Earticle

Since the socialist regime was established in China, the cultural heritage has become the object of protection, and while in a time of turmoil the cultural heritage has become the object of breaking. However, with the changes in the domestic and international environment after the reform and opening up, the new patriotism emerged in recognition of the cultural heritage including the cultural relics and intangible cultural heritage of the change occurred. This paper analyzes how the new patriotism impacts the cultural heritage policy in terms of the concept of cultural heritage policy, the management system of cultural heritage, and the implementation of cultural heritage policy, and the results are as follows. First, due to the impact of patriotism, the cultural heritage has be come a key means to enhance the stability of the socialist regime and legitimacy of the Communist Party. Second, due to the influence of patriotism, the scope of the cultural relics has been expanded, and the intangible cultural heritage protection and management system have been established. Third, 356 patriotism education demonstration bases have been selected over four times since 1997, and actively develop initiatives to foster patriotism by utilizing a variety of intangible cultural heritage of each region.

Chinese Communist Party declared the slogan “The way to development of Chinese socialism culture”. They want to be a powerful culture country on culture-general plan, culture-goal and culture-policy aspects. So we should understand the Xi Jin ping(chinese head of state)'s concept what is based on the Humanism and review that China can be a cultural country, indeed. As it is highlighted in the ‘One Belt and One Road’, China attempts to build its image as a leading country in the new type of international relationship and peace while distancing herself from the ideology of cold-war. This is an old dream of global management of China as a great nation. Facing such great change, now the ‘Korean-Chinese humanities exchanges’ could work effectively provided Korea goes along with China's next planning. Therefore Korea should keep up its step with China by expanding the mutual student exchanges and at all other cooperative fields in the course of realizing and strengthening the authentic humanities exchanges of the two countries. Thus for this, the previously suggested ‘Korea-China Humanities Forum’ and the ‘Silk-Road Forum’ are highly expected to work well.

본 연구는, 문헌조사를 바탕으로 대한민국의 업무참조모델(BRM)인 ‘정부기능분류체계’의 도입에서 개발․적용에 이르기까지의 행정연혁을 통하여, 정부기능분류체계의 본래 개발목적과 의도를 밝혀내고, 현재 정부기능분류체계에서 관찰되는 문제점과의 관계를 밝힘으로써 현행에서 드러나는 정부기능분류체계의 문제에 대한 원인을 찾아보고자 하였다. 정부기능분류체계의 현황조사 는 정책영역 ‘문화재’ 영역(대기능 9개, 중기능 59개, 소기능 297개와 단위과제 1,287개)을 대상으로 중앙정부와 지방정부의 기능분류체계를 조사하였다. 그 결과, 중앙정부와 지방정부의 기능 간에 분절된 현상과 그밖에 문제점들을 발견하였고, 이를 대표하는 ‘문화재 지정’ 등의 4가지 사례를 통해 개선모형을 제안하였다. 또한, ‘정부기능분류체계’의 재정비를 위하여, 업무재현성을 갖춘 업무기능의 설계, 업무기능의 일관성유지를 위한 관리와 운영에 있어서의 제도마련, 이용자의 사용촉진을 위한 교육, 지속적인 유지관리와 개선이 필요함을 제안하였다.

This study investigated the administrative history, from the introduction of the “Standard of Government Function Classification” (BRM) to its development and application. Through the results of the survey, the causes of the problems observed in the current government’s functional classification system were revealed. The current survey examined the functional classification scheme of the central government and local governments on the “cultural heritage” policy area (9 major functions, 59 middle functions, 297 small functions, and 1,287 unit tasks). It confirmed the problem of the separation of functions between central and local governments as well as other problems. Among the problems, this study proposed an improvement model through four representative cases such as the “designation of cultural heritage.” In order to reorganize the “Standard of Government Function Classification,” it is necessary to design a business function with the reproduction of tasks, establish a system for management and operation in order to maintain the consistency of the business function, educate users, and suggest continuous improvement.

본 연구는 완주군 문화도시 정책관련 기초자료 및 방향성을 제공하는 연구이다. 즉, 본 연구는 문화도시 정책 에 성공한 국내사례 및 해외사례를 문헌사례 위주로 분석하여 정책적 시사점을 제공하는데 목표가 있다. 따라서 본 연구의 구성은 제1장 서론, 제2장 문화도시 정책 고찰, 제3장 국내사례 분석, 제4장 해외사례 분석, 제5장 결론 순이 다. 이중, 제2장 문화도시 정책 고찰 부분은 문화도시의 개념, 유형, 정책관련 조성사업을 다뤘으며 제3장 국내 사례 분석은 서울시 도심 재 창조 프로젝트, 서울시 청계천 복원사업, 창원시 공공 미술 프로젝트 사업을 분석하였다. 제4 장 해외 사례분석은 일본 가나자와 시민예술촌, 일본 요코하마 Bank ART 1929, 독일 Zollverein의 사례를 분석하여 완주군 문화도시의 성공적인 정책 방향성 및 기초자료를 제공하는데 있다.

