Earticle

Choline chloride (CC)/lactic acid (LA) and betaine (BE)/LA, acidic deep eutectic solvents (DESs), were mixed with a ratio of 1/1, 1/2, and 1/5, and potassium carbonate (PC)/glycerol (GLY), alkaline DES, was mixed with a ratio of 1/4, 1/5, and 1/7. Wood flour (2 g) was added in the DES (98 g), and then reaction was conducted at 100, 120, and 130 °C for 6, 12, and 24h. The DES pre-treated samples were defibrillated using a high-pressure homogenizer in order to prepare cellulose nanofibril (CNF). The defibrillation operation was repeated until 7th pass at 20,000 psi. As the temperature and reaction time were increased, the weight loss was increased noticeably. At the same reaction condition, the weight loss was increased in the order of CC/LA > PC/GLY > BE/LA. The average diameters of the CNFs were in the range of 20-50 nm. As the temperature and reaction time, the average diameters were increased resulting in the increase of the filtration time.

Magnesium ascorbyl phosphate (MAP) was included in microneedle(MN) matrix composed of Cellulose nanofiber (CNF), collagen, trehalose, and hyaluronic acid in order to increase the efficiency of transdermal delivery rate. Dissolving various contants (7.5%, 14%, 24.5%) of MAP in microneedle were replicated by casting the mixtures solution on the surface of the silicone molds, centrifuging and drying in room temperature. In the compressive strength test, we confirmed that the 7.5% of MAP was included in MN the mechanical strength of MN was increased but when 14% and 24.5% of MAP was included in MN the mechanical strength of MN was slightly decreased. Even when the high content of MAP in the MN matrix is 14% and 24.5% the mechanical strength was sufficient for skin perforation. The cumulative amount of MAP permeated though skin had positive correlation to the MAP content in the microneedle matrix. This probably the bottom of a MN matrix seems to act as a carrier for the skin permeation of MAP.

Cellulose nanocrystal-containing cubic phase was produced by a melt hydration method to take a role as a drug carrier to control the release of allura red AC (a negatively charged dye). Cellulose nanocrystal was incorporated in the monoolein (MO) cubic phase without demolishing the structure of cubic phase. Through TEM microscopy, black and white lines were found on photos as water channels and MO bilayers. The phase transition temperature of the cubic phase was changed from about 72 to 70 ℃ when the cellulose nanocrystal content rose from 0 to 3 % (w/w). X-ray photon spectroscopy manifested that the cellulose nanocrystal was involved in the cubic phase. The release of the electrical charged dye within the cubic phase could be regulated via the CNC content. The more the cellulose nanocrystal contents were, the more the release degree of payload were.

Water, as a reaction solvent, has received considerable attention in synthetic organic chemistry due to being low-cost and green. In this study, green esterification of Kraft lignin and oleic acid at room temperature was investigated, and only water was used as a reaction solvent. A surfactant-combined system (p-toluenesulfonic acid/4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid) was designed to simultaneously solubilize lignin and disperse oleic acid, producing microreactors for esterification. After the reaction, adding water into the reaction mixture could easily precipitate the lignin ester. Its yield was 30.3 ± 0.9%. The lignin ester was characterized by 1H NMR, FT-IR, GPC, TGA, DSC, PSA, and contact angle analyzer. The results showed the successful esterification of lignin and oleic acid, indicating the effectiveness and feasibility of esterification of macromolecules in water. Due to long oleyl chains substituting hydroxyl groups of lignin, the lignin ester showed a significant decrease in glass transition temperature, an obvious increase in contact angle, and exhibited excellent thermoplasticity and hydrophobicity. Additionally, the result of PSA showed some lignin-ester particles fell in the nano-size range.

