Earticle

Background: A model to assess the activity concentration of agricultural products and the public ingestion dose as result of a nuclear accident is necessarily required to manage the contaminated agricultural systems by the accident, or to estimate the effects of chronic exposure due to food ingestion at a Level 3 PSA. Materials and Methods: A dynamic compartment model, which is composed of three submodules, namely, an agricultural plant contamination assessment model, an animal product contamination assessment model, and an ingestion dose assessment model has been developed based on Korean farming characteristics such as the growth characteristics of rice and stockbreeding. Results and Discussion: The application study showed that the present model can predict well the characteristics of the activity concentration for agricultural products and ingestion dose depending on the deposition date. Conclusion: The present model is very useful to predict the radioactivity concentration of agricultural foodstuffs and public ingestion dose as consequence of a nuclear accident. Consequently, it is expected to be used effectively as a module for the ingestion dose calculation of the Korean agricultural contamination management system as well as the Level 3 PSA code, which is currently being developed.

Background: This study was a long-term evaluation of 137Cs and 90Sr activity concentrations in seawater samples from the East Sea, Korea, in order to establish current activity levels. Results and long-term monitoring trends will be useful in the future monitoring of environmental radioactivity. Materials and Methods: Surface seawater samples were collected quarterly from Guryongpo and Jangho in the East Coast between 1998 and 2010 and the quarterly deep seawater samples were collected from three sites in the sea adjacent to Ulleung-do between 2012 and 2015. The activity concentrations of 137Cs were measured using a gamma-spectrometer. The activity concentrations of 90Sr and 90Y in a radioactive equilibrium state were measured using a gas flow proportional counter. Results and Discussion: We found the annual average activity concentrations of 137Cs in the surface seawater was 1.66-2.89 mBq∙kg-1 in Guryongpo and 1.68-2.43 mBq∙kg-1 in Jangho. The annual average activity concentrations of 90Sr in the surface seawater was 0.83- 1.98 mBq∙kg-1 in Guryongpo and 0.82-1.57 mBq∙kg-1 in Jangho. The annual average activity concentrations of 137Cs in the deep seawater sites were 1.51-1.73 mBq∙kg-1, 1.19-1.60 mBq∙kg-1 and 0.87-1.15 mBq∙kg-1 in TH, JD, and HP. The annual average activity concentrations of 90Sr in the same deep seawater sites were 1.00-1.94 mBq∙kg-1, 0.82-1.26 mBq∙kg-1, and 0.79-1.32 mBq∙kg-1. The effective half-life was calculated by analyzing change over time in the activity concentration in the surface seawater. The effective half-life of 137Cs was 15.3 ± 0.1 years in Guryongpo and 102 ± 3 years in Jangho. The effective half-life of 90Sr was 28.3 ± 4.3 years in Guryongpo and 16.6 ± 0.1 years in Jangho. The ratio of the average activity concentration (137Cs/90Sr) was 1.72 in the surface seawater, which is similar to the reported ratio of the global radioactive fallout. The ratio in the deep seawater was 1.24, which is somewhat low compared to the global ratio (1.6, 1.8). Conclusion: Activity concentrations of 137Cs and 90Sr in the seawaters of the East Sea were similar to the previously reported activity levels in the East Sea and northwestern Pacific as a result of global radioactive fallout following atmospheric nuclear weapon tests.

Background: To protect the public from natural radioactive materials, the ‘Act on safety control of radioactive rays around living environment” was established in Korea. There is an annual effective dose limit of 1 mSv for products, but the activity concentration limit for products is not established yet. Materials and Methods: To suggest the activity concentration limits for consumer goods containing NORM, in this research, we assumed the “small room model” surrounding the ICRP reference phantom to simulate the consumer goods in contact with the human bodies. Using the Monte Carlo code MCNPX, we evaluate the effective dose rate for the ICRP reference phantom in a small room with dimension of phantom size and derived the activity concentration limit for consumer goods. Results and Discussion: The consumer goods have about 1600, 1200 and 19000 Bq·kg-1 for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, and the activity concentration limits are about six times comparing with the values of building materials. We applied the index to real samples, though we did not consider radioactivity of 40K, indexes of the some samples are more than 6. However, this index concept using small room model is very conservative, for the consumer goods over than index 6, it is necessary to reevaluate the absorbed dose considering real usage scenario and material characteristics. Conclusion: In this research, we derived activity concentration limits for consumer goods in contact with bodies and the results can be used as preliminary screening tool for consumer goods as index concept.