This study is a study that provides basic data and direction related to the cultural city policy of Wanju-gun. The goal of this study is to provide policy implications by analyzing domestic and overseas cases that have succeeded in cultural city policy based on case documents. This study consists of the instruction of Chapter 1, the review of cultural city policies in Chapter 2, the analysis of domestic cases in Chapter 3, the analysis of overseas cases in Chapter 4, and the conclusion of Chapter 5. Chapter 2, the Cultural City Policy Review, deals with the concept and types of cultural cities, and policy-related development projects. Chapter 3, Domestic Case Analysis, analyzed the Seoul City Urban Renewal Project, Seoul Cheonggyecheon Stream Restoration Project, and Changwon Public Art Project. Chapter 4, Overseas Case Analysis, analyzed the Kanazawa Civic Art Village in Japan, Bant 1929 in Yokohama, Japan, and Zollverein in Germany. Through these cases, we'd like to provide the successful policy direction and basic data of the cultural city of Wanju-gun.

This paper looks into policy decision-making of regional cultural foundations in Japan, by conducting three case studies, Yokohama Arts Foundation, Kawaski City Cultural Foundation, and Sagamihara City Cultural Foundation. The foundations will be analyzed in relations to the influences of stake-holders and correlations of board of directors and a meeting of the board of trustees. Based on the findings, the paper will put forward practical suggestions in terms of local governance, accountability and transparency of board of directors, and roles of fundraising for a meeting of the board of trustees.

이 논문은 1990년대 중반 이후 심각한 문제로 부상한 북한의 문화생태적 상황을 살펴보고 그 원인과 구조를 분석하며 전망적 대안을 모색함을 목적으로 한다. 1990년대 중반 이후 대규모 기아사망과 그 이후 반복되는 굶주림의 실태, 그리고 생태환경 파괴 등 북한의 전반적인 문화생태 현실은 매우 심각하다. 이처럼 열악한 문화생태 상황이 개선되지 않는 이유는 그것이 단순한 자연재해나 농업정책의 실패 때문만이 아니라, 정책과 제도, 문화의 요인들이 생태파 괴와 기후변화 및 재난으로 확대되는 보다 광범 위한 문화생태 싸이클에 기인하고 있기 때문이다. 이런 점에서 북한 문화생태의 문제는 정책 과 제도, 문화와 관행, 생태환경과 기후변화의 복합구조 속에서 악순환하고 있다. 따라서 북한의 이러한 문화생태의 문제를 해결하는 방법도 산림복구 지원과 조림사업 등 생태환경의 개선을 시작으로 하여 벌목을 방지 할 수 있는 대체 에너지 제공, 농업생산성을 높이기 위한 기술지원 등 다각적 협력과 도움이 필요하다. 북한당국도 이러한 문제점을 인식하여 환경정책과 문화 및 제도의 개선, 그리고 농업생산 및 생태환경 증진을 위한 과학기술과 정 보기술 개발을 적극 추진하고 있다. 그러나 북한 내부의 자원동원이나 법제도만으로는 북한 문화생태 상황을 개선하는 데 한계가 있으며, 녹색한반도의 비전하에 남한정부와 시민사회 및 국제사회가 녹색평화 프로젝트로 함께 추진 할 필요가 있다.

This paper aims to analyze the current situation of cultural ecology in North Korea emerged as a serious national problem since the mid-1990s, and based upon the evaluation of its causes and structural aspects, to attempt to suggest possible alternatives for realizing the green Korean peninsula. The overall states of cultural ecology in North Korea has been deteriorated, since the large-scale starvation in mid-1990s and the environmental destruction after that had not been improved at all. The reason that such a poor cultural ecological situation does not improve, is not only because of the mere natural disasters or the failure of agricultural policies, but because of the cultural ecological cycle in which policy, cultural and ecological factors are interrelated. In this respect, the cultural ecology in North Korea is getting trapped in vicious circle within the complex structure of policies and institutions, cultural practices, and ecological environment due to climate change. Therefore, the solution to the problematic cultural ecology in North Korea is required to build a multi-faceted cooperation and assistance, starting from providing technical support to enhance agricultural productivity and forest restoration and afforestation projects as an alternative energy, North Korean authorities also recognize these problems, so that they actively promote the advancement in cultural and institutional environment, and attempt to develop science and information technology for the promotion of agricultural production and ecological environment. There is, however, a serious limitation in improving the cultural ecological situation by resorting to only to internal resource mobilization, but it should rather promote international cooperation among South Korean government and the civil society and the international community under the vision of realizing green peace on the Korean Peninsula.

