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The purposeof this research is to clarify the meaning of 'assimilation' through Japanese language under the Korea Education Decree of 1911 during the early years of the Government-General of Korea. For that purpose, I first study the intention with which the Government-General of Korea edited and published 『Japanese Reading Book for Elementary School』, and then examine the way they treated reading materials that were introduced in such reading books. It turns out that the meaning of the Japanese 'assimilation' is suggestive of upsurging of the national spirit (or patriotism), as well as learning of useful knowledge of skills. In this context, the essential parts of 'assimilation' are understood to include such aspects as 'having respect forthe Imperial House (in Japan),' 'making exertions for the country,' and 'practicality and diligence'. And, the image of an ideal human being, which elementary school students were trained to pursue by the education of Japanese language that treated such aspects of 'assimilation' as criticalsubjects, is identified with a mind of gratefulness to the Emperor. It is accordingly understood to become a man, i.e., a pillar of the Japanese society, who learns practical knowledge of skills, worksdiligently in business (or industry), and eventually makes exertions for his/her country while obeying the government officials' order.

This paper analyzes Mandarin shi-questions, a construction where interrogative and focus constructions co-exist. The proposed account combines Rooth (1985), widely viewed as the standard proposal for focus, with Hamblin’s (1973) influential proposal for interrogatives. Although developed independently of each other, both Hamblin (1973) and Rooth (1985) make crucial use of alternatives, i.e., variants of what an expression explicitly says. As the intersection of these two phenomena, Mandarin shi-questions call for an integration of Hamblin (1973) and Rooth (1985). Following the same strategy that Hamblin employed in adapting his insight to Montague Grammar, I develop a semantic system capable of handling hybrid constructions like shi-questions. Not only is such a fusion desirable and possible, but it has the added advantage of explaining the restriction on the placement of wh-expressions in shi-questions. The reason wh-expressions in shi-questions must occur in the focused position, according to the proposal developed here, is because of their lexical property: unlike run-of-the-mill nouns or noun phrases, wh-expressions are banned from expressions whose truth is taken for granted.

It is generally said that the emoticons are visual ways to express the way people feel when words alone just aren't enough in chat room and e-mail. Actually, these symbols are being sharing between friends in internet. Such results proved to be in internet, not yet in SMS text messages. In this article, therefore, I intend to study the emoticons socio-scientifically that are using only in mobile phone. because these messages have to be expressed in a smaller space than chat room or e-mail. That is to say, further research is needed to ascertain whether the emoticons of SMS text messages show the same functions as those of the internet. For its sake, I will introduce the variation of friendship (even if it is a subjective idea) in this study, and according to that variation I will analyze the frequency of the emoticons.

This paper examines the grammatical characteristics of Japanese textbooks during the process of establishment of Modern Japanese. The material examined in this paper are pre-modern Japanese textbooks which are subdivided into two: ones before and after government intervention. First, the Japanese textbooks before government intervention were investigated. In order to analyze how the Japanese grammar was standardized and popularized, this paper first checks the relationship between textbooks before government intervention and grammar based on colloquial speech, which was considered as the standard grammar by the government at the time. The comparison between textbooks before government intervention and grammar based on the colloquial speech led to the advent of Japanese textbooks made under the supervision of Japanese government. This paper examines the characteristics of Japanese textbooks after government intervention. The textbooks belonging to the first period show that pre-modern (non-standardized) expressions were used with modern ones. It has been clearly observed that from the books belonging to the second period, the grammar was standardized. This paper advances the claim that the grammar education of the Japanese textbooks after government intervention has a big impact on the formation of modern Japanese given the fact that Japanese textbooks made under the supervision of Japanese government was effectively used in standardizing and popularizing the Japanese grammar, which is surely believed to be a crucial foundation for the formation of modern standardized Japanese grammar.

Most Indo-European languages have Grammatical gender with two classes or three classes, i. e. masculine vs. feminine or masculine vs. feminine vs. neuter. Every noun must belong to one of these classes, and Grammatical gender requires an agreement between noun and its modifiers like demonstrative, article, adjective etc. The existing theories on the principle for Gender assignment are largely divided into ‘Meaning-based Gender assignment' and ‘Form-based Gender assignment'. But Gender assignment seems often to be so arbitrary, even erratic, and it is, in fact, a very complicated problem related to various factors like meaning of noun, word-formation, declension classes and convention of speakers etc. This article deals with the principle for Gender assignment in Gothic, one of the oldest Germanic languages, and shows and researches some anomalies like double gender assignment, synonyms with different genders and disagreement between form and gender. It can inform us of the general principle for Gender assignment in old Indo-European as well as old Germanic languages, and provide us with concrete understanding of the Gender system in Indo-European languages.

In this paper, I suggest that we need to reconsider resultatives from a semantic point of view for a better understanding on the interaction between the matrix event and the secondary event. With a special focus on Korean resultative constructions as well as English counterparts, I specifically propose that resultatives should be newly classified into two types, cause-oriented and result-oriented resultatives, Cause-oriented resultatives are characterized with gradable result predicates (or adjectives) while result-oriented resultatives are with non-gradable result predicates in the sense of Goldberg (1995). Gradable predicates are allowed to form a predication with their own logical subject, to give rise to a causation between two independently defined events. In contrast, Non-gradable predicates are not allowed to form a predication with any logical subject, to give rise to an accomplishment relationship between two temporally coexistinting events. It correctly predicts that the clausal type of resultatives in Korean all contain a gradable expression. This view eventually leads to a reanalysis of the mysterious Korean morpheme -key on the result phrase in two ways, that is, as a causative morpheme in the cause-oriented resultative construction and a simple predication marker in the result-oriented resultative construction.

Fuonso^zu Eiwajii" was first published in 1873 by Shibata masakichi and Koyasu Takashi. And, 9 years later, its second edition, "Zo^ho^teise Eiwajii", followed in 1882. These two editions of dictionary are acknowledged as the most authentic work in the Meiji period. This is just because several other editions, as well as their publishing circumstances, have been still hidden in a veil of mystery though they were undoubtedly published in different versions over the whole period of Meiji. This paper, which is groundwork for more systematic bibliographical exploration about the two editions of dictionary, is a report on my research on two versions of collections, the central library’s collection at Waseda University and the Japanese Diet Library’s collection. It seems that the first and the second edition of "Eiwajii", two volumes of which are in the central library’s keeping at Waseda University, are of the same print, though they are witnessed with some pages missing and their binding condition is in a different shape. By contrast, The Japanese Diet Library preserves an assortment of the first edition, "Fuonso^zu Eiwaji". These assorted versions were all published and sold with reference to Nishusha publis hing company’s version of "Fuonso^zu Eiwaji". Nevertheless, their editing condition turns out to be differentin that they each reduced pages in a unique way by editing 2 columns to 3 columns or dropping illustrations, or such. It seems that this kind of editing at that time was for the general public to access the dictionary, "Fuonso^zu Eiwaji", which was very expensive in the Meiji period and available mostly to a limited class of wealthy people. The dictionary was high-priced and yet popular due to its rich amount of vocabulary as an English-Japanese dictionary. So, the editing seems to reflect the publishing companies’ efforts that called for the general public to buy the dictionary, "Fuonso^zu Eiwaji" by newly editing it and lowering its price. This study is limited to the central library’s collection at Waseda University and the Japanese Diet Library’s collection. Hereafter, I will further launch a thorough and systematic bibliographical research on "Eiwajii" (first and second edition),the most authentic English-Japanese dictionary in the Meiji period, in addition to a research on a process of change in its Japanese translations.