Earticle

This paper analyzes location quotient of the port industry cluster of Busan and Incheon which are representative maritime cities in Korea, using a system classified as the 9th Korea Standard Industry Code through Korea National Industry Survey conducted by the Korea Maritime Institute. Previous studies on the port economy have focused on the inter-business input-output analysis and the effect on the national economy through inter-industry analysis. However, this study focuses on the concentration of industrial location because the evaluation criteria of the Korean government are concerned with the concentration of Industry clusters. This paper analyses chronological changes from 2006 to 2016 in port economy or port industry clusters of Busan and Incheon. The rapid expansion of Incheon port clusters has been in hot pursuit of Busan. The companies and employees of the port industry cluster in Incheon were less than one third of those in Busan in 2006, but, after 10 years, most of the industries in Incheon exceeded a half of those in Busan or reached 70~80%. In spite of the rapid expansion of Incheon in the recent 10 years, the port clusters of Busan are still dominated in the location coefficient. We demonstrated that both the rapid growing up port of Incheon Port and Busan as Korea's representative port can be presented as the formation of the port industry clusters.

GTOs have entered into Busan Port due to the continuous throughput increase, favorable global network and location for terminal operators even if they have had to face risks, such as political issues, unstable financial markets, and pricing differentials. The measures to utilize GTOs for the development of Busan Port which are suggested in this study are as follows: First, GTOs should be permitted to participate in the consolidation of terminal operators and establishment of K-GTO in Busan Port so that we can utilize their know-how for terminal operation and financial abilities. A second measure is to make a chance for K-GTO’s entrance into the overseas terminals which are owned by GTOs in Busan Port by negotiating with them. The final suggestion is to grant GTOs in Busan Port a chance to operate berths in a limited period, in the case that there is a timing differential between the completion of phase 2-4 construction in Busan New Port and the redevelopment of Busan North Port so that there might be surplus berths.

Sang-il Park’s maritime poems extends not only to the sea as nature, but also to the sea as a place of ontological solitude and the sea as a varied space of history. Through the unfolding of the simple poetic language, we intend to include a piece of poetic image that harmonizes the sea, reality, life and destiny. The subject of the poetry of history is not a revelation. Since it is easy to fall into abstract notions and the investigation empty ideas, it is necessary to form the city itself as well as the distance from the reader. Nonetheless, Park’s poetry has a pose of relaxation beyond these concerns. It may be the aesthetics of the work, but it should not be overlooked that it comes from a true attitude of life casting the form. In this way, the image of the sea in Sang-il Park’s poetry could be a countervailing factor against the hometown as an ultimate value or an honest life. If one of the foundations of Park’s poetry is the sadness of the lost self, the sea is the representative material to sow such sorrow. Nonetheless, the sea does not exist in a binary opposition to the authenticity of life. As we have seen so far, the sea poetry of Park varies in form such as the sea as life, travel and history as the background of the projected sea. This will be an important characteristic of Park’s poetry and it will be another category of Korean maritime literature.

This paper is based on the fact that 'Jinseongyeodaewanggeotaji' was described in dimensions of strategy towards the Tang Dynasty Advantage Strategy. It is a defense of Divinity Awareness, which is based on the sea, which is the abode of the dragon, while emphasizing the importance of reverence by State Protection and Buddha Protection. The meaning implied in the sea is as follows: First, in order to reveal the new superiority with China through the fact that there is a strong possibility for the prefecture in Silla, Second, it serves as a space containing a strong boundary that the country is in jeopardy if it does not respond to the efficacy of the Daranyi, Third, it showed military superiority by showing that there are many outstanding figures such as Geotaji, who praises even the Tang emperor, in Silla, Fourth, by securing the excellence of the strategy of the masses through the sea, the border to Mongolia is also implied. It was intended to reveal the consciousness of absolute awareness and defense to escape from the consciousness of crisis and the cruelty of the separation caused by the invasion of Mongolia through the mechanism of the sea.

