Earticle

This experimental study compares event completion construals of change-of-state predicates in English by L1 English and L1 Korean speakers. The Incompleteness Effect (henceforth, IE) refers to the phenomenon in which the change-of-state predicates typically entailing event completion describe incomplete events. The semantic account for IE argues that IE arises only for accomplishments, leading to the division between accomplishments and achievements. IE is attested to in Korean but not in English. Given that difference, this paper is concerned with two questions: (1) whether Korean L1 speakers are aware that accomplishments are incompatible with incomplete events in English and (2) whether contextual factors other than the semantic one are relevant to IE. The results indicate that Korean speakers are insensitive to the absence of IE in English, which is best explained by L1 transfer. The results, moreover, showed that contextual factors are relevant to IE but in a selective way. Accomplishments but not achievements were influenced by contextual factors. Lastly, the results revealed there is an intricate interplay between semantic and contextual factors: the former plays a main role while the latter plays a supplementary role.

Various information and communication technologies (ICT) and electronic government (e-Government) projects have been planted in hopes of economic and social growth in developing economies. These types of ventures usually involve working in societies with their own unique cultures in various aspects that often cause “custom ways” of planning, implementing, coordinating, and controlling in IT projects, thus playing a grand role in determining the success of IT projects. Due to a lack of understanding of local cultural factors and a deficiency of cultural risk evaluation models, however, many IT projects especially in the context of developing economies face failure. This study investigates the major cultural factors involved in IT projects and their effects on IT projects in developing economies. The framework is validated using the United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) information and communication technology (ICT) and e-Government project cases of two countries in Central Asia, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. This study will help project managers develop management practices and strategies associated with the cultural factors they face during the various stages of their IT projects in their specific contexts.

Learner autonomy is a multidimensional and complex concept that has attracted immense research attention in both Western and Asian contexts. The majority of this research focused on privileged environments neglecting underprivileged contexts, where learner autonomy has been recognised as a rescue strategy. Simultaneously, most research addressed either student or teacher perceptions on learner autonomy development in a single study. This study addressed the aforementioned gaps, by investigating EFL teachers’ and students’ perceptions about the prospects and barriers in the promotion of learner autonomy in disadvantaged Indonesian secondary schools. It adopted a phenomenological qualitative approach comprising 32 interviews with EFL teachers and focus groups with 30 EFL learners. Findings revealed that both teacher and student participants identified socioeconomic factors as the most prominent hindrance comprising limited access to learning resources and limited time to conduct autonomous learning. Moreover, a notable disparity emerged in the teachers’ and students’ perceptions of the enabling factors for promoting autonomy. The students were more optimistic about the feasibility of developing learner autonomy, acknowledging several enabling factors compared to their teachers. The study provides practical implications for designing appropriate teacher training to address the needs of many similar underresourced teaching environments.

Otonomi pebelajar adalah konsep multidimensi dan kompleks yang telah menarik perhatian banyak penelitian di konteks Barat dan Asia. Mayoritas penelitian ini berfokus pada konteks lingkungan yang maju dan memiliki hak istimewa namun mengabaikan konteks yang kurang mampu, di mana otonomi pebelajar telah diakui sebagai strategi penyelamatan. Secara bersamaan, sebagian besar penelitian membahas persepsi siswa atau guru saja dalam satu studi tentang pengembangan otonomi pebelajar. Penelitian ini merujuk pada kesenjangan yang disebutkan di atas, dengan mengeksplorasi persepsi guru dan siswa yang yang mempelajari Bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa asing tentang prospek dan hambatan dalam meningkatkan otonomi pebelajar di sekolah menengah tertinggal di Indonesia. Penelitian ini mengadopsi pendekatan kualitatif fenomenologis yang terdiri dari 32 wawancara dengan guru Bahasa Inggris dan wawancara kelompok dengan 30 pelajar. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa baik guru maupun siswa mengidentifikasi faktor sosial ekonomi sebagai hambatan terbesar yang terdiri dari terbatasnya akses terhadap sumber belajar dan terbatasnya waktu untuk melakukan pembelajaran mandiri. Namun, kesenjangan yang mencolok muncul pada persepsi kedua kelompok partisipan ini terkait faktor pendukung dalam implementasi otonomi pebelajar. Hal ini terkonfirmasi dalam persepsi kedua kelompok partisipan tersebut mengenai kelayakan implementasi otonomi pebelajar ini. Dalam hal faktor pendukung untuk meningkatkan otonomi, siswa lebih optimis mengenai kemungkinan mengembangkan otonomi pebelajar, dan menyatakan beberapa factor pendukung dibandingkan dengan guru mereka. Studi ini memberikan implikasi praktis untuk pelatihan guru yang sesuai untuk memenuhi kebutuhan banyak lingkungan pengajaran yang kekurangan sumber daya.