NAD(P)H dependent xylose reductase (XR) - encoded by the yeast KmXYL1 gene - is the key enzyme which facilitates reduction of xylose to xylitol. Multi-copy integration of a mutant KmXYL1 (mKmXYL1) gene was carried out using thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus KCTC17555ΔURA3, in order to enhance xylitol production. The engineered strain (K. marxianus 17555-JBP2) exhibited 440% higher xylitol production than the parental strain at 30°C. Due to a multi-copy integration of the mKmXYL1 gene, various additional differences between K. marxianus 17555-JBP2 and the parental strain were observed, including a 66% increase in NAD(P)H dependent XR activity at high temperature (45°C). Quantitative real-time PCR and transcriptome analysis demonstrated that, relative to the parent strain, K. marxianus 17555-JBP2 exhibited a 3.00-fold higher mKmXYL1 gene copy number and a 9.63-fold elevation in transcription of NAD(P)H dependent XR. After optimization of bioreactor fermentation conditions (agitation speed), high-temperature (40°C) xylitol productivity of K. marxianus 17555-JBP2 exhibited an 81% improvement relative to the parental strain.

Stem cells are regarded as a promising tool in cell therapy and tissue engineering because of their high proliferation and multi-differentiation capabilities. However, the clinical use of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) is limited by technical difficulties in mass production, high manufacturing costs, and contamination. In the context of mass production and stem cell regulation, bioreactor systems not only modulate environmental and biochemical cues but also induce biomechanical cues such as shear stress and hypoxia. In this study, we developed a fully automated bioreactor system (fABS) for precisely controlling stem cell fate and applied this system to the proliferation and differentiation of human bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). The fABS mainly consists of 5 systems: a monitoring system, the primary control system, a medium feeding system, a mass flow controller, and a cell culture system. We evaluated the precision with which the fABS regulated the environment and found that the shear stress induced by the fABS enhanced hMSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Moreover, the hypoxia induced by the fABS enhanced chondrogenic differentiation. Since this system can be used for a variety of purposes, e.g., mass production, osteogenic differentiation, and chondrogenic differentiation, the fABS promises to help advance stem cell technologies.

Gene delivery systems are essentially required for safety delivery of nucleic acids into the cells. They protect nucleic acids against immune response, serum, and elimination mechanism and improve efficacy of nucleic acids. Nonviral systems among them were developed based on electrostatic interaction, encapsulation, and/or absorption. Cellulose is the most common polysaccharide in the world, and it has excellent biological, physical and chemical properties. Cellulose nanocrystals(CNCs) are widely used in a variety of industries and research because of their excellent chemical and physical properties. In biotechnology and biotechnology, many studies are carried out using CNCs, such as biomaterials, tissue engineering and drug delivery. In this study, we determined that CNC-Zinc/DNA combination systems (CZD cluster) could deliver nucleic acids into the cells. CNC-DNA complex was also mixed with cell penetrating peptide(CPP) to enhance transfection efficacy. All systems retarded the migration of the nucleic acid and improved efficiency of the DNA transfection into the cell. CNC could be used to deliver DNA or siRNA in the cell without specific modication of the nucleic acids.

Several cellulose derivatives have been attracted as pharmaceutical excipients for the design of nanostructures aiming at tumor-targeted drug delivery. Cellulose derivatives can form nano-sized carriers by several preparation methods due to their unique physicochemical properties. Nano-sized vehicles can be easily transported and accumulated in tumor tissue after intravenous administration via an enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, known as a passive tumor targeting methodology. To elevate the tumor targeting efficiency, ligand-receptor interactions can be introduced as an active tumor targeting strategy. Cellulose-based nanovehicles can be modified with tumor targeting moieties by physical and chemical modification. Combination of passive and active tumor targeting strategies can provide selective drug delivery to tumor tissue without severe systemic toxicities. Of note, considering biodegradability in the body, natural polysaccharides (i.e., hyaluronic acid and chitosan), which has similar chemical backbones, have been widely used for the fabrication of nanosystems for cancer therapy. Biocompatibility and biodegradability of those materials can accelerate the clinical application of developed nanostructures.

Environment-friendly methods in the semiconductor fabrication process are of high importance for sustainable development. Especially, the use of materials that are produced without complex syntheses can be an efficient strategy. For example, lignosulfonate is a chemical waste generated by a byproduct of pulp. However, this contains the ionic functional groups, which can tailor the work function of the electrode. Therefore, the use of lignosulfonate in semiconductor devices would be very promising. However, the electronic structure of a lignosulfonate film and its application in organic solar cells (OSCs) have not been reported yet. Here, we fabricated inverted OSCs using a lignosulfonate thin film. The lignosulfonate film was deposited between the poly (3-hexylthiophene -2,5-diyl) (P3HT):phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) absorption layer and the indium tin oxide (ITO) cathode with spin coating. The thickness of the lignosulfonate film was controlled by varying the solution concentration. The current density-voltage curves of OSCs were measured upon air mass 1.5G 1 sun illumination. With the insertion of the lignosulfonate film, significantly enhanced device performance was observed. To understand the role of lignosulfonate in OSCs, the electronic structure of the lignosulfonate film on ITO was measured using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Furthermore, the light-soaking effect of the lignosulfonate film was investigated with various soaking times. Through these results, we revealed that lignosulfonate can be an efficient cathode modifier in OSCs.