The purpose of this study is to be drawn overall perceptions, perception changes and Tourism Policy Implications from media perspective as mediator on Hanseong Baekje Historic & Cultural Tourism Attractions. 318 News articles from 2010 to 2020 was analyzed by 3 categories based on 7 steps content analysis process. First of all, overall perception analysis of whole period stand forth that social-cultural perception was higher than economic perception and environmental perception. Next, perception change analysis of each period stand forth that increasing of employment opportunity in economic perception, improvement of quality of life in social-cultural perception and cultural asset protection in environmental perception was the main increased categories. Based on this content analysis on Hanseong Baekje Historic & Cultural Tourism Attractions, several tourism policy implications might be suggested. First, Revitalization Policies by placeness and historicalness is needed for making sustainable tourist sites. Second, inducement of Korean wave tourists and increase in experience program is required because Hanseong Baekje Historic & Cultural Tourism Attractions is excellent accessibility, a lot of shopping area, neighboring MICE complex. Third, platform development, customized tourism policy for FIT and Q tourism certificate system will be policy proposal of the central and local governments.

일반적으로 문화정책의 범위는 전통성 발굴과 유지, 문화의 대중화와 산업화이다. 이는 문화의 어원이 ‘밭을 경작한다.’(가치창조)라는 의미에서 알 수 있듯이 예술성과 창의성, 오락성, 여가성, 대중성 등과 같은 문화요소를 찾아 하나의 가치 있는 것으로 탈바꿈시킬 수 있는 능력을 포함한다. 그 중 관광분야 역시도 ‘빛을 본다’라는 관광의 어원처럼 자유롭게 움직이며 보고 깨닫는 활동요소들을 찾아내어 지역발전의 유용한 수단으로 활용하고 있는 현실이다. 이러한 맥락에서 현재 ‘기호유교 문화권 개발사업’에 대한 4개 충청권 지방정부의 각기 다른 입장을 관광개발 측면에서 다루어 보았다. 본 논문에서는 교육관광, 종교관광, 문화관광 등을 위한 유교문화 자원측면은 물론 시장과 제도 등 더 세분화된 관광개발의 접근방법을 제시, 상생의 지혜를 요구하는 ‘위로부터의 아이디어’와 독창적 경쟁력을 요구하는 ‘아래로부터의 아이디어’들을 제시하고 있다. 특히 품질향상과 품격완성이라는 기본방향 아래 ‘2010년 지역방문의 해’와 ‘대청호 녹색생태 개발사업’, ‘Group Nine’ 등과 같은 사전경험을 바탕삼아 광역자치단체 간 협력 사업으로 동질성 논리 확보에 대한 중요성을 강조하고 있다. 동시에 기호유교 문화권과의 연계를 통해 향후 충청권 지역의 문화관광 진흥은 물론 지역발전의 소재로도 확대가능하기에 더욱 더 현실적인 추진주체의 구성을 시작으로 계획성격에 대한 적용범위의 확정을 요구하고 있다.

Cultural policy which is generally enforced deals with excavating and maintaining tradition, and popularizing(culture welfare) and industrializing culture. As in its etymology culture means 'to cultivate a field'(value creation), cultural policy also contains an ability to change into a valuable one cultural facts such as artistry, creativity, entertainingness, leisureness, and popularity. Etymologically meaning 'to see light', through moving, seeing, and realizing freely tourism itself here also tries to search out acting facts and use them as a tool for developing regions, regardless of either industry or business. With these circumstances, Kyung Buk Northern Part Confucian Cultural Belt Development Business was recently ended up(2000-2010) and in the aspect of national land balance development the cultural belt of KIHO confucianism development business is being discussed within the Chung Cheong belt as its center. But the four local governments have their own separate opinions, the solution for this situation is needed. Accordingly this article presents a more specified approach plan not only in the aspect of resources but in the aspect of markets and systems, and illuminates ideas which need both knowledge from above for mutual living and creative competitiveness from below. Simultaneously, on the ground of the relationship among the cultural belt of KIHO confucianism the article maintains the structure and organization of the main driver, the plan's nature for developing regions comprehensively, and a more practical application extent.