Business-to-Business electronic commerce websites are a common form of inter-organizational systems that span organizational boundaries and enables organizations to exchange information in a seamless fashion. To reap the desired benefits it is important that the website be used in the intended manner. The level and extent of use of a business-to-business website depends partly on the inclination to use the website by the users in the primary organization and in the user organizations independently and the combined inclination of the organizations together. This combined inclination is referred to as the System Inclination, with dominance playing a key role. Each organization has certain characteristics of its own and may differ significantly in their inclination to use. It is important to analyze the factors that determine this inclination to use, so that organizations can adopt appropriate management mechanisms to control it. This paper proposes a framework to explain the organizational factors and their influence on the inclination to use a website, based on study of four Indian buyer-supplier dyads. Inclination to use is found to be influenced by factors like top management support, website characteristics, adequate support mechanisms, user group orientation towards electronic commerce and basic IT drive among the employees, at both the primary and user organizations.

With the growth and expansion of the service sector, it becomes challenges to managers and academics who desire to investigate how service value is created and how the structure and dynamics of the value network influence the utilization of the service system. This study investigates a research model regarding the use of electronic financial services drawing upon the e-service acceptance model. The current study categorizes electronic financial services provided by banks into transaction-oriented services (TOS) and communication-oriented services (COS) to emphasize the co-value creation. The research model considers self-efficacy, ease of use, perceived usefulness, and perceived risk as the antecedents to the use of e-banking services. Our results show that the use behavior of e-banking services is affected by different sets of factors: the use of both COS and TOS is found to be affected by finance specific self-efficacy, finance specific ease of use, and perceived usefulness, whereas the use of TOS is affected by general Internet self efficacy. This study contributes to understand aspects of the actual use of service network. This study provides the practical guidelines that could promote user participation to the value creation activities in the financial service network.

최근 국제통상환경에서는 ESG 규제 및 공시 기준 강화와 함께, ESG가 새로운 무역장벽이자 기업 경쟁력의 핵심 요소로 부상하고 있다. 본 논문은 이러한 환경 변화 속에서 경영자의 ESG(환경, 사회적 책임, 지배구조) 인식과 동기가 ESG 경영 가치와 신뢰 형성에 미치는 영향 을 실증적으로 분석하고자 하였다. 특히 ESG의 내적 및 외적 도입 동기가 경영자의 ESG 가치 인식과 신뢰 형성에 어떻게 영향을 주는지를 규명하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 한국소비자원의 2023년 ESG 소비자 인식조사 데이터 중 자영업자 및 경영자 응답자 337부의 응답자료를 활용 하여 구조방정식 모형을 적용하고 변수 간 인과관계를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, ESG의 내적 도입 동기가 경영자의 ESG 가치 인식과 신뢰 형성에 더 강한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 환경에 대한 인식은 외적·내적 동기 모두에 긍정적 영향을 주는 반면, 사회적 책임과 지배구조는 상대적으로 도입 동기 및 성과 연결에 있어 영향력이 미약하였다. 이는 ESG를 단순히 규제 대응 차원이 아닌, 자발적이고 전략적인 경영 요소로 내 면화하는 것이 기업의 비재무적 성과, 즉 가치 창출과 신뢰 구축에 효과적임을 시사한다. 이를 통하여 ESG를 경영 전략의 핵심으로 수용하고자 하는 기업 및 정책 결정자에게 내적 동기를 유도할 수 있는 비즈니스 환경 조성 및 사회적 인식 제고를 위한 제도적 기반 마련의 필요성에 대하여 논의한다.

