant to bipolar spectrum risk and provide implications for preventive clini- cal interventions targeting sleep in high-risk populations.

이 연구는 타문화권에서 만들어진 척도를 사용하기 위해 필요한 ‘타문화 검사 번안’ 방법으로 국내에서 주로 적용하고 있는 세 가지 번안 절차, 즉, ‘번역 후 문항검토(번역본)’, ‘번역, 역번역 후 문항검토(역번역본)’, ‘번역, 역번역, 검사 타당화 검증(타당화본)’의 세 가지 절차들 간의 효과를 비교하는 것이 목적이다. 효과의 차이는 각 절차를 적용해 제작된 세 가지 검사지를 711명의 초등학교 남녀 학생들의 세 번에 걸친 반복 측정 결과를 분석함으로써 검증하였다. 구체적으로, 세 가지 척도에 대한 반응 경향성의 비교, 신뢰도, 문항-총점간 상관 패턴, 요인간 상호상관 패턴, 외적 준거변인과의 관련 경향성, IRT를 적용한 문항모수치의 특성 및 양호도 비교 등을 통해 원 척도와 번안된 척도의 동등성을 비교하였다. 전체적인 연구 결과는 타당화본이 모든 측면에서 가장 양호한 척도임을 보여주었고 역번역본이 번역본보다 구성요인에 있어서 원본과 더 유사함을 보여주었다. 본 연구의 결과는 타문화권 척도를 도입할 때 필수적으로 따라야 하는 역번역 절차와 타당화 절차의 중요성을 보여주었다. 결론적으로 국내에서 타문화권에서 제작된 검사를 도입할 때의 적법한 절차 도입의 필요성을 논의하였다.

The purpose of the present study is to compare the effectiveness of three types of practice in enhancing the validity and equivalency of test instruments when cross-cultural adaptation of attitude measures is necessary. The three types of practice are: (1) translation and review; (2) translation, back translation, and review; (3) translation, back translation, review, and empirical validation study. Seven hundred and thirty four 5th graders from three public elementary schools in Seoul, Korea participated in this study. Reponses on the three test versions and two other motivation scales were collected within a 3-week period with approximately one-week intervals. Overall results show that the validation version is most superior in all aspects. Furthermore, back translation version is superior to the translation version in terms of its similarity to the validation version and construct-related evidence. Results from IRT analysis reveal that the item qualities of the validation version is superior to the other two versions. Discussions are provided in terms of the nature of the adapted attitude scales.

The purpose of this study was to provide a more comprehensive model which integrates a social exchange construct (i.e., organizational commitment) as a mediator to test the relationship between organizational justice and employees' bebaviors such as intent to leaving and custormer-oriented behavior. Based on the data collected from ten Chinese full-service restaurants, this study analyzed the proposed hypotheses through model comparison by using structural equation modeling (SEM) technique with AMOS 7.0. The results indicated that (1)distributive justice had negative influence on employees' turnover intention and positive influence on employees' customer oriented behavior and these influences were fully mediated by employees' affective commitment to their organizations; (2)procedural justice had negative influence on employees' turnover intention and positive influence on customer oriented behavior and these influences were only partially mediated by employees' affective commitment to their organizations. Managerial implications and future research directions were proposed at the last part of this study.

While much has been studied about the positive and negative effects of discretionary remote work as an alternative work arrangement, little has been written about in the context of mandated remote work. The COVID-19 pandemic forced many organizations to impose remote work as a new mode of working arrangements. This abrupt change yielded positive and negative physical, social, and psychological outcomes. Drawing from the job demand and resource model and self-determination theory, this study examines the effects of professional isolation on organizational citizenship behavior, proposing the sequential mediation of psychological empowerment and affective organizational commitment as intrinsic motivators. An online survey was conducted. A total of 162 full-time remote workers (56 male (34.6%), 106 female (65.4%)) in Korea were analyzed. This study revealed that psychological empowerment and affective commitment fully mediate the relationship between professional isolation and organizational citizenship behavior. Contrary to expectation, however, the relationship between professional isolation and organization was found to be nonsignificant. Implications for practice, theory, and future research are discussed.

