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The purpose of study is suggestion of another light about understanding the 3rd area in Korea traditional residence construction and consideration phenomenon of Korea traditional residence construction for a space idea and a space peculiarity, hence, the understanding of 3rd scope is arranged three different possibilities following with; ① The 3rd area should be considered a major view, not a minor view. ②the 3rd area is not specific area space created previous space as immaterial conditions, empty space which has finality by unit spaces indicates a specific quality relates one space and another space as same as material and immaterial. ③The 3rd area can express a space relationship, not just a space. The fact mentioned above, We can analyze the 3rd area by new ideas for Korea traditional residence construction

Andong. The results are as follows. First, this house was built in 1835 by Yeongcheon Lee who was Kim hunsoo(Uiseong Kim)'s wife. Second, this house follows the type of their family and shows the tendency to be efficient.

In now days, it is necessary that actual color planning for the interior environmental design especially in hospital. The purpose of this study is psychological stability of color scheme characteristics focused on consultation-room in hospital through psychological stability color scheme of previous research, case study and questioned. The result of color image characteristics are as follows; First, a warm color and similarity harmony are most effective to psychological stability. Second, the relations between dominant color and subdominant color are very important for stability and main harmony of color scheme.

This study aims to distinguish two kinds of architectural embellishment 'ornament' and 'decoration' in the structural and the functional aspects. In this study, it is shown in the structural aspect that the ornament is an embellishment incorporated into the material consisting of the structure, whereas the decoration is independent of such material. And Functionally, the purpose of the first is to communicate metaphysical meanings, whereas the purpose of the second, to please users esthetically or emotionally. Besides, in nature, the ornament is ancient or medieval, whereas the decoration is modern.

The objectives of this paper aims at investigating the characteristics of image which appears by schema during the concept design process of an architect. The image is an efficient tool for the design process as well as a useful medium for an creative design idea. It affects design process to interpretate given-conditions and helps to shape the initial form at the elementary stage of design. The image is able to be translated as the expression of an architect's schema. The observation of the change in an architect's design tendency will reveal the characteristics of image through schema. This paper searches the common images to appear on architects' projects, and verifies the influence of schema on the common images, and analyses the relationship between schema and image.

This study aims to define the characteristics of Hyangkyo Architecture, which includes Dongrae, Yangsan, and Gijang Hyangkyo, at Dongrae Province in the late period of Chosun dynasty. As the result of the study, the site selection, the architectural planning and the measuring unit of scale were used by craftsmen of Dongrae Province in the same generation by investigating and analyzing the present situation of these Hyangkyos. According to the scale of a region, Hyangkyo differs from province to province. And, the order of ranks of Confucianism is reflected on the scale of the architecture.

This study attempts to analyze the Ik-kong style of traditional wooden buildings at Dong-nae province. The results are as follows; 1. The rise of labor and resource costs have an effect on the Ik-kong style of traditional wooden architecture. 2. The Ik-kong size and detail form have difference by their uses. 3. According to the change of the situation of craftsmen, the 'Ik-gong' style has changed.

Contemporary society gets entangled into cultural hybridity of the world. The hybridity turns into reinterpretation on the concept of "boundary" which was traditionally regarded fixed and invariable space. Therefore, this study examines the change of spatial composition and methodology in contemporary architecture through the 'boundary' concept. The original meaning of "boundary" is a limited outline or an isolated line. The idea of "boundary", however, has been understood fluid space or linking passage of different fields since Post-modernism. Like this, the boundary concept has been diversely changed according to the phase and the value of the times. And there are three types of boundary concept. First, the boundary of ‘defined identity’ which completely rules out heterogeneity and difference, second, the boundary of ‘base of difference’which is based on decontructive thought of Derrida, third, the boundary of ‘difference itself‘ which suggests ‘abstract machine’ as a result of everlasting de-formalization.

The requirements of relatively simple design for museum architecture has some similarities in minimalistic architectural expression, and Tadao Ando utilizes his own minimalistic architectural languages in museum design. However, the minimalistic expression in architecture can be diminished without the reinforcement of details. This paper studies the expressive characteristics of minimalistic architecture and the minimalistic architectural characteristics appeared on Tadao Ando's museum design. The research focuses on Tadao Ando's minimalistic architectural characteristics by studying architectural details to define the characteristics of museums constructed recently.