Background: Radon (222Rn) and thoron (220Rn) are naturally occurring radioactive gases with significant differences in half-life, influencing their indoor behavior. Radon has well-documented health risks and mitigation strategies, but thoron has received less attention. This study explores thoron behavior in relation to air flow dynamics and ventilation conditions used to mitigate radon levels. Materials and Methods: Controlled experiments were conducted from February to June 2021 in an empty basement room and a laboratory simulation. Radon and thoron activity concentrations were measured using Durridge RAD7 radon monitors. Forced air movement was achieved through a fan, and ventilation conditions were simulated in the laboratory using air pumps with inline flow control valves. The exhaust state varied between closed and open air systems. Results and Discussion: The experiments revealed that while radon concentrations were stable or decreased under both forced air movement and increased ventilation rates, thoron concentrations displayed an inverse relationship with forced air movement, irrespective of an open or closed air system. Additionally, thoron required much higher ventilation rates (>50 air changes per hour [ACPH]) to reduce concentration levels that radon achieved with much lower rates (1–10 ACPH). This suggests certain ventilation strategies might inadvertently elevate thoron levels despite reducing radon levels, indicating a nuanced interaction between thoron concentration and air flow dynamics. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of considering thoron’s unique behavior when implementing ventilation strategies for indoor radioactive gas mitigation. It calls for a nuanced approach to managing air flow dynamics to effectively reduce both radon and thoron levels. Further research is needed to refine models for ventilation strategies in radiation hazard mitigation for radon and thoron.

본 연구는 유아가 본격적인 학습의 뇌를 사용하고 구축할 수 있는 중요한 시기에 뇌호흡 활동을 통해 능동적으로 뇌를 활용하여 학습에 집중할 수 있도록 돕고, 더 나아가 유아의 발달을 촉진할 수 있도록 하기 위함이다. 이를 통해 인간발달의 초석이 되는 유아에게 뇌호홉 활동을 통해 집중력과 언어발달, 자신감, 사회성 등을 촉진할 수 있는 기회를 제공하여, 가정, 학교, 사회에서 건강한 인간으로 자라 21세기를 짊어질 인재양성에 본 연구의 의의를 두고자 한다. 본 연구의 결과를 토대로 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 뇌호흡 활동은 유아의 집중력에 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 유아의 부모, 담임교사, 뇌호흡 활동 전문가의 보고에 의하면 유아의 일상생활 속에서 변화된 발달특성 중 언어표현력, 자신감, 사회성 발달 등에서 긍정적인 변화를 가져왔다. 이상의 결론을 종합해 보면, 뇌호흡 활동이 유아의 집중력과 유아의 발달 변화 특히, 유아의 언어표현력, 자신감, 사회성 발달을 향상시킬 수 있는 효과적인 활동임을 밝혔다. 따라서 유아 교육현장에서 새로운 교육적 패러다임에 맞는 새로운 교육프로그램으로 활용할 가치가 있었다.

Final purpose of this study is to help the infants becoming children who use their brain actively and concentrate on learning through brain respiration activity at the important time when they can use and establish their brain for learning really, and furthermore it is to hasten their development. Objects of this study are total 19 infants(10 male and 9 female) at the age of 4 in J kindergarten located on Jinju Si. According to this purpose of study, studying design is two. First, to find out brain respiration activity's effect on power of concentration of the infants, I used 'one group pretest-posttest design' for 19 infants as objects. Second, to find out brain respiration activity's effect on development of the infants, I analyzed direct-interviewed material aimed at parents of the infants as objects, their teachers and experts in brain respiration activity etc. by mixing the questionnaire structuralized and one not structuralized. According to such studying methods, conclusion of this study is: First, by the infant power of concentration examination pre-post test, it is found that brain respiration activity had an effect on rising the infants' power of concentration. Therefore brain respiration activity influenced the infant's power of concentration. second, as a result about brain respiration activity's effect on the infant's act change through report of parents of the infants, teachers and experts in brain respiration activity, language expression, self-confidence and sociality etc. had positive changes among changed development character in everyday life of the infants. As these results, brain respiration activity influenced development of the infant, especially development of language, self-confidence and sociality. to synthesize these results, I found out that brain respiration activity can improve the infant's power of concentration and development, especially the infant's development of language expression, self-confidence and sociality, and it is an effective activity. Therefore it suggests there is an useful value as educational program corresponding with new educational paradigm in the field of education for the infant.