The number of a Alzheimer disease's(AD) is increasing as the aging society progresses. AD accompanies memory and behavioral disorders. Since the mechanisms that cause AD are not yet known, studies on the therapeutic agents of this disease have been actively conducted. We examined whether Annona muricata, a natural product, was effective in treating AD. A. muricata is mainly distributed in the tropics of America. This plant traditionally called 'natural remedy' or 'God's gift' and has been used as a treatment for American native. A. muricata contains compounds such as tannin, saponin, flavonoid and antraquinone. We conducted the Morris water meze test and Passive avoidance test with MeOH extracts of A. muricata. Morris water maze test is performed to verify spatial learning abilities. Passive avoidance test is an experiment to check the memory of pain or aversive stimuli. In this study, we confirmed the effects of A. muricata in amnesia mice. We used scopolamine to induce memory and behavioral disturbances. A. muricata shortened the time it took for mice to arrive at buoys in Morris water maze test. In passive avoidance test, A. muricata reduce the latency time. And we have conducted an MTT assay to determine if A. muricata ha cytoprotective effects, and that the high concentrations of A. muricata are effective for cell protection. These results confirm that A. muricata has the effect of ameliorating the symptoms of amnesia mice. It also suggests that this plant has potential for treatment or prevention of AD.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of mangium wood and betung bamboo hybrid oriented strand board (OSB) with steam treatment. Mangium (Acacia mangium Willd.) and betung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper (Schult.F) Backer ex. Heyne) strands were steamed at 126ºC temperature and 0.14 MPa pressure for 1 hour. Hybrid OSB with 30 × 30 × 0.9 cm³ size and 0.7 g.cm-3 target density were prepared from mangium strands as face layers and bamboo strands as core layer. Phenol formaldehyde adhesive content of 8% and shelling ratio of 25/50/25 were used. The evaluation of hybrid OSB properties were refering to the JIS A 5908-2003 standard. The results showed that the steam treatment improves the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting OSB hybrids. Observed physical and mechanical properties of hybrid OSB meet the requirements of CSA 0437.0 (Grade O-1) standard. Steam treatments reduce the hemicellulose and extractives content of mangium and betung bamboo strands.

The aims of this study was to characterize the anatomical structure and the chemical properties of seven bamboo species that grow in Indonesia. Species of bamboo used in this study include betung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper), sembilang bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus), andong bamboo (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea), tali bamboo (Gigantochloa apus), hitam bamboo (Gigantochloa artoviolacea), ampel bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris), and kuning bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris var. striata). Anatomical characteristics observed include vascular bundle type and cell dimension in three microscopic sections. Chemical properties examination includes the determination of holocellulose content, alpha cellulose content, lignin content, extractives content, acidity, and buffering capacity. The observations showed that the type of vascular bundles III were found in sembilang bamboo, tali bamboo, andong bamboo, and ampel bamboo. Meanwhile, betung bamboo, hitam bamboo and kuning bamboo have a type of vascular bundle IV. The highest holocellulose and alpha-cellulose content were found in ampel and hitam bamboo, respectively. The pH value of the seven types of bamboo shows that all bamboo species tend to be acidic.