Based on the background of macro-political environment of China from 1978 to 2016, this paper tries to outline the development path of Chinese cultural policy in order to better understand Chinese current cultural production and consumption. China, as a socialist country, has a strong macro-guiding capacity through making policies. Cultural policy is also heavily affected by the macro national policy. That is why only through the background of macro-political environment, the development path of Chinese cultural policy can be understood clearly. According to means of literature research, policy text analysis, and data comparisons and so on, this paper divides and discuss the development path of Chinese cultural policy into four stages. On one hand, in each stage, the most important changes on cultural policy are described and the formations of important concepts are discussed. On the other hand, it is explained how the four stages are combined as one through the problems in real social conditions. The development path of Chinese cultural policy is complex, dynamic, and extensive. Therefore, because of the limited number of words and important but relatively less perspectives, it is very difficult that the dynamic process are studied perfectly. However, the paper has meaning for aiming to inspire that more studies on Chinese cultural policy would be researched from lots of other perspectives.

This study examines the main elements, concepts, and directions of ‘cultural accessibility’ in the field of cultural arts education through the French case. Above all, ‘cultural accessibility’ is viewed from the perspective of the problems of ‘social exclusion’ and the corresponding ‘participation’. We discuss strategies for applying ‘cultural accessibility’ through French policy discussions. France is implementing this consistent policy structure through the development of its local self-government system. We first look at the current status of French cultural policy and cultural accessibility, and the participation. Next, we will discuss separately into the cultural arts education of the central government and those of local governments. For application to Korea, we propose the application of education to apply ‘culture of public values’, the establishment of autonomy in cultural arts education, and the application of a dual strategy for public advocacy.

This paper tries to demonstrate that the transformation of the Korean cultural industries for the past two decades was deeply embedded in the political economy of Korea, by closely looking at the nation’s economic and industrial transformation and the changes in the cultural and cultural industries policies. In terms of the development of the cultural industries as a whole, and of their contribution to the national economy, it seems that Korean cultural industries have been successful. A wide range of globalization and liberalization of Korean economy following the economic crisis, a paradigm shift in the state’s attitude towards culture as the object of economic activities and of state industrial policy, and a drastic expansion of information and communications industries were among the major factors for the success. But, the social and cultural effects of the rise of cultural industries have been under-explored and some negative effects have been brought about. The question is that: Given the present tendency of economizing and technologizing culture, could cultural industries fulfill such cultural functions as preserving national or local identity and unity, giving a meaning(s) to life, and above all keeping a stable group life by providing values and norms?

The Japanese Government announced the “Cultural Economic Strategy” at the end of 2017 and presented a frame of government cultural policy that approaches culture from an economic perspective. This study analyzes Japan's attempts from the perspective of cultural policy development and comparative cultural policy. In order to compare the cultural policy with historical development, the development of cultural policy through the previous research set the standards and framework for visual comparison. This study analyzed the significance and suggestions of "economic strategy." Based on such comparison, we recognized the concept and importance of culture and analyzed the area of cultural policy, the subject of cultural policy, and the viewpoint of cultural policy. Cultural arts and life culture, cultural democracy, cultural industry and cultural economy, national and international areas as cultural policy, cultural welfare and multi-culture, market and government (central and local government) analysis dimension was set and implication was derived using these standards.

The evolving trends in the film and television industries across East Asia have inspired this exploration of the unique popular cultural policy models of China and South Korea, as well as the key factors that influence and shape them. This research uses the theory of social embeddedness to offer a comparative analysis of the most representative popular cultural policies in both countries over the past two decades. The analysis found: (1) while Chinese and South Korean popular cultural policy models exhibit developmental characteristics, inherent differences exist due to the varying degree of government interventions; (2) the different cultural policy practices are influenced by institutional models rooted in social environments and policy preferences based on social needs; (3) the Chinese popular cultural policy can be summarized as a top-down regulation model, while the South Korean one is represented by a coordinated model of cooperation between top and bottom. Through comparative case analysis, this research reveals varying government interventions and dynamic shifts in social values and market forces that have influenced the development of popular culture in these countries. It provides valuable insights into the ongoing East Asian cultural policy study and proposes a novel analytical framework for distinguishing cultural policy models and underlying factors.

본 연구는 한류와 드라마가 중남미 특히 멕시코에서 인기를 얻기 시작한 시점에 K- , 당시 한국 교민 사회의 구성원들이 한류 현상의 기반이 되는 여러 요소들을 어떻게 인식하고 있었는지를 밝히는데 초점을 맞추고 있다 외국인으로서 멕시코시티에 거주 . 하는 한국 교민들이 자국의 문화적 상품을 한국 사회 혹은 문화의 대표성을 갖춘 요 , 소로 보고 있었는지를 밝히고 또 본 논문은 대한민국 정부로부터 기획된 이러한 문화 , 정책이 어떻게 멕시코 재외교민의 정체성 형성에 영향을 미쳤는가를 연구한다 그러 . 므로 본 논문은 멕시코에 거주하는 한국 교민을 대상으로 한국에 대한 인식을 파악하고자 하는 비교연구를 위한 단초를 제공한다.