이 연구는 스포츠스태킹 활동이 초등학생의 스트레스, 공격성 및 주의 집중력에 미치는 영향을 조사해 보고자 하는 것이다. 이를 위해 안양시 P초등학교 5학년 4개 학급 121명(실험집단 61명, 비교집단 60명)을 대상으로 15주간에 걸쳐 실시하였다. 이 연구에서 사용한 측정도구는 설문지이며 그 내용은 스트레스, 공격성, 주의 집중력으로 구성하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, ‘스포츠스태킹’ 활동은 초등학교 학생들의 스트레스를 감소시키는 데 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, ‘스포츠스태킹’ 활동은 초등학교 학생들의 공격성을 감소시키는 데 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, ‘스포츠스태킹’ 활동은 초등학교 학생들의 주의 집중력을 향상시키는데 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 ‘스포츠스태킹’ 활동에 참가한 실험집단의 스트레스와 공격성이 감소되고 주의 집중력이 향상된 점을 고려했을 때 초등학생의 학교생활에서 또는 체육수업에서 ‘스포츠스태킹’ 활동의 적용이 효과적임을 알 수 있다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sport stacking activity on stress, aggression & concentration of elementary school students. For this study 121 students on the 5th grade of the P elementary school in An Yang city were chosen as the experimental group and the controlled group respectively by convenient sampling method. And the experimental group had been taken the sport stacking activity for 15 weeks. The results of this study were as follows: First, sport stacking activity effected to reduce the stress of elementary students. Second, sport stacking activity effected to reduce the aggression of elementary students. Third, sport stacking activity effected to improve concentration of elementary students.

This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial effectiveness of various combinations of Saccharina japonica extract, Centella asiatica extract, and bamboo leaf extract at different concentrations as disinfectants. To achieve this, Saccharina japonica was extracted using distilled water, with 0.01M acetic acid serving as a control. The combination ratio was fixed at 1:1:1, while varying the concentrations of Chamaecyparis obtusa water and ethanol for the experiments. The antibacterial activity was assessed using the disk diffusion method with E. coli and S. aureus, measuring the diameter of the clear zone. The results indicated that after 20 hours, the highest antibacterial activity was found in the 0.01M acetic acid Saccharina japonica extract, with clear zones measuring 7.8 mm for S. aureus and 8.1 mm for E. coli. After 40 hours, this extract showed clear zones of 8.6 mm for both S. aureus and E. coli. These findings demonstrated that the combination of Saccharina japonica distilled water extract, Centella asiatica extract, and bamboo leaf extract in a 1:1:1 ratio, along with Chamaecyparis obtusa water at 82% and ethanol at 15%, exhibited antibacterial activity against both E. coli and S. aureus. This confirms that the natural extracts from SD, CA, and BVL have antibacterial efficacy as disinfectants at the tested concentrations.

本研究旨在通过实验验证不同浓度的海带提取物􀕵积雪草提取物和竹叶提取物作为杀菌剂的 抗菌功效. 海带使用蒸馏水提取, 对照组使用0.01M醋酸进行提取. 配比固定为1:1:1, 使用不同 浓度的扁柏水和乙醇进行实验. 实验使用大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌, 通过纸片扩散法测量抑菌 圈直径来确认抗菌活性. 结果显示􎨳20小时后最高抗菌活性出现在0.01M醋酸海带提取物中, 金黄色葡萄球菌为7.8mm, 大肠杆菌为8.1mm. 40小时后, 0.01M醋酸海带提取物中金黄色葡 萄球菌和大肠杆菌均显示8.6mm的抑菌圈. 结果表明, 在大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌中都显示抗 菌活性的是海带蒸馏水提取物, 积雪草提取物, 竹叶提取物1:1:1配比, 扁柏水82%, 乙醇15% 浓度. 这些结果确认了SD, CA, BVL不同配比浓度作为消毒剂具有抗菌效能的天然提取物.