Usually framed structure of an ordinary house has odd number of cross beam, three and five cross beam, due to a ridge piece. However, a square shaped house found in Uljin area have four cross beam structure. Frontal side has three cross beam structure and back side has five cross beam structure of ridge piece. So, it has tall pillars to achieve efficient interior natural lighting. Until now, any studies not have been focused on the sunshine environment. According to, this research aims to define construction planned character seen in the sunshine environment. The square shaped house type were found in limited area of Ulchin area and continuity in good former example and to sleep the development concept which is possible it presents it does. The comtemporary architecture proposes defamiliarization to overcome habitual reference.

The resistance system to the lateral force has developed with high-rise buildings. The outrigger system that is a kind of resistance system resists lateral force by setting up a big wall and trusses in a part story of building. The offset outrigger system that outrigger is horizontally moved is suggested to solve the restriction of space usage and the interception of view to the outside. In the seismic designing of buildings, the pile foundation of building piers generally have been modeled to have a fixed end in spite of Soil-Structure Interaction. And for the performance based seismic design, nonlinear static analysis is applied to seize the capacity of the structure more effectively. To analyze the interaction effect between structures and soil, this study performed dynamic analysis and nonlinear static analysis of structures under the seismic load. This study is performed analysis of the offset outrigger system using 6 spring coefficient, considering flexibility of soil, in both conditions of sand and clay. The results of this study were as follows; As comparing to displacement and story drift ratio, 6 spring model has the bigger value than a fixed end model because of the consideration of soil-structure interaction, otherwise the capacity of the structure of 6 links spring model was smaller than fixed end model under seismic load. And control efficiency has big values as the outrigger moved horizontally to the outside.

The wall system framed by steel studs with light gage steel proposed in this study because as structural elements is reinforced by the horizontal members called runners, it has higher strength and load bearing capacity than the steel house wall system. Also, this system contributes to the improved the adiabatic and sound insulation performance by filling up the autoclaved lightweight concrete. We need the evaluation of load bearing capacity according to the axial load and lateral load in the case that this system is applied in the housing system with stories through the variations of intervals for the runners under the placement effect of autoclaved lightweight concrete. Therefore, this study attempt to analyze axial and shear behavior of the framed wall system according to placement effect of autoclaved lightweight concrete, and to secure the safety for the vertical and lateral loads.

One of the most accurate earthquake analysis method for the performance evaluation of structure is nonlinear time history analysis, but it is time-consuming and necessitate more efforts. Approximate methods are presented for estimating the capacity of structures while subjecting earthquake ground motions. This is made by exploiting the connection between the nonlinear static response of structure and the dynamic response of SDF system whose backbone matches the structure’s pushover curve. The capacity spectrum method is one of general approximate methods which is based on equivalent linearization where the inelastic deformation is approximated by the maximum deformation of an equivalent linear elastic system having equivalent viscous damping. It requires iterative computations, because the equivalent damping ratio is computed as a function of the maximum deformation. The nonlinear capacity spectrum method estimate the maximum inelastic deformation of SDF system by nonlinear response spectra. The nonlinear direct spectrum method is proposed and studied to evaluate nonlinear response of structures, without iterative computations, given by the structural linear vibration period and yield strength from the pushover analysis. In this study, it is to compare the accuracy and the reliability of approximate nonlinear methods with respect to upper wall-lower frame system and various earthquakes.

The use of headed bar is proposed for several practical applications instead of conventional reinforcing bars anchored by hooks and bends. In this paper, experimental investigation was conducted on behavior of concrete columns subjected to combined bending and axial loads with variables of the eccentricity ratio(e/h) and anchor type of transverse reinforcement. Test results show that the strength decrement due to the increase of the eccentricity could be diminished by head bars for confining .

This paper provides the results of the investigation on the optimum topology of the deep beam structures subjected to the self-weight. As the objective function in the optimization process, the strain energy to be minimized is employed and the initial volume of structures is adopted as the constraint function. The resizing algorithm devised from the optimality criteria method is used to update the hole size of the cell existing in each finite element. Several important topology optimization parameters are throughly tested for case of distributed load such as the self-weight. Various essential boundary conditions are also employed to provide the information on the effect of the essential boundary condition to the final optimum topology of deep beam structures. The filtering process for avoiding the checker boarding phenomenon is also consistently used. From numerical tests, the optimum topology of the deep beam structures subjected to the self-weight is closely related with the values of optimization parameters and the filtering process play important role in order to find the proper optimum topology of the deep beam structures.