Purpose : This study aims to investigate the factors influencing firm-level decision-makers’ trust in ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) within the context of international trade. It focuses on how perceived importance of ESG and the internal and external motivations of business leaders affect their valuation of ESG and the development of trust in ESG-oriented enterprises. Research design, data, methodology : Utilizing data from the 2023 ESG Consumer Perception Survey conducted by the Korea Consumer Agency, this study analyzed responses from 337 self-identified business owners and managers. A structural equation modeling (SEM) approach was employed, grounded in stakeholder theory, neo-institutional theory, and the theory of planned behavior. Results : The analysis shows that internal motivation has a stronger impact than external motivation on firm-level decision-makers’ perception of ESG value and trust in ESG-oriented firms. Among ESG components, environmental awareness significantly influences both internal and external motivation, while the influence of social responsibility and governance factors is relatively weaker. Conclusions : The findings suggest that for ESG practices to be internalized as a core business strategy, fostering internal motivation among decision-makers is essential. It is also important to build a supportive business environment and institutional framework that encourages voluntary ESG engagement. Policy makers should shift beyond regulatory compliance to develop systems that reinforce intrinsic motivations for sustainable and trustworthy ESG adoption.

중한 수교 이후, 많은 한국 기업들이 북경에 본사, 천진에 공장을 세우며 천진 거주 조선족들에게 한국 문화 및 일자리와 유학 기회를 제공했다. 본 연구는 천진 거주 조 선족 11명을 인터뷰한 결과, 중한정책, 한국인의 태도, 조선족의 민족 인식이 정체성 과 문화적 자아 인식에 영향을 준다는 것을 밝혔다. 조선족의 정체성은 한국 국적, 중 국 국적, 양자 간 갈등 세 유형으로 나뉘며, 연령, 성별, 학력, 직업, 한국 체류 기간 등 다양한 요인이 작용한다. 일반적으로 나이 많고 가족이 모두 한국에 있는 경우 한 국에 대한 자아 인식이 높고, 여성은 국제결혼 비율과 한국 인식이 더 높다. 반면, 돈 을 목적으로 한 임시 체류자는 정체성 혼란을 겪기 쉽다. 조선족은 순응-모순-불일 치-수용의 과정을 통해 정체성을 형성하며, 본 연구는 중한 양국의 포용적 민족정책 과 천진시의 소수민족 우대 정책 마련을 제안한다.

Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and South Korea, many Korean companies have set up their headquarters in Beijing and factories in Tianjin, providing Korean-Chinese people with opportunities to engage with Korean culture, work for Korean businesses, and study abroad. This study, based on interviews with 11 Korean-Chinese residents in Tianjin, found that policies of both countries, attitudes of South Koreans, and the ethnic Koreans’ own understanding of their identity all influence their sense of identity and cultural self-awareness. Their identity can be categorized into three types: those who acquire South Korean nationality, those who retain Chinese nationality, and those caught between the two. Factors such as age, gender, education, occupation, and length of stay in Korea affect this identity formation. In general, older individuals with stable families residing in Korea tend to have a stronger Korean self-identity. Women show a higher rate of international marriage and stronger identification with Korea. In contrast, those temporarily staying in Korea for economic reasons are more likely to experience identity conflict. The Korean-Chinese go through a process of adaptation in forming their identity—conformity, conflict, inconsistency, and acceptance. The study suggests that both China and South Korea should implement more inclusive ethnic policies, and Tianjin should establish preferential policies for minority talent.

본 연구의 목적은 조직 팀들의 팀 학습과 팀 교류활성기억이 팀 수행에 미치는 영향을 살펴보는 것이다. 이를 위해 5개 제약회사 97개 팀의 460명 응답자들의 자료를 사용하여, 선행요인들인 조직지원, 신뢰, 의사소통이 팀 학습과 팀 교류활성기억에 미치는 영향 및 팀 학습이 팀 교류활성기억에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 경로분석을 사용하여 자료를 분석한 결과, 조직지원맥락과 신뢰가 팀 학습과 유의미한 관계가 있었지만, 의사소통은 팀 학습과 유의미한 관계가 없었다. 반면에, 신뢰와 의사소통은 팀 교류활성기억과 유의미한 관계가 있었다. 팀 학습은 팀 교류활성기억과 정적으로 관련되었고, 팀 학습과 팀 교류활성기억은 팀 수행과 유의미한 관계가 있음을 발견하였다. 특히, 팀 교류활성기억은 팀 수행의 세부 항목인 효율성, 제품 및 서비스의 질, 기술혁신, 작업 우수성과 유의미한 관계가 있는 반면에 팀 학습은 단지 한 개의 하위요인인 기술혁신과 유의미한 관계가 있다는 것을 발견하였다. 마지막으로, 연구결과에 따른 연구의 시사점과 제한점을 논의하였다.