In digital games, typography serves not only as a vehicle for conveying information but also as a crucial visual element that shapes the game’s identity and emotional atmosphere. However, prior research has predominantly focused on graphics, backgrounds, and character design, with systematic analyses of typographic expression remaining limited. This study concentrates on the emotional functions of typography in games by analyzing 25 PC games across five representative genres: role-playing (RPG), shooting (FPS/TPS), strategy (RTS/TBS), MOBA (AOS), and horror. The titles of these games were assessed using a seven-point scale based on typographic variables—weight, form, spacing, slant, baseline, and visual effects—and subsequently translated into emotional dimensions: robustness, stability, dynamism, traditionality, and fantasy. Based on this framework, genre-specific emotional typologies were identified. The results indicate that RPGs emphasize grandeur and mythic symbolism; FPS/TPS games highlight robustness and dynamism; strategy games exhibit order and stability; MOBAs convey competitive dynamism; and horror games strongly employ fantasy and anxiety. By classifying genre-specific emotional types of typography, this study expands the scope of game graphic design research to include textual expression. Practically, it provides design guidelines that help align typographic choices with genre-specific emotional characteristics. Nonetheless, the study is limited to PC games and a single-researcher evaluation, suggesting the need for future research to incorporate diverse platforms and user-based assessments.

While prior work has conducted individuals’ password security behavior, there is a relatively neglect to examine individuals’ affect and feelings of password fatigue in password change context. Therefore, this study explicated individuals’ affective response to the feelings of password fatigue by drawing on several theoretical lens. Survey data collected from 267 users were used to test the model using partial least square analysis. This study found that feelings of password fatigue positively affected the negative password fatigue-induced affect, and also both the feelings of password fatigue and the negative password fatigue-induced affect were negatively related to attitude toward changing passwords, which in turn, leads to the intention to change passwords. Furthermore, this study found that shadow work recognition negatively moderated the relationship between attitude and behavioral intention. This study could offer a new theoretical perspective to understand an individual’s security behavior and provide empirical evidences for practitioners in charge of IT security in organizations.

본 논문은 1930년대 초 일본 식민 통치하에서 조선 아동들의 검정적 경험을 탐구하였다. 이를 통해 동시대에 출판된 두 가지 자료를 상호 대화의 장에 놓았다. 하는 유아사 가쯔에의 『간난이』이며 다른 하나는 보통학교 아동들의 쯔즈리가타 작문을 모은 『문집(文集)』이다. 두 텍스트는 모두 식민 검열과 교육과정의 감시를 받았으나, 면밀한 독해를 통해 조선 아동들이 식민통치 아래에서 일상을 살아가는 방식 속에 내제되어 있어 미묘한 감정적 흔적을 발견할 수 있다. 일상의 영역에서 아동의 감정은 식민 정권에 대한 직접적인 저항이나 노골적인 반항으로 표출되지 않는다. 오히려 두 텍스트는 감정적 반응의 복합적인 양상을 조명한다. 이는 일본인 또래와의 친밀한 우정을 통한 정서적 해소에서부터 식민 교육 체제 내에서 순응과 복종의 형태로 드러난다. 그러나 이러한 감정적 표현은 절제되어 있으며, 제국의 애국주의적 담론에 대한 열정적 동조는 찾아보기 어렵다.

This paper examines the affective experiences of Korean children in the early 1930s under Japanese colonial rule, bringing into dialogue two contemporaneous sources: Yuasa Katsue’s Kannani and Bunshū, a collection of primary school children’s tsuzurikata compositions. While both texts were subject to colonial censorship and curricular oversight, a close reading reveals the nuanced affective registers through which Korean children navigated their daily lives under colonial rule. Within the realm of childhood, emotions are not articulated as direct defiance or overt resistance to the colonial regime. Instead, both texts illuminate a complex interplay of affective responses-ranging from intimate friendships with Japanese peers that function as emotional outlets to behaviors of compliance and obedience shaped by the colonial education system. Yet, these expressions remain restrained, lacking fervor in their engagement with the empire’s patriotic rhetoric.