Accurate prediction of time-dependent column shortening is essential for tall buildings from both strength and serviceability aspects. The compensation method is different from reinforced concrete and SRC(Steel Reinforced Concrete) members. The SRC columns are usually compensated according to total differential shortening between two vertical elements. In this study, column shortenings of 37-story W building under construction are predicted and compensated. The SRC column shortenings are compared with the actual column shortening by field measurement and the column shortenings are reanalysed and recompensated.

Most structures are deformed beyond the limit of linearly elastic behavior when subjected to strong ground shaking. Thus the earthquake response of structures deforming into their nonlinear range is of central importance in earthquake engineering. In this study, it is intended to identify that the heightwise variation of story ductility demands in a structure designed for the lateral force distribution specified by UBC(Uniform Building Code) and KBC(Korea Building Code). First, property of ductility is studied by comparing and examining ductility demands and allowable ductility of structure. Then, modified base shear yield strength, in conjunction with heightwise distribution of UBC and KBC force, is estimated to ensure that the story ductility demands do not exceed the allowable ductility.

Previous study on recycled aggregate(RA) has largely been limited to the manufacture of nonstructural-grade concrete due to undesirable physical properties of them such as, high water absorption leading to high water demand of concrete. The restriction seriously limits its market and consequently diminishes the use of RA as a construction material. This paper presents the flexural behavior of beam made of recycled concrete substituted by both waste foundry sand(WFS) and recycled coarse aggregate replaced with fine and coarse aggregate concurrently. From the test, specimens with high tension reinforcement ratio not less than 0.75ρ b showed high ultimate strength decreasing linearly after peak point due to the compressive failure of concrete. In case of specimens with under 0.5ρ b there was not strength decrement until the end of test by showing plastic elongation of tension reinforcement.

controlling building vibration due to a seismic disturbance. The dynamic system is of a realistic four story steel moment resisting frame modeled as a lumped mass system to reduce the degrees of freedom. The feasibility to apply the active control with Kalman-filter is verified from the investigation of the controllability and the observability of the building system. As results, the responses of the controlled system were compared to those of the uncontrolled system. The effects of attaching the limited number of controllers at different locations were investigated. Also, the responses of the full state feedback control(LQ) and the system with Kalman-filter were compared to evaluate the capability of estimating the unmeasured state variables that the Kalman-filter was supposed to offer.

membrane has strong axial stiffness, but little bending stiffness. Therefore membrane structures are unstable structures initially. These soft structures need to be introduced initial stresses first because of its initial unstable state, and it happens large deformation phenomenon. To find the structural shape after large deformation caused by initial stiffness introduced, we need the shape analysis considering geometric nonlinearity in structural design procedure. In this study, we have done the shape analysis and the stress-deformation analysis of the membrane structures and then study the safety by the NASS(Nonlinear Analysis for Spatial Structures) which is the program for nonlinear analysis. And also we investigate into the stress concentration at crack of the structures and stress distribution for creak length investigate

The planning process of complex projects in tall building is characterized by the cooperation of many involved specialists and by a high degree of information exchange. In order to improve the quality of the structural design of tall buildings, information of different involved partners in the planning process has to be integrated. This paper aims to introduce a concept of the integrated structural design for the tall building using STEP(Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data). In this study, the entities for material and column shortening of tall building are proposed.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of a LQG Hybrid controller to suppress the earthquake disturbance for the building structure. The ground acceleration of N-S component of El-Centro earthquake is scaled to confirm that the building behaves within the elastic range. The tuned mass damper(TMD) on the top floor regulated by LQG algorithm is designed to control the floor displacements. The displacement responses of the hybrid control are compared with those obtained from an active control along with a passive control. The results showed that the LQG hybrid control used approximately 50% less input forces than an active control to satisfy the performance criteria.

Flat-plate system has a weakness of joint so, the system has complicated behavior. Therefore, reasonable estimation and analysis, and the study about design of joint is needed to apply flat-plate system. Post-tensioned flat-plate system has higher lateral stiffness than reinforced concrete system, and has saving of the structure' height and the high efficency of structure system. In the study, the existing analysis of flat-plate system is analysed, and estimated, lateral stiffness of flat-plate system about lateal load is estimated, and effectiveness of later stiffness of post-tensioned flat-plate system is studied.

This study is to quantitatively estimate the effects of variables related to shear behavior of deep beam. Among many variables affecting shear behavior, three are selected for the study: shear span-to-overall depth ratio, section depth, and clear span-to-overall depth ratio. Total of 18 specimens were designed and tested. Their section width, concrete strength, and shear span-to overall depth ratio were 160mm, 23.5MPa, and 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, respectively. Loading was acted on two symmetric points along the specimens. The results is which was observed that the diagonal crack and failure mode were significantly influenced by shear span-to-overall depth ratio and section overall depth, Also, It was conducted the RC deep beam test in order to clarify the size effect: that is the shear strength which decrease with the increase of effective depth.