Korea is the fourth largest forest country in the OECD members, with about 64 percent of the total land area being forested, after Finland (73 percent), Sweden (69 percent), and Japan (68 percent). However, because the temperature changes dramatically from season to season, it takes decades to grow trees, and most of the forest area is composed of mountain area, the actual timber resources are not enough for domestic supplement. For these reasons, about 85 percent of the nation's total wood consumption is dependent on imports, with only about 15 percent using domestic timber. Therefore, it is essential to conduct a comprehensive study on the use of fast growing species and small diameter species in Korea as a way to increase Korea's timber self-sufficiency rate. In this regard, the Paulownia tree is a valuable timber resource that suits the sentiments of the Korean people, and it is classified as a fast-growing and most value-added species among the trees living in Korea. In this study, wood qualities such as physical, mechanical, and anatomical characteristics were analyzed in order to secure basic data of Paulownia wood for more diverse uses. In addition, the research was conducted to increase the utilization of Paulownia wood by performing research based on its natural durability, drying characteristics, and wood quality modification due to thermal treatment. As a result, We believe that this research provide a basic data for the utilization of Paulownia wood for various purposes such as furniture, energy materials, and musical instruments.

The characteristics of cross-field pitting among compression wood (CW), lateral wood (LW), and opposite wood (OW), in the stem woods of Ginkgo biloba and Pinus densiflora were investigated with optical and scanning electron microscopy. In Ginkgo biloba, CW exhibited piceoid pits, while LW and OW exhibited cupressoid pits. The CW of Pinus densiflora exhibited cupressoid pits and piceoid pits, while LW exhibited taxodioid, pinoid, and window-like pits. In addition, the OW exhibited window-like and pinoid pits in the cross-field. In both species, CW yielded the smallest pit number among each part, while OW yielded the greatest pit number per cross-field. Cross-field pitting diameters of CW and OW were significantly smaller than LW in Ginkgo biloba, while the cross-field pitting of CW was the smallest in Pinus densiflora. Radial tracheid diameter of CW was slightly smaller than LW and OW in Ginkgo biloba and significantly smaller than LW and OW in Pinus densiflora. In conclusion, the cross-field pitting type, pit number, and cross-field pitting diameter could be highly used to identify reaction wood in the stem wood of Ginkgo biloba and Pinus densiflora.

Gmelina (Gmelina arborea) and mindi (Melia azedarach) are promising fast-growing woods species that is widely planted in community forests and industrial plantation forests in Indonesia. However, owing to its low strength, dimensional instability, and low durability, the use of the woods is restricted to interior applications only. Improvement in dimensional stability dan durability of gmelina dan mindi woods can be achieved by heat treatment which has long been recognized as an effective method to enhance the stability of wood. The objective of this study was to improve color properties and dimensional stability of gmelina and mindi woods via oil heat-treatment. The wood specimens were heat-treated at 180°C, 200°C, 220°C, and 240°C in palm oil for 1 h, with a heating rate of 2°C/min. The effect of temperature during heat-treatment on the color change and dimensional stability was evaluated. The color change was determined using the CIE-Lab color system and dimensional stability was evaluated through the measurement of equilibrium moisture content and water absorption. The results showed that the color of heat-treated woods became more uniform and darker by increasing treatment temperature. The overall color change (ΔE*) in both wood species most affected by the reduction in lightness (L*) and yellow/blue chromaticity (b*) by heat treatment. ΔE* increased with increasing treatment temperature with a higher degree obtained in gmelina compared to mindi wood. Dimensional stability of gmelina and mindi improved by heat treatment, as suggested by a lower equilibrium moisture content and water absorption compared to untreated samples. Furthermore, heat-treated mindi absorbed less water than gmelina. The results suggested that oil heat-treatment could enhance the color properties and dimensional stability of gmelina and mindi woods for value-added products.

Chemotaxonomy, or chemosystematics, can be viewed as a hybrid science which can classify plants based on their unique natural products. In this study we investigated the chemotaxonomic marks of Juglans species (Juglandaceae) by studying the natural products of J. sigillata Dode. Around 20 species constitute the genus Juglans, which mainly occurs in the temperate and subtropical regions of the northern hemisphere, extending into South America. The cortex, kernel, nutshell, pericarp, root and leaf of Juglans have a long history of being used as folk remedies to treat oxidative, inflammatory, rheumatic and nociceptive diseases, as well as to relief cancer, eczema, kidneys and stomach disorders. J. sigillata, a fast growing hardwood, is indigenous to valleys and mountain slopes in southwest China provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and Tibet. In this work, systematic Sephadex LH-20 open column separation of J. sigillata extracts led to the isolation of eight galloyl glucoses for the first time and their structures were extensively elucidated and determined by their spectral evidences. Our chemotaxonomic analysis indicated that galloyl glucoses in J. sigillata were interesting and galloyl glucoses may possibly be considered as a useful chemotaxonomic marker within the species of Juglans.