Using 460 individuals from 97 teams in five pharmaceutical companies including four local companies and a multinational company, this research investigates the impact of team learning and team transactive memory(TTM) on team performance. In addition, the effect of team context factors on team learning and TTM, and the influence of team learning on TTM were examined. The results show that organizational support and trust were positively related to team learning, but communication was not. Both trust and communication were positively related to TTM. Team learning was significantly related to TTM, and team learning and TTM were positively related to team performance. Especially, TTM was significantly related to efficiency, quality of product and service provided, technical innovation, and work excellence whereas team learning was positively related to technical innovation only. The implication and limitations of this research were discussed.

자기보고식 괴롭힘 평가는 그 보편성에도 불구하고 응답자의 개인특성이나 평가조건 등 여러 요인들의 영향을 받아 반응편향의 소지가 많은 것으로 알려져 있다. 이에 본 연구는 708명의 남녀 중학생을 설문지 지시문을 통해 조작된 4가지 평가조건(익명/기명실시 및 참조시간 2조건)에 무선할당하고, 개인특성 변인(적대적 귀인편향 및 사회적 바람직성)과 괴롭힘 참여역할(가해, 피해, 동조, 방관, 방어)을 자기보고식 도구를 통해 평가하여 이들 변인 간의 관계를 알아봄으로써 이러한 변인들이 괴롭힘 자기보고에 편향요인으로 작용할 가능성을 탐색해 보았다. 상관분석 결과, 개인특성 변인은 모든 참여역할의 자기보고와 유의한 상관을 보였으며, 평가조건 변인은 가해, 피해, 동조 역할의 보고와 유의한 상관을 보였다. 일련의 위계적 회귀분석 결과, 개인특성 변인은 성별의 효과를 제거한 후에도 모든 괴롭힘 참여역할의 자기보고를 유의하게 설명하였으며, 개인특성 변인에 추가하여 평가조건 변인들을 투입하였을 때 이들은 가해 및 피해 보고에 대한 설명력을 미미한 수준에서 증가시킨 반면, 주변인 역할의 자기보고에 대한 설명력을 증가시키지 못했다. 이러한 결과를 괴롭힘 자기보고의 반응편향의 관점에 해석하였으며, 자기보고식 괴롭힘 평가의 개선을 위한 구체적 시사점과 후속연구를 위한 제언을 논의하였다.

In spite of its popularity, the self-report assessment of school bullying has been known susceptible to various biasing factors including respondents' individual characteristics and contextual variables. This study manipulated contextual variables (anonymous vs. confidential administration and time frames of reference) through written test instructions for 708 male and female middle school students in Korea and had them complete the self-report assessment instruments of respondents' characteristics, such as hostile attributional bias and social desirability, and participant roles in school bulling (bully, victim, follower, outsider, and defender) to explore the possibility that these respondent- and context-related variables function as potential biasing factors in self-reports of participant roles in school bullying. Correlational analyses revealed that respondent-related variables were significantly correlated with self-reports of all participant roles, while contextual variables were correlated with self-reports of only a few of the participant roles. Results of hierarchical regression analyses also showed that respondent-related variables significantly accounted for the variance in self-reports of all participant roles, controlling for the effect of gender, while contextual variables contributed only a small amount to the variance of self-reports of bulling and victimization with no contribution to self-reports of bystander roles. These findings were interpreted in the light of response biases in self-report assessment of bullying. Implications of this study for the improvement of self-report assessment practice of school bullying were discussed, and some suggestions for subsequent studies were provided.