This paper provides the results on the study of thickness optimization of plates. The objective of this study is to find the optimum thickness distribution of the plates. In particular, both fundamental frequency to be maximized and strain energy to be minimized are respectively considered as the objective function with the volume constraint and the numerical results obtained from both optimization problems are then consistently compared. The computer-aided geometric design (CAGD) such as Coon patch representation is used to represent the thickness distribution of plates. In order to calculate strain energy and natural frequency of the plate, a reliable degenerated shell finite element is adopted. Robust optimization algorithms available in the optimizer DoT are used in the optimization. Finally, square plate is analyzed to provide the comparative results on optimum thickness distribution of plates according to different essential boundary condition.

Membrane structures, a kind of lightweight soft structural system, are used for spatial structures. The material property of the membrane has strong axial stiffness, but little bending stiffness. The design procedure of membrane structures are needed to do shape finding, stress-deformation analysis and cutting pattern generation. In shape finding, membrane structures are unstable structures initially. These soft structures need to be introduced initial stresses because of its initial unstable state, and happen large deformation phenomenon. Also there are highly varied in their size, curvature and material stiffness. So, the approximation inherent in cutting pattern generation methods is quite different. Therefore, in this study, to find the structural shape after large deformation caused by initial stress, we need the shape analysis considering geometric nonlinear term. And the geodesic line on surface of initial equilibrium shape and the cutting pattern generation using the geodesic line is introduced.

The purpose of this study is to apply H-steel beam to the prestressing theory and to investigate the effect of structural behavior by the prestressed force and the curved shape of PC strand wire. In addition, test results, theoretically analyzed solution by load balancing concept and finite element results by the program of ANSYS are compared, and an interactive behavior to the test specimens subjected to combined loads is compared with prestressed theory and finite element analysis. Six different types of beam specimens contained a standard specimen are composed two types by the variables of prestressed force and four types by the variables of curved shape of PC strand wire. The non-linear finite element analysis considering geometrical and material has been used to predict the behavior of prestressed beams.

When the section of a beam is prismatic, the Equivalent Stiffness Ratio(E.S.R.) of the beam are 3/4, 1/2 and 3/2 depending on to conditions of hinge end, symmetric deformation, antisymmetric deformation respectively. The aim of this study is to find out haunched the E.S.R. changes when the beam is haunched. The results of this study are follows. 1. The values of E.S.R. of hinged case in the same as the multiplication of the values of the symmetric deformation and the antisymmetric deformation cases when the beam is the symmetric haunched. 2. The values of E.S.R. of end A and end B of the unsymmetric haunched beam are equal. 3. When the values of E.S.R. between horizontal haunched case and inclined haunched case are compared, generally the horizontal case's absolute difference from the 0.5 is greater from that of

The effects of bar deformation properties on bond of steel reinforcing bars to concrete are experimentally studied to predict the lap splice strength. Based on the previous research about high relative rib area, lap splice strength of reinforcing bars can be improved by the control of rib height and spacing. This paper describes the testing and analysis of 28 beam-spliced specimens containing D32, D29, D25, D22, D19 with relative rib areas ranging from 0.060 to 0.162. The tests are analyzed to determine the effect of relative rib area(Rr) on the increase in lap splice strength. The tests also provide a preliminary indication of the effects of high relative rib area on the splice strength of uncoated bars

The purpose of this study is to investigate the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete members strengthened by E.M.S(Epoxy Mortar including fiber Sheet) panel. The variables are the type of reinforcement(E.M.S panel, carbon fiber sheet), the amount of reinforcement(2, 4, 6 layer of sheets) and the condition of specimen before reinforcing(previous loading or not). Through the test, we examine about failure mode, load-displacement relationship, moment-curvature relationship, flexural strength, flexural stiffness and ductility with these variables. The results of this study are as follows : The specimens strengthened with E.M.S panel appeared a good flexural performance and the flexural strength are agree with the values of a previous proposed equation. In other hand, the specimens with CFS reinforcement showed a bond failure at the interface of concrete and CFS before getting the expected strength. Therefore, we could obtain a good flexural performance and the proper bond performance between E.M.S panel and concrete members in E.M.S panel reinforcement through this study.