This study will reveal the perceptions of the members of the Korean community about several basic aspects at the time when Hallyu and the K-dramas started to gain popularity in Latin America and particularly in Mexico. This allows us to see if Koreans residing in Mexico perceived Korean cultural products as an element that correctly represents their society or their culture abroad, thus demonstrating the identity correspondence that was restructured and reinforced by the Korean government through cultural products of that period. Therefore, this work examines how the cultural policy initiated by the Korean government influenced the identity formation of the Koreans living in the Mexico-City. The study provides the basis for comparative studies to reflect on the perceptions of Korea by Korean citizens in Mexico.

Als Kulturhoheit der Lander bezeichnet man die primare Zustandigkeit der 16 deutschen Bundeslander bezuglich der Gesetzgebung und Verwaltung auf dem Gebiet der Kultur, also insbesondere die Zustandigkeit fur Sprache, Schul－und Hochschulwesen, Bildung, Rundfunk, Fernsehen und Kunst. Nach dem Grundgesetz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Artikel 30 liegen die staatlichen Aufgaben und Kompetenzen fur die Kultur-und Bildungspolitik in ihren Handen. Der sogenannte Kulturfoderalismus ermoglicht es regionale Kulturentwicklungsplanungen zu erstellen und staatliche Kulturforderungen landesspezifisch zu gestalten. Die Konzeptionen dieser Kulturpolitiken werden nach den jeweiligen Wahlen zu den Landtagen von den Koalitionen der Regierungsparteien neu verhandelt und in Vertragen fur die Legislaturperiode formuliert. Eine Untersuchung dieser Texte kann Ergebnisse generieren, anhand derer gesellschaftliche Herausforderungen, inhaltliche Schwerpunkte und parteipolitische Unterschiede diskutiert werden konnen. Von besonderem Interesse ist dabei. wie die Politikbereiche Schule und Kultur miteinander in Verbindung gebracht werden, mit welchen Programmen Kulturelle Bildung Forderung erfahrt und welche Projekte in der Bildungs－und Kulturlandschaft Akzente zu setzen versuchen. Im ?Weißbuch Breitenkultur“ (Hildesheim 2014) wird zum Beispiel mittels einer kulturpolitischen Kartografie des Landes Niedersachsen auf ein gesellschaftliche Phanomens aufmerksam gemacht, das die Kulturarbeit jenseits der großen Stadte in den Fokus nimmt. Gemeinsames kulturelles und kunstlerisches Tun mit individueller Teilhabe und burgerschaftlichem Engagement auf einer nicht kommerziellen, sparten-und politikfeldubergreifenden Ebene, das kann Breitenkultur sein. Und uber dieses Feld der Kulturpolitikforschung ware weiter nachzudenken.

National Endowments for the Arts (NEA), a federal arts funding program in theUnited States. Marxist, organizational, state-centered, and cultural approaches arereviewed regarding their relevance to the question of how ard arts, which had been consideredprivate in the past, become a public good with the advent of the NEA? I synthesizestate-centered and cultural approaches to explain the NEA development. Followingstate-centered approach, I argue that the state initiated the NEA through its structuralcapability to lead the policy formation and guide action within the policy domain. However, following a cultural approach, I argue that the NEA is effective to the extentthe policy frame resonates with broader cultural systems cutting across the state-societyboundaries. In this process, the policy domain invites a variety of interests andidentities by which the state hegemony in defining arts as a public good is contestedand reformulated.

This paper examines the significance of the Perry Centennial festival of 1953, the 100-year anniversary of the United States’ opening Okinawa of 1853. The U.S. government regarded the Centennial as an excellent opportunity to promote American democracy in Postwar Okinawa, particularly at the moment when Soviet pressure in Asia increased. In order to prevent Communist aggression and gain Okinawan people’s understanding on U.S. policy in East Asia, the U.S. used the Perry Centennial to emphasize the mutual unity and security with Okinawa. The U.S. military government in Okinawa sought to present the drama of Commodore Matthew C. Perry’s diplomacy and the success of his historic naval expedition to underscore the world leadership of the United States in 1953. The article examines such America’s cultural diplomacy toward Okinawa, and describes how the Perry Centennial of 1953 helped shape the public opinion on U.S. policy in Cold War in Okinawa.