본 연구에서는 SNS 사용자들의 온라인 관계 친밀도에 영향을 미치는 선행 요인들을 살펴보았다. 사용자들의 이용과 욕구 이론을 바탕으로 자기 표현, 관계 형성, 정보 검색을 SNS의 주요 사용 욕구로 정의하였다. 이 사용 욕구들 은 사용자 만족, 주관적 행복, 정보 게시 행동을 통해 온라인 관계 친밀도에 영향을 미칠 것으로 예상하였다. 본 연구는 종단적 연구 방법을 활용하였으며, 페이스북 사용자 199명을 대상으로 연구 모형을 검증하였다. 자기 표현과 정보 검색 은 사용자 만족과 주관적 행복에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 하지만, 관계 형성은 사용자 만족과 주관적 행복 모두 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 사용자 만족은 온라인 관계 친밀도에 직접적으로만 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 주관적 행복은 정보 게시 행동과 온라인 관계 친밀도 모두 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 마지막으로 정보 게시 행동은 온라인 관계 친밀도 증진의 핵심 요인임을 밝혀내었다. 본 연구 결과는 온라인 관계 친밀도에 대한 학문 및 실무적 시사점을 제공해 줄 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This study investigated the key factors affecting online relational intimacy in the context of SNS. Based on the use and gratification theory, self-presentation, relationship formation and information searching were identified as the main needs of SNS usage. These needs were expected to influence online relational intimacy through user satisfaction, subjective well-being, and disclosing information behaviors. The theoretical framework was validated by a longitudinal method. Hypotheses were tested by using the partial least squares to data from 199 Facebook users. Self-presentation and information searching had a significant impact on both user satisfaction and subjective well-being. However, relationship formation did not significantly affect both user satisfaction and subjective well-being. User satisfaction had a significant direct effect only on online relational intimacy. Subjective well-beings played a significant role in enhancing both disclosing information behaviors and online relational intimacy. Finally, it has been found that disclosing information behaviors are a key factor in enhancing online relational intimacy. The results of this study are expected to provide academic and practical implications for the key antecedents of online relational intimacy.

상황인지 환경의 유헬스 서비스는 환자가 실생활에 접촉할 수 있는 여러 상황에 대해 컴퓨터가 인지하여 건 강 서비스를 제공하는 것이다. 상황인지 환경의 서비스를 추천하기 위해서는 상황 데이터의 정의와 서비스 추천 요인 과 관련이 있는지를 식별해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 상황인지 환경의 유헬스 서비스를 제공하기 위해 상황 데이터에 대한 추천 요인들을 다변량 분석기법을 이용하여 식별하며, 의사결정 트리 및 연관성 규칙 기반의 의사결정 모델을 생성한다. 추천 요인의 식별을 통해서 건강 서비스 제공에 유의한 상황 데이터를 판별할 수 있다. 또한 선호도 의사 결정 모델을 통해 환자의 상황 데이터에 따라 선호 요인을 알 수 있다.

Context aware environment u-health service is to provide health service with recognition of a computer. The computer recognizes that a patient can contact real life in many context. Context aware environment service for recommend have to definition of context data and service recommendations related to factors shall be identified. In this paper, Context aware environment of u-health service will be provide context data related to identifies recommendations factors using multivariate analysis method and recommendations factors creation to decision tree, association rule based decision model. health service recommend for significantly context data can be distinguish through recommendation factors of identify. Also, context data of patient can know preference factors through preference decision model.

코로나 19와 치열한 시장 경쟁으로 공유 경제 플랫폼 업체들은 고객과의 장기적 관계를 형성하는 것이 점차 중요해지고 있다. 이런 맥락에서 본 연구에서는 Airbnb 고객들의 재구매 의사 결정 메커니즘을 살펴보고자 하였다. Airbnb 고객들의 재구매 의도 형성의 선행 요인으로 고객 만족과 브랜드 이미지를 고려하였다. 또한, 가격 공정성, 진정 한 경험, 즐거움, Airbnb 신뢰, 호스트 신뢰가 고객들의 재구매 의사 결정에 미치는 영향도 함께 살펴보았다. 본 연구는 Airbnb 이용 고객 154명을 대상으로 연구 가설을 검증하였다. 연구 분석 결과 고객 만족과 브랜드 이미지는 재구매 의도에 유의한 영향을 미쳤으며, 재구매 의도 분산의 62.0%를 설명하였다. 고객 만족에는 즐거움, 진정한 경험, Airbnb 신뢰는 유의한 영향을 미쳤지만, 가격 공정성과 호스트 신뢰는 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 브랜드 이미지는 가격 공정성, 진정한 경험, 즐거움, Airbnb 신뢰에 영향을 미쳤지만, 호스트 신뢰에는 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 공유 경제 플랫폼 환경에서 고객들의 재구매 의사 결정에 대한 이해를 증진하여 학문 및 실무적 시사점을 제공해 줄 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Due to fierce market competition and COVID-19, it becomes increasingly important for sharing economic platform companies to develop a long-term relationship with customers. In this regard, this study explores the mechanism of customer’s repurchase decision making in the context of Airbnb. This study posits customer satisfaction and brand image as the key factors in forming customer’s repurchase intention toward Airbnb. It also investigates the effects of price fairness, authentic experience, enjoyment, Airbnb trust and host trust on customer's repurchase intention. This study validated the research hypothesis with 154 customers using Airbnb. The analysis results showed that both customer satisfaction and brand image have a significant impact on repurchase intention and explain 62.0% of its variance. Enjoyment, true experience, and Airbnb trust had significant effects on customer satisfaction, while price fairness and host trust had no significant impact on it. The results revealed that price fairness, authentic experience, enjoyment, and Airbnb trust are significantly associated with brand image, while host trust is not significantly related to it. The results of this study are expected to provide academic and practical implications by enhancing the understanding of customer's repurchasing decision in the context of sharing economic platform.