In this paper, 1H-NMR metabolomics technique was used to hydrolyse Asini Corii Colla acid from five different manufacturers, such as Asini Corii Colla, and the obtained 1H-NMR spectra were identified by chemical composition, and combined with relevant software for multivariate statistical analysis. Find the difference in chemical composition. It was found that 17 chemical components were identified from the Asini Corii Colla 1H-NMR spectrum; a comparison was made between Asini Corii Colla produced by A, B, C, and D manufacturers and Asini Corii Colla produced by Dong'e Ejiao manufacturer. The corresponding differential components mainly include isoleucine, hydroxyproline, arginine, leucine, phenylalanine, valine, lysine and clavulanic acid. The results showed that the nutritional composition of Asini Corii Colla products was higher, and 1H-NMR method has a good application prospect for the composition pharmacology and quality analysis of Asini Corii Colla.

The pine cones of Pinus pumila were extracted by ethanol. From the resulted residues, the polysaccharides of P. pumila cones were obtained by hot water extraction, spray drying and alcohol precipitation processes. The content of the polysaccharides was determined by phenol sulfuric acid method. The analysis of monosaccharide composition of the polysaccharide conducted by gas chromatography revealed that it was a heteropolysaccharide and consisted of L-arabinose, D-mannose, D-glucose and D-galactose in a molar ratio of 2.33:1.00:2.20:1.94, which indicated typical IR characteristics of polysaccharides. In addition, the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides was evaluated by measuring DPPH free radical and ABTS free radical scavenging capacity, as well as reducing capacity, and then the immunoregulatory activity of polysaccharides against RAW264.7 macrophages was evaluated by in vitro experiments. The results showed that pine cones polysaccharides of P. pumila exhibited significant scavenging effects on DPPH radicals, ABTS+ radicals and strong reducing power in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, polysaccharides of P. pumila cones could stimulate RAW264.7 macrophages to produce a large amount of NO, but had no effect on cell proliferation. Overall, polysaccharides from Pinus pumila cones may have potential applications in the medical and food industries.

If the characteristics of seismic motion are explained in the earthquake-prone area, the effect of seismic motion on occurrence of shallow failure and land creeping can be interpreted, but the current stage is still in the process of reviewing the explanation of mechanism suggesting from the characteristics of spatial distribution even for shallow failure with a high incidence. Moreover, the sediment runout process from large-scale landslide deposits caused by earthquakes remains poorly understood. Therefore, in order to conduct countermeasures against sediment-related disasters caused by earthquakes, first of all, it is necessary to identify geological structures vulnerable to earthquakes and to clarify areas where shallow failure and land creeping do not occur even if geological features and magnitude of seismic motion are same. In addition, the slope changes due to influence of rainfall should be extracted the topographic changes before and after rainfall by monitoring the slope using a fixed camera, UAV-SfM survey and measuring the width of cracks, etc. around the period of rain in summer. In particular, more effective countermeasures should be established for the systematic control of large amounts of sediment produced by earthquake-induced slope failures.

A massive sediment export during floods and relatively episodic debris flows, which cause occasionally sediment-related disasters, have different transport forms (i.e., fluvial vs. non-fluvial) but can be categorized hydraulically as a mass movement of sediment and/or boulders by running water. Mass movement by running water is brought about by the tractive force. This force gets stronger in proportion to the flow depth and/or the gradient of stream bed; that is, the tractive force reduces in sites, where stream beds show widen or transformation of gradient. In these sites, sediment deposition, therefore, becomes to be accelerated and dominant. On the contrary, local scouring takes place intensively in sites, where running water has concentrated by the morphological feature of stream bed. Sediment sailing during floods is different from running water in having the discontinuous movement with the repeated cycle of scouring and deposition. Setting up the Sabo facilities such as check dam and groundsill does not intend to stop or to weaken the sediment transport directly. They are constructed to reduce the gradient of stream bed, to broaden the flow width and to maintain the temporal base level against vertical deformation. In other words, human can do only modification of land surface to contribute the preventive purpose. The important issue for watershed disaster prevention can be pointed out the examination and decision of the sites, where sediment can be separated from running water through acceleration of deposition and also local scouring can be restrained through setting up the Sabo facilities. Such works should be given priority in the site near preventive objects than upstream, based on the consideration of the discontinuous property of sediment transport.