본 연구는 집중력 훈련 방법과 제공시간이 뇌영역 활성과 과제수행에 미치는 영향을 검증하는 것이다. 본 연구에 서의 연구 참여자는 2015년 경상북도 A대학교 남학생 20명과 여학생 20명을 선정하였다. 본 연구의 조사도구로는 QEEG-8, 신체적 과제수행, 인지적 과제수행을 사용하였으며, 수집한 자료는 빈도분석, 이원변량분석, 상관분석, 다중 회귀분석을 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, 집중력 훈련 방법과 제공시간에 따라 뇌의 SMR파 활성은 차이가 있었다. 또한 뇌파 활성은 훈련방법과 제공시간에 의한 상호효과에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 뇌영역 별 SMR파와 신체적 과제수행, 인지적 과제수행 간 유의한 정적인 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 전전두엽과 후두엽에서의 SMR파 활성은 신체적 과제수행과 인지적 과제수행에 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 연 구결과를 종합해 볼 때, 본 연구에서는 약 10분에서 15분 정도의 시각적 훈련과 청각적 훈련이 가장 효과적인 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of concentration training method and training time on brain area activation and task performance. In this study, 20 male students and 20 female students were chosen from A university in 2015 in Gyeongsangbuk - do. This study used QEEG-8, physical task performance, and cognitive task performance. The collected data were analyzed by frequency analysis, two-way ANOVA, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. As a result: First, there was a difference between brain SMR wave activity according to concentration training method and training time. In addition, EEG activity was influenced by the interaction between training method and training time. Second, there was a statistically significant correlation between SMR physical task performance and cognitive task performance. Third, SMR wave activity in the prefrontal and occipital lobes has a statistically significant effect on physical task performance and cognitive task performance. Based on the above results, visual training and auditory training of about 10 to 15 minutes are considered to be most effective in this study.

This study was designed to investigate the changes in brain activity and sport concentration according to the image training targeted at national badminton player. Selected 21 of the starter junior national badminton player in 2014 for the study and researcher and assistant researcher to directly participate in the training camp was conducted for 3 weeks with a total of 16 meetings periodized training images. The study design is suitable for field-based study of a small number of the population, and take advantage of the single case study (Single system design) reversal of the ways design (A-B) suitable for identifying changes in human behavior. EEG data collected and Sports concentration data using descriptive statistics analysis program SPSS 21.ver and Wilcoxon signed-sequence verification, paired T- verification was carried out. The results obtained through the study on the above method First, SMR waves in accordance with the training images (Sensorymotor Rhythm) was activated as statistically significant. Second, was significantly activated in accordance with the Mid-beta waves statistical training images. Third, the sport of concentration according to the image training has been shown to rise significantly in the attention factor.

이 연구는 0교시 체육활동에 따른 수업시간대별 집중력의 차이를 뇌파분석을 통해 알아보고자 하였다. 초등학교 5~6학년 여학생 5명을 대상으로 0교시 체육활동 후 1차 9시 10분(피험자 1), 9시 20분(피험자 2), 2차 9시 40분(피험자 1), 9시 50분(피험자 2)의 뇌파측정 시간을 설정하여 집중력 과제가 제시되는 120초 동안 뇌파를 측정하였다. 뇌파 측정부위는 6개의 영역(Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, P3, P4)이었으며, 측정된 데이터는 파워스펙트럼분석(power spectrum analysis)을 통한 쎄타파, 알파파, 베타파, 감마파의 상대파워 값을 SPSS 18.0을 이용하여 Wilcoxon의 부호순위 검정을 실시한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 안정시 vs 1차시 측정결과 쎄타파는 우측 전두부(F4), 베타파는 두정부(P3, P4)에서만 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 안정시 vs 2차시 측정결과 쎄타파는 좌측 전전두부(Fp1), 전두부(F3, F4), 두정부(P3, P4)의 5개 부위, 베타파는 전전두부(Fp1, Fp2), 좌측 전두부(F3), 두정부(P3, P4)의 5개 부위, 감마파는 전전두부(Fp1, Fp2)의 2개 부위에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 이러한 결과 1차시 보다 2차시에서 집중력이 더 향상되는 결과를 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 0교시 체육활동 후 일정한 휴식을 거쳐 학습활동에 임할 때 보다 높은 학습효과를 거둘 수 있을 것으로 본다.