The purpose of our this research, based on the Media Selection Theory, the Technology Acceptance Model, and the Social Influence Theory, is to investigate the influential factors that affect media selection in banking transactions. Analyses showed that for location sensitive bank window's and ATMs (automatic teller machines), defined as offline-based transaction channels, convenience was the variable affecting media selection. However, in the case of online media not related to location, (phone banking, internet banking, and mobile banking) reliability was the significant variable influencing use. The findings show that banking organizations may benefit from identifying traits of media affecting use, and should differentiate customer services for competitive advantage.

Objectives: In order to provide basic data for health promotion among Korean adults in the COVID-19 era, we attempted to identify the factors that stress and depression experiences have on sleep deprivation. Methods: This study used raw data from the 2020 Community Health Survey of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC, 2021a). Results: As a result of examining the relationship between depression experience and sleep deprivation in the community population, the incidence of sleep deprivation was high among men and women who experienced high levels of depression and subjective stress. Conclusions: In order to lower the level of depression and subjective stress, it is suggested that a depression and subjective stress management program and a systematic health management promotion program that strengthens the role of a national mental health center are needed, according to changes in social structure and forming a network with local welfare centers or counseling institutions.

가상현실 컨트롤러(virtual reality controller)는 사용자와 VR 컨텐츠 간의 상호작용을 지원하는 핵심적인 역할 을 한다. 많은 VR 시스템들에서는 실제 장비와 동일한 모양으로 제작된 컨트롤러를 사용할 수 있도록 지원하고 있 다. 하지만, 추가 도구를 사용한다는 것은 보다 현실적인 환경의 제공이라는 긍정적인 효과도 있지만, 사용자의 인 지적 부담 증가와 같은 부정적인 영향도 있을 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 VR 기반 훈련 시스템 개발에 있어서 다양한 VR 컨트롤러 도구의 사용과 사용자 경험을 ―현존감, 학습 경험, 인지 부하 ― 세 가지 관점에서 다룬다. 이를 위해 자체 VR 소방 훈련 시스템을 개발하였고, 필수 소방 도구를 제작하여 VR 시스템 내에서 실제처럼 조작할 수 있도 록 하였으며, 두 번의 사용자 스터디(user study)를 통해 기본 컨트롤러 기반의 시스템(standard), 실제 도구가 적용된 VR 시스템(real tools), 하이브리드(hybrid) 시스템에서의 사용자 경험을 분석하였다. 실험 결과, hybrid 방식이 기존 방식들에 비하여 더 높은 수준의 현존감 및 학습성을, 기본 컨트롤러와 비슷한 수준의 인지 부하를 보 였다. 이는 다수의 실제 도구를 사용하는 것이 반드시 더 높은 수준의 사용자 경험을 보장할 수 있는 것이 아님을 보여주며, VR 시스템의 컨트롤러 개발 및 활용의 전략적인 접근이 필요함을 시사한다. Abstract

A virtual reality(VR) controller plays a key role in supporting interactions between users and the virtual environment, and many VR systems have developed tools that are identical to actual equipment. While the use of real tools can provide a more realistic experience, it can also have negative effects, such as an increased cognitive burden on users. We studied such an aspect through the lenses of three human factor constructs - perceived presence, learning experience, and cognitive load. We developed a VR firefighting training system integrated with essential firefighting tools, which were physically identical to the real ones. We conducted two user studies to compare the user experience for the VR system with the standard VR controllers, the one with the real tools, and a hybrid system. As a result, the hybrid condition showed similar levels of perceived presence and learning experiences than the real tool condition and a similar level of cognitive load as the standard controller condition. This shows that having a larger number of real devices does not necessarily guarantee a higher level of user experience and suggests a strategic approach to the development and utilization of control devices in VR systems.