On 6th September 2018, a large earthquake (the 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake) with the magnitude of 6.7 struck the eastern Iburi region, Hokkaido end triggered numerous landslides. The landslides were distributed densely over hilly areas (400km²) in Atsuma, Abira, and Mukawa Town, the total area of which reached 13.4 km². All landslides were shallow landslides except a large-scale deep-seated one generated in midstream area of the Hidaka-Hororonai River. The area is covered by thick pyroclastic fall deposits derived from the Tarumae Volcano etc., and the strong seismic shock triggered shallow landsliding of them. Some shallow landslides occurred at a relatively gentle slope (<15°). Shallow landslides moving along a valley topography tended to travel longer than those moving along a non-valley topography. In catchments where shallow landslides densely occurred, the ratio of landslide area to the total catchment area was very large compared with past earthquake events, suggesting that the catchments became highly devastated. Based on these survey results, we propose viewpoints for preventing secondary disasters in the damaged area and for promoting countermeasures against and studies on earthquake-induced landslide disasters in volcanic regions.

Climate factors have been commonly recognized as a primary trigger of natural hazards, such as landslides, debris flows, floods, and drought. Paleoclimate records indicate how geomorphic systems related to natural hazards have responded to a range of environmental conditions in the past; thus, they provide essential data for predicting future climate patterns and potential hazards. A review of historical literature can be an effective method to investigate paleoclimatic records. In this study, we analyzed landslide-triggering rainfall events during the period of the Joseon Dynasty (1395–1902) using paleo-rainfall records corresponding to landslide occurrence; the characteristics of this era were then compared with those of a current period (1963-2012). Paleorainfall records (Chukwooki, Wootaek, keywords on storm event) corresponding to landslide occurrence were collected through a review of several historical literary works (Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, Gaksadeungnok, Daily Records of the Royal Secretariat of the Joseon Dynasty, Bibyeonsadeungnok) on the Joseon Dynasty. All paleorainfall data were converted into millimeters based on a certain standard and statistical analysis as described in previous studies. Results showed that the total amount, duration, and mean intensity of landslide-triggering rainfall ranged from 60–644 mm, 10–216 h, and 0.5-8.5 mm/h, respectively, in the Joseon Dynasty. Moreover, we found that the intensity-duration threshold for landslide-triggering rainfall during the Joseon Dynasty was similar to that during the current period.

Debris flow produce severe damage to buildings and human lives in mountainous areas. Predicting potential deposition area of debris flow is important to reduce the loss or damage. To this end, numerical simulation model is useful prediction tool. In this study, we conducted numerical simulations with a debris flow simulator KANAKO 2D for debris flow event that occurred in Cheonjeon-ri, Chuncheon city, Korea, and compared with aerial image after debris flow event. The simulation results showed that debris flows caused damage to buildings on residential area, and were influenced by topography. In addition, the superposition of aerial image showed that KANAKO 2D model is effective delineation of potential hazard zones.

To understand the temporal dynamics of stream water temperature for hydrological aspect, we examined steam water temperature, air temperature, runoff, and precipitation in 23.4 ha a natural forested catchment, Gangwon-do, Korea. The data was collected during limited period (i.e., spring, summer, and fall except for winter) from 2017 to 2018 year. For measurement of stream water temperature and runoff, intakes of sampler was located with parshall flumes in the gauging station of catchment. Both of precipitation and air temperature were collected using HOBO tipping-bucket rain gauge. Stream water temperature was correlated with air temperature and tended to be lower than air temperature. Correlation analysis was conducted by stream water temperature with air temperature, runoff, and precitation during each seasonal changes. Stream water temperature was correlated with each different parameter by seasonal character. Regression analysis could be developed due to contribution of air temperature with runoff and precipitation to respond stream water temperature. Therefore, method using parameters of temporal variation could be recommended for predicting stream water temperature with each season. This study also indicated the changes in stream water temperature based on hydrological connectives and/or processes with seasonal character within a natural forested catchment.