This study tried to know difference in concentration each school hours according to Zero Hour Class physical activity through electroencephalogram(EEG) analysis. The study subjects were five female students at 5~6th grade in elementary school. After Zero Hour Class physical activity, electroencephalogram(EEG) measurement time was set thus the first time 9:10(examinee 1), 9:20(examinee 2), the second time 9:40(examinee 1), 9:50(examinee 2). And then, electroencephalogram(EEG) was measured for 120 seconds during which task for concentration was given. Parts measured for electroencephalogram(EEG) were 6 areas(Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, P3, P4). Measured data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 with ‘Wilcoxon signed rank test’ based on relative power value of theta wave, alpha wave, beta wave, and gamma wave through power spectrum analysis. The results are as follows. As a result of measuring the stable time vs the first time, theta wave showed significant difference only on right frontal region(F4) and beta wave showed significant difference only on parietal region (P3, P4). As a result of measuring the stable time vs the second time, theta wave showed significant difference on five areas such as left prefrontal region(Fp1), frontal region(F3, F4), parietal region(P3, P4); beta wave on five areas such as prefrontal region(Fp1, Fp2), left frontal region(F3), parietal region(P3, P4); gamma wave on two areas such as prefrontal region(Fp1, Fp2). With the results, it could be identified that concentration was more improved in the second time than the first time. Accordingly, it was found out that learning effect would be higher when students have learning activity after regular break time after Zero Hour Class physical activity.

본 연구는 스마트기기를 활용한 체육활동이 유아의 신체 및 정신 발달에 미치는 효과를 살펴보는데 목적을 두었다. 시각자극 스마트기기를 활용한 체육활동을 유아에게 적용하였고 실험전보다 실험 후에 실험집단의 유아가 통제집단의 유아보다 운동능력평가에서 높아졌다. 구체적으로 살펴보면 시각자극 스마트 기기를 활용한 체육활동에 참여한 유아의 앉아서 윗몸 굽히기와 한 발로 중심잡기 능력이 좋아졌다. 또한 시각자극 스마트기기를 활용한 체육활동이 유아의 주의집중력 향상에 도움을 주었다. 따라서 유아들의 운동능력 향상을 보다 효과적으로 향상시키기 위해 시각자극 스마트 기기를 활용한 체육활동이 필요하다. 즉, 정보통신기술(ICT)과 체육활동이 유아에 신체적 발달과 인지적 발달에 모두 영향을 주는 것을 확인하였다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of physical activity using visual stimulation smart devices on the athletic performance and attention - The conclusion is as follows. The physical activity using visual stimulation smart device was applied to the infant. The pre - and post - experiment results showed that the infants of the experimental group were higher than those of the control group. Specifically, the ability of the infant to participate in physical activity using the visual stimulation smart device was improved by sit-up bending and centering ability. Also, physical activity using visual stimulation smart device helped to improve attention of infants. In other words, it was confirmed that information and communication technology (ICT) and physical activity affect both physical and cognitive development of infants. Therefore, in order to improve the athletic ability and concentration of children more effectively, it is possible to maximize the educational effect by teaching the contents using various contents that can motivate the infant rather than the same teaching method.

본 연구는 미술치료를 통하여 ADHD아동의 공격성 및 주의집중에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위한 목적으로 방과 후 아동교실 대상자인 초등학교 1학년 아동을 대상으로 2004년 10월부터 2005년 5월까지 주1회 40～60분씩 총18회 실시하였다. 미술치료 프로그램을 크게 3단계로 나누어 구조화, 비구조화를 상황에 맞추어 구성하였고, 표현방법은 자유화로 진행되었으며, 재료는 아동이 좋아하는 점토를 사용하여 마음껏 치고 두들기고 주무르는 과정에서 공격적 에너지가 분출되고, 주무를 때 손 끝에 느껴지는 쾌감과 친근감은 억압된 감정과 갈등을 해소시켜 긍정적인 정서적 변화를 돕도록 하였다. 측정도구는 K-CBCL검사를 사용하여 사전사후를 비교하였다. 본 연구결과 미술치료 중 소조활동은 성취감 및 자존감을 향상시켜 부정적 정서를 완화시키고 심리적 안정과 정서적 변화에 효과적으로 작용하여 ADHD아동의 공격적 행동 및 주의집중에도 긍정적인 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 미술치료가 ADHD아동의 공격성 및 주의집중 변화에 미치는 효과가 있었음을 본 연구를 통해 결론 내릴 수 있다.