COVID-19 사회적 거리두기 실천의도에 영향을 미치는 요인을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 2021년 3월 초 대한민국에 거주하는 19세 이상 성인 379명을 대상으로 COVID-19 감염예방을 위한 손실과 이득 메시지 프레이밍 광고중 1개를 무작위 할당하여 본 후 조사된 자료의 2차 분석연구이다. COVID-19 사회적 거리두기 실천의도에 광고태도(β=.03, p<.001), COVID-19에 대한 관여(β=.14, p=.006) 및 감정적 낙인(β=-0.17, p<.001)이 영향을 미쳤으며 이들 변수의 설명력은 19%였다(Adjusted R2=.19). 따라서 보건의료전문가는 현장에서 대중과 소통하고 정책을 보급할 때 제공된 정보에 대한 관여를 높여 긍정적 광고태도를 유도하며 정확한 정보에 의해 낙인의 감정을 갖지 않도록 효과적인 메시지를 제시함으로써 건강관리 리더로서 역할을 충실히 해야 할 것이다.

Purposes of this study were to identify the factors associated with behavioral Intention to social distancing (BItSD) in a loss versus gain advertising context. This study is a secondary analysis of data surveyed after randomly allocating one of the loss and gain message framing advertisements for the prevention of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection to 379 adults aged 19 and over living in Korea in early March 2021. Attitude toward advertisement (β=.03, p<.001), involvement in COVID-19 (β=.14, p=.006) and emotional stigma (β=-0.17, p<.001) were associated with BItSD, and the explanatory power of these variables was 19% (Adjusted R2=.19). Therefore, when health care professionals communicate with the public, they should develop the strategies to increase public people’s involvement in the information and to induce positive advertising attitudes, and provide the effective messages to prevent stigma by accurate information.

The commodity is sold in the way which changes with the development of the times. The Chinese government vigorously supports the live streaming industry with the continuous impact of COVID-19 on the national economy and in order to stimulate consumption and speed up the domestic economic cycle. With the popularity of the live streaming industry and the stimulation of economic benefits, live streaming sales has become a new outlet for China's commodity sales. Although the live streaming sales is affected by factors such as price, the main reasons affecting consumers' sensory cognition are not only the commodity itself, but also the live streamer and users participating in the live streaming. Therefore, in live shopping, the interaction between the streamer and users, the one between users, and the perceived entertainment of the live streaming environment are particularly important. Based on the existing literature, this study integrates the factors that have significant impacts on online purchase intention and impulse purchase behavior, and uses the perceived value as an intermediary variable to verify the influence relationship between each factor and impulse purchase. In addition, on this basis, this study adds a time pressure factor and a conformity tendency factor to verify the impact mechanism of time pressure and conformity tendency on consumers' impulse purchase in the live shopping environment. Taking S-O-R theory as the research model, this study divides the characteristics of live streaming sales into trust, Product Discount, online interaction, perceived entertainment, time pressure and conformity tendency as the influencing variables of consumers' impulse purchase, and verifies whether the perceived value has the intermediary effect in trust, Product Discount, online interaction, perceived entertainment, time pressure and impulse purchase. Through data analysis, the study proves that trust, Product Discount, perceived entertainment, time pressure and conformity tendency have significant impacts on consumers' impulse purchase behavior in the context of live streaming sales. In addition, the perceived value has a direct intermediary effect between trust and impulse purchase behavior, and has a partial intermediary effect between perceived entertainment, time pressure and impulse purchase behavior.