The purpose of this qualitative case study is to investigate how critical affective literacy pedagogy can facilitate students’ affects to become pedagogical resources for critical analysis of target social issues and lead them to be holistic critical readers of English texts. Two researchers recruited six fifth grade elementary school students, designed and taught them sixteen hours of American history English lessons. Data has been collected from videotaped class discussion and student artifacts. Data analysis focused on students’ affective responses about the topics. Data analysis revealed that teaching pedagogy that had students imagine the affects of Native Americans and the slaves in American history activated students’ critical affective literacy skills as they affectively connected to them and critically questioned the target social issues. This research suggests pedagogical implications for integrating critical literacy with affectivity and methods to make use of critical affective pedagogy for holistic development of criticality.

본 연구는 중국의 특성을 고려하여, 중국 종업원들의 정서적 조직몰입에 관한 이해를 제공하는데에 목적을 두고 있다. 먼저, 본 연구는 중국 종업원의 정치적 정체성과 도시 거주증이 정서적 조직몰입에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 또한, 본 연구는 정치적 정체성과 정서적 조직몰입 간의 관계에서 중국 국내기업의 조절효과를 분석하여 정치적 정체성이 정서적 조직몰입에 미치는 영향이 중국 국내기업과 외국인투자기업 간 차이가 있는지를 살펴보았다. 가설검증을 위해, 본 연구는 중국의 국내기업과 외국인투자기업에서 일하고 있는 종업원 429명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 다층분석결과, 공산당에 소속된 종업원의 정서적 조직몰입이 공산당원이 아닌 종업원에 비해 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 도시 비거주자는 도시 거주자보다 정서적 조직몰입이 높은 결과가 밝혀졌다. 그리고 정치적 정체성과 정서적 조직몰입 간의 관계에서 중국 국내기업의 긍정적 조절효과가 발견되었는데, 이는 중국 국내기업에서 근무하고 있는 공산당원인 종업원이 외국인투자기업에 일하고 있는 공산당원인 종업원보다 정서적 조직몰입 수준이 높다는 것이다. 끝으로 본 연구는 연구결과가 제시한 학문적, 실무적 시사점, 향후 연구주제와 본 연구의 한계점에 대해 논의하였다.

This study has identified Chinese variables to explain affective organizational commitment (AOC) in China. Although scholars have increasingly tried to explore the antecedents of commitment in a Chinese context, unique variables related to China have been rarely examined. Thus, this study considers two main variables that reflect the China context, political identity and city residentship, as the determinants of AOC and examines their effects on AOC. This study further analyzes the moderating effect of domestic Chinese firms on the relationship between political identity and AOC to distinguish the effect of political identity in two types of organizations in China – domestic Chinese firms and foreign-invested enterprises. To test the hypotheses, 429 survey questionnaires from employees working for domestic and foreign-invested enterprises in China have been collected. Then, this study conducts mixed-effects multi-level regressions. The results show that the political identity of Communist Party members has a negative effect on AOC. This means that Communist Party members have a lower level of AOC than non-Communist Party members. The results also indicate that employees who are not urban residents tend to have a higher level of AOC compared to employees with the city residence registration. Further analysis reveals that the moderating effect of domestic Chinese firms indicate that Communist Party members in domestic Chinese firms are likely to demonstrate higher levels of AOC than those in FIEs. Business implications, directions for future research and limitations of the study are discussed at the end.

Second language acquisition theories highlight the fundamental role of social interaction in facilitating learners’ efforts to gain competence in an L2, and consider learners’ perceptions of classroom interaction and their affective states to be as important as teaching, in a way that encourages interaction. However, there is a dearth of research focused on learners’ perceptions of interaction in the target language and the relationships between these perceptions and both communication motivation and communication apprehension in the language-learning classroom. The purpose of the present study, therefore, is to explore the relationship between learners’ perceptions of classroom interaction and learners’ communication motivation and communication apprehension. The participants consisted of 162 sophomore students majoring in applied English at a university in Taiwan. Data were collected via a questionnaire. The results showed significant correlations between the learners’ perceptions of classroom interaction and three variables: English-language classroom communication apprehension, intrinsic motivation, and years of English learning. Further, a multiple regression analysis showed that intrinsic motivation contributed to the learners’ positive perceptions of classroom interaction in regard to using the target language, whereas this was not the case for extrinsic motivation and communication apprehension. The study results have implications for both teaching and research.