A purpose of this study is to certify that Art therapy can alleviate ADHD(Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) children's aggression and help them concentrate their attention. For this, we chose subjects that were freshmen in the elementary school, who had taken after-school classes. This study was conducted 18 times overall. Each research took forty or sixty minutes once a week and lasted from October, 2004 to May, 2005. Art therapy program consists of three steps and it was organized structured or unstructured depending on each situation. Its expression method is a free drawing and the material is clay that children are fond of. That's because ADHD children can erupt their aggressive energy by slapping and fumbling clay. We expected them to dissolve their oppressed emotion and conflict and then, to undergo a positive emotional change through their pleasure and familiarity which they can feel on the edge of their fingers with clay. We evaluated subjects before and after the therapy and compared with each other by using K-CBCL(Korean Child Behavior Checklist) test. As a result, the modeling activity, one of the art therapies helped ADHD children elevate their accomplishment and self-esteem and also stabilize their mental state. Thus this fact could affect ADHD children's aggression and concentration positively. On the basis of this results, we can conclude that Art therapy have an positive effect on the alleviation of ADHD children's aggression and on the change of their concentration.

이 연구는 초등학교 고학년의 스포츠활동 수준에 따른 학업열의, 주의집중의 차이를 검증하였다. 이를 통해 초등 학생들의 효과적인 스포츠활동 유도 방안을 제공하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이 연구는 한국청소년 정책연구원 한국아동청소년패널조사 2018의 3차년도인 2020년도 데이터 중 스포츠활동 수준, 학업열의, 주의집중의 항목을 활용하여 연구하였다. 연구대상은 국내 거주 중인 초등학교 6학년 2,411명을 대상으로 실시하였다. SPSS 25.0, AMOS 25.0을 활용하여 빈도분석, 확인적 요인분석과 신뢰도분석, 일원배치분산분석을 실시하였으며, 다음과 같은 결 과를 도출하였다. 첫째, 학업열의 요인인 헌신, 활기, 효능감, 몰두 요인 모두 스포츠활동의 수준이 일정 수준 이상 높을 경우, 스포츠활동을 하지 않은 집단에 비해 모두 평균이 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 주의집중 요인에서 스포츠활동의 수준이 일정 수준 이상 높을 경우, 스포츠활동을 하지 않은 집단에 비해 평균이 높게 나타났다.

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data to provide effective ways to induce sports activities for elementary school students by examining and verifying differences in academic enthusiasm and attention concentration according to the level of sports activities. This study was conducted using the items of sports activity level, academic enthusiasm, and attention concentration among the data for 2020, the third year of the Korean Children Youth Panel Survey 2018 by the Korea Youth Policy Institute. The subjects of the study were 2,411 6th graders living in Korea. Using SPSS 25.0, frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, and one-way ANOVA were performed, and the following results were obtained. First, when the level of sports activity was higher than a certain level for all factors of academic enthusiasm, such as dedication, vitality, efficacy, and immersion, the average was higher than that of the group that did not engage in sports. Second, when the level of sports activity was higher than a certain level in the attention factor, the average was higher than that of the group that did not engage in sports activity.

Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, cross-over clinical trial was performed to assess effects of fermented milk intake on antioxidant activities and blood alcohol levels of 26 healthy volunteers. All subjects received fermented milk ($Kupffer, n=13) or placebo (n=13) twice daily for 2 weeks. After 3 weeks resting period, subjects under same test but in reverse role. In both tests, fermented milk intake significantly increased total antioxidant status (p<0.05) and decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (p<0.05) levels compared to before fermented milk intake. Blood alcohol levels of fermented milk intake group were significantly lower than those of placebo group (p<0.05).