The ubiquitous accessibility of information through mobile devices has led to an increased mobility of workers from their fixed workplaces. Market researchers estimate that by 2016, 350 million workers will be using their smartphones for business purposes, and the use of smartphones will offer new business benefits. Enterprises are now adopting mobile technologies for numerous applications to increase their operational efficiency, improve their responsiveness and competitiveness, and cultivate their innovativeness. For these reasons, various organizational aspects concerning “mobile work” have received a great deal of recent attention. Moreover, many CIOs plan to allocate a considerable amount of their budgets mobile work environments. In particular, with the consumerization of information technology, enterprise mobile applications (EMA) have played a significant role in the explosive growth of mobile computing in the workplace, and even in improving sales for firms in this field. EMA can be defined as mobile technologies and role-based applications, as companies design them for specific roles and functions in organizations. Technically, EMA can be defined as business enterprise systems, including critical business functions that enable users to access enterprise systems via wireless mobile devices, such as smartphones or tablets. Specifically, EMA enables employees to have greater access to real-time information, and provides them with simple features and functionalities that are easy for them to complete specific tasks. While the impact of EMA on organizational workers’ productivity has been given considerable attention in various literatures, relatively little research effort has been made to examine how EMA actually lead to users’ job performance. In particular, we have a limited understanding of what the key antecedents are of such an EMA usage outcome. In this paper, we focus on employees’ perceived job performance as the outcome of EMA use, which indicates the successful role of EMA with regard to employees’ tasks. Thus, to develop a deeper understanding of the relationship among EMA, its environment, and employees’ perceived job performance, we develop a comprehensive model that considers the perceived-fit between EMA and employees’ tasks, satisfaction on EMA, and the organizational environment. With this model, we try to examine EMA to explain how job performance through EMA is revealed from both the task- technology fit for EMA and satisfaction on EMA, while also considering the antecedent factors for these constructs. The objectives of this study are to address the following research questions: (1) How can employees successfully manage EMA in order to enhance their perceived job performance? (2) What internal and/or external factors are important antecedents in increasing EMA users’ satisfaction on MES and task- technology fit for EMA? (3) What are the impacts of organizational (e.g. organizational agility), and task- related antecedents (e.g., task mobility) on task-technology fit for EMA? (4) What are the impacts of internal (e.g., self-efficacy) and external antecedents (e.g., system reputation) for the habitual use of EMA?Based on a survey from 254 actual employees who use EMA in their workplace across industries, our results indicate that task-technology fit for EMA and satisfaction on EMA are positively associated with job performance. We also identify task mobility, organizational agility, and system accessibility that are found to be positively associated with task-technology fit for EMA. Further, we find that external factor, such as the reputation of EMA, and internal factor, such as self-efficacy for EMA that are found to be positively associated with the satisfaction of EMA. The present findings enable researchers and practitioners to understand the role of EMA, which facilitates organizational workers' efficient work processes, as well as the importance of task-technology fit for EMA. Our model provides a new set of antecedents and consequence variables for a TAM involving mobile applications. The research model also provides empirical evidence that EMA are important mobile services that positively influence individuals’ performance. Our findings suggest that perceived organizational agility and task mobility do have a significant influence on task-technology fit for EMA usage through positive beliefs about EMA, that self-efficacy and system reputation can also influence individuals’ satisfaction on EMA, and that these factors are important contingent factors for the impact of system satisfaction and perceived job performance. Our findings can help managers gauge the impact of EMA in terms of its contribution to job performance. Our results provide an explanation as to why many firms have recently adopted EMA for efficient business processes and productivity support. Our findings additionally suggest that the cognitive fit between task and technology can be an important requirement for the productivity support of EMA. Further, our study findings can help managers in formulating their strategies and building organizational culture that can affect employees perceived job performance. Managers, thus, can tailor their dependence on EMA as high or low, depending on their task’s characteristics, to maximize the job performance in the workplace. Overall, this study strengthens our knowledge regarding the impact of mobile applications in organizational contexts, technology acceptance and the role of task characteristics. To conclude, we hope that our research inspires future studies exploring digital productivity in the workplace and/or taking the role of EMA into account for employee job performance.

게임사들은 제품 및 서비스 등을 수요자들에게 제공하지만 수요자의 필요와 욕구는 시대를 거듭하면서 다양하게 변하고 있다. 하지만 게임사들은 자본과 기술의 동일성 때문에 일관된 제품 및 서비스 등을 제공한다. 특히 유저들에게 인기 있는 FPS 게임은 개발자 관점의 게임개발로 인해 타사 FPS 게임과 비슷한 게임으로 계속 개발되고 있다. 이는 수요자의 욕구를 수용하지 못하고, 더 나아가 충성도가 높은 고객 감소 및 신규고객 미확보 등으로 시장 활동의 어려움에 빠질 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 FPS 게임 이용자들이 게임이용 후 재이용 의도에 미치는 요인들을 찾아내어 이용자의 심리적 욕구를 찾아내고자 한다.

Game producers provide their products and service to users. But the need and desire of users change in many ways as time goes. But they fail to meet the diversity and end up with uniform and unchanging products and service due to the capital and technological limitation. In case of popular FPS games, the game development is carried out from the perspective of the developers themselves, which results in a vague distinction among different brands. This does not satisfy the users' need, which, in turn, lessens the number of devoted users as well as new ones. This will sway the business as a whole. In this study, the elements which invoke people to make a purchase after trying out an FPS game and their psychological desire are observed and discovered.