Through the 2030 Expo, Busan city aims to grow into a logistics hub of Northeast Asia by establishing a world-class maritime, aviation, and rail link system, and to promote innovative development of science, technology, and culture, as well as upgrading the structure of tourism and convention. However, to host the 2030 Expo in Busan, the city and central government's finances must be invested. Social consensus is also needed on whether the 2030 Expo will be useful compared to other measures or policy measures as a driving force to foster new growth engines in Busan. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the public's perception of the 2030 Busan Expo in order to ensure legitimacy in promoting the project and to push ahead with a more successful project. The study was designed to investigate the perception of the Busan Expo in 2030 and determine the respondents' willingness to pay. According to the survey results, Busan citizens will visit the Busan Expo in the future and support will be 53 percent and 61 percent respectively. Meanwhile, respondents in the Seoul metropolitan area said that 43 percent and 50 percent of those who visited and supported the expo in the future were less than those in Busan. In addition, respondents in the Seoul metropolitan area are willing to pay 12,610 won, while respondents in the metropolitan area are willing to pay 1,780 won. 39.2 percent of respondents in Busan and 70.8 percent in metropolitan areas said they were unwilling to pay. The analysis shows that there is a significant difference in the perceptions of Busan city and other residents of other regions regarding public projects related to Busan, including the 2030 Busan Expo.

The International Maritime Organization is preparing for measures to reduce greenhouse gases from ships by designating them as the agenda of MEPC(Marine Environment Protection Committee). In order for the response to climate change, this Committee established working groups to prepare IMO strategy and reduction target on GHG reductions. The initial strategy on reduction of GHG emission from ships was reported to the committee and it was adopted as Res.MEPC.304(72). The initial strategy adopted at MEPC 72 aims not only to reduce carbon intensity by at least 40 percent by 2030, 70 percent by 2050 but reduce total annual GHG emissions by at least 50 percent by 2050. This strategy lists candidate measures that can achieve the goal of greenhouse gas reduction through strengthening technical measures and operational measures, and it is expected that these measures will have a significant impact on international shipping if adopted. The use of technology for energy efficiency improvement of ships can cause an increase in the cost of ship construction, and the management of energy efficiency to implement the operation measures is expected to burden administrative costs for monitoring, verifying and reporting greenhouse gas emissions from ships. However, market-based measures will have more significant impact on profit or loss depending on the management and reduction capability of GHG by its pricing carbon emissions. This study aimed to not only analyze economic impacts of technologies for reducing GHG emissions so that the benefits and costs can be estimated based on marginal abatement cost of effective GHG reduction technologies in order for the response to GHG regulations but propose the directions for the Korean shipping industry to prepare and move forward.

The Supreme Court Case Da 213237 of 2016 is an issue of whether the carrier's liability restriction clause on the back of the Bill of Lading is valid, and in the case of Surrender Bill of Lading, the responsibility for the transportation based on the contents on the back of the lading securities is valid. In addition, the Himalayas clause is inserted on the back of the Bill of Lading, and it is stated that “subcontractors” and “includes anyone who assists in carrying out the transportation, and the responsibility of the agent of the freighter. However, the stevedoring company in this case concluded a contract with the consignee and carried out the unloading work on behalf of the consignee. Therefore, the validity of the ruling that the Himalayas agreement, which states that the shipper can claim the right of plea on the shipping securities issued by the carrier, is also applicable in this case.

This study investigated how the core ability of the Busan marine equipment industry has an impact on activating industry. The core ability has a positive impact on activating industry and it expected that government support would have a positive impact on activating industry as well. Furthermore, it claimed that the relationship between the core ability and revitalization of industry would be controlled by government support. In order to verify the above-mentioned hypotheses, multiple regression analysis was performed with 177 questionnaires that were collected by marine equipment industries in Busan, executives and staff members from related organizations, and executives and staff members from Korea Marine Equipment Institute. There were three predominate implications from this study. First of all, the significance of the impact of the core ability on activating industry is divided into BSC 4 viewpoints – learning and development, internal process, clients, and finance, and each effect is investigated Second, the significance of the impact of the core ability on revitalization, the impact of government support on activating industry, and the impact that further government support controls the relationship between the core ability and the effect of activating industry. Lastly, the above-mentioned will provide the critical information about the way of activating marine equipment industries to the government that decides a major policy as to national major industry and to people in charge of local governments including Busan.