O-GlcNAc(O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine) modification is one of the protein post- translational modifications that is involved in many cellular processes, including signal transduction, transcription, translation, cell proliferation and apoptosis. It is known that, on some proteins, this modification can affect the O-phosphorylation state of the proteins. UDP-GlcNAc, the precursor of O-GlcNAc, is mainly synthesized from glucose by HBP(Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway), which is sensitive to glucose concentration. Here, we confirmed that there is an inevitable decrease in the glucose concentration in the media during cell culture by the cell metabolism. Because O-GlcNAc is sensitive to the glucose concentration, the decrease is supposed to affect the cellular processes. In this study, the decrease in glucose concentration during cell culture was assessed in many cell lines. In some cell lines, the concentration decreased to a much lower level compared to the original. With this change, the O-GlcNAc level also appeared to decrease.A comparison was made between a glucose- concentration-maintained sample and a non-maintained one, where a difference in insulin signal transduction was observed. The phoshporylation level of Akt was likely to decrease with the maintainence of glucose while the O-GlcNAcylation level of it increased. This means decreased level of acitvated Akt. This was confirmed by checking the downstream protein, GSK(Glycogen synthase kinase), which was found to be less phophorylated under glucose-maintained condition.These findings provide us an evidence of the crosstalk between O-GlcNAcylation and O-phosphorylation on Akt. It corresponds with the insulin insensitivity of type II diabetes. These findings also suggest the importance of glucose condition during cell culturing.

To evaluate the effect of the concentration of the lavender oil on brain activity, the changes of electrocephalograms (EEG) in subjects were investigated. EEG evaluation was assessed in 30 healthy female subjects who is in 20s and had normal sense of smell. The subjects with eyes closed were exposed under four concentration of lavender oil (0.1, 1, 10, and 100%) during 20 sec, and EEG was recorded from 19 scalp positions of the international 10-20 system. EEG was evaluated based on the coefficient variation of brain (CVB) and the deviation compared to the background EEG induced under unstimulating condition. The lavender activated more alpha and theta waves on the ventral region (Fp1-F7-T3-T5-O1-O2-T6-T4-F8-Fp2) than the dorsal region, especially on the bitemporal (T3, T4), but it deactivated beta and gamma waves. The lavender oil is either more activated or less deactivated major EEG indices such as relative brain powers, ASEF50, SEF50, and SEF90 on scalp regions showed lower activities compared to on other positions in background EEG. The brain indices were significantly influenced with the concentration of lavender oil. With increasing the concentration, gamma and beta waves were decreased, alpha waves were increased. The alpha wave and sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) were most activated by the Lavender Oil. In more than 1% oil concentration these phenomena appeared prominently, and especially both SEE50 indicating the state of arousal and SEF90 indicating were decreased.

An assessment for determining N-16 activity concentrations during the operation condition of Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission TRIGA Research Reactor was performed employing several governing equations. The radionuclide N-16 is a high energy (6.13 MeV) gamma emitter which is predominately created by the fast neutron interaction with O-16 present in the reactor core water. During reactor operation at different power level, the concentration of N-16 at the reactor bay region may increase causing radiation risk to the reactor operating personnel or the general public. Concerning the safety of the research reactor, the present study deals with the estimation of N-16 activity concentrations in the regions of reactor core, reactor tank, and reactor bay at different reactor power levels under natural convection cooling mode. The estimated N-16 activity concentration values with 500 kW reactor power at the reactor core region was $7.40{\times}10^5Bq/cm^3$ and at the bay region was $3.39{\times}10^5Bq/cm^3$. At 3 MW reactor power with active forced convection cooling mode, the N-16 activity concentration in the decay tank exit water was also determined, and the value was $4.14{\times}10^{-1}Bq/cm^3$.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three herb supplementations on blood metabolites, hormones, antioxidant activity, immunoglobulin (Ig) G concentration, and ruminal fermentation in steers. Four Holstein steers in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design received four herb treatments. The treatments consisted of the steers' regular diets with addition of: 1) nothing (control), 2) peppermint, 3) clove, and 4) lemongrass at 5% of the diet (DM basis). Clove supplementation increased the plasma concentration of cholesterol by about 10% (from 79 to 87 mg/dl). Peppermint and lemongrass feeding resulted in an increase in the concentrations of plasma urea nitrogen (from 5.9 to 6.9 and 6.4 mg/dl, respectively). The three herb treatments had no effect on other metabolites and hormones. Steers receiving clove supplementation showed a higher plasma antioxidant activity. The three herb treatments caused lower concentrations of IgG in the blood. Peppermint and lemongrass feedings increased, and clove feeding decreased ruminal concentrations of ammonia. There were no significant differences in VFA concentrations among herbal treatments, except for the decrease in propionate concentration in steers receiving clove treatment. This study suggested that clove feeding changed cholesterol metabolism and increased antioxidant activity in plasma, and feeding of three herbs affected immunity system and ruminal fermentation in steers.