Earticle

목적 : 본 연구는 발달지연 아동에게 청지각 훈련과 병행한 감각통합 치료를 시행하여 감각처리, 시지각 발달, 주의집중에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 한다. 연구방법 : 발달지연 및 의심소견을 보이는 아동 만 4~7세 아동 3명을 대상으로 2016년 11월부터 2017년 1월 까지 총 9주간 청지각 훈련과 감각통합치료를 병행하여 실시하고 평가 하였다. 개별실험연구방법(single subject research design)중 ABA' 설계를 사용하였으며, 기초선 1기간(A) 4회, 치료 1기간(B)15회, 기초선2 기간(A')4회로 총 23회기를 적용하였다. 시지각 능력은 기초선 A와 A'기간에 Korean Developmental Test Visual Perception-2(K-DTVP-2) 를 통하여 측정하였고 감각처리능력은 감각프로파일(Sensory Profile)로 평가하였다. 주의집중 행동의 유지시간은 기 초선 기간에 중재가 없는 상태에서 측정하였으며 중재 기간에는 매 중재 후 10분간 마무리 활동시 소근육 과제를 제공하 여 비디오로 촬영하였고 등간기록법(interval recording)의 전간기록법을 사용하여 30초 간격으로 주의집중 발생을 평가하였다. 결과 : 청지각 훈련과 감각통합치료를 실시하기 전보다 후에 시지각 기능과 감각처리의 점수의 수치상 향상은 있었고, 주의집중에서는 A아동에게서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었으나 B, C 아동은 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론 : 청지각 훈련을 병행한 감각통합 치료가 발달지연 아동의 시지각 기능과 주의집중에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다고 결론짓기에는 한계가 있다. 그러나 일부 발달지연 아동에게서 주의집중의 유의미한 증진이 있었고 점수의 향상이 있었 다. 향후 발달지연 아동에게 연구기간, 표준데이터를 제시할 수 있는 평가도구를 적용한다면 명확한 결과가 나타날 수 있을 것이다. 또한 주의집중 유도와 학습을 준비하기 위한 치료방법으로 청지각 훈련의 연구가 추가적으로 시행되어 야 한다.

Objective : The purpose of this study is investigate the effects of sensory integration combined with auditory treatment on the sensory processing, visual perception and attention ability of children with developmental delay. Methods : A combined treatment of auditory training and sensory integration therapy was implemented to 3 children aged 4 to 7 and diagnosed with developmental delay during 9 weeks period from December 2016 to January 2017. ABA' design which is one of single subject research designs was used in this study. Baseline A had 4 sessions, intervention B had 15 sessions, and baseline A’ had 4 sessions, so 23 sessions were applied in total. During the baseline A and A 'periods, visual perception ability was measured by K-DTVP-2 (Korea Developmental Test Visual Perception-2) and sensory processing ability was evaluated by sensory profile. The maintenance time of attention was measured with the absence of intervention for the baseline period, and for the intervention period, it was measured at 10 minutes break time which was provided after the intervention. The children’s attention time during a fine motor task provided were measured using video recorder with the interval recording method, and the interval for the evaluation was 30 seconds. Results : No statistically significant difference were found in the visual perception function and sensory processing scores before and after treatment. Attention of participant A enhanced significantly while that of participant B and C did not improve significantly. Conclusion : It is hard to conclude that sensory integration therapy combined with auditory perception training has positive effects on visual perception function and attention of children with developmental delays. However, there were significant increase in attention and improvements in behavior related to sensory processing for some cases in this study. In further study, longer intervention periods and valid measurement need to be applied in order to get better results. And it is proposed that more studies need to be done to enhance evidence of auditory perception training as a mean to facilitate attention and to prepare learning.

Objective To adapt and standardize the Motor-Free Visual Perception Test-3 (MVPT-3) to Koreans and investigate the change in visual-perceptual function using the MVPT-3 in healthy Korean adults.Methods The Korean version of the MVPT-3 was developed through a cross-cultural adaptation process according to 6 steps, including translation, reconciliation, back translation, cognitive debriefing, feedback, and final reconciliation. A total of 321 healthy Korean volunteers (mean age, 51.05 years) were recruited. We collected participant demographic data, such as sex, age, and years of education, and performed the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) and MVPT-3. Internal consistency of the MVPT-3 and the relationships between demographic data, K-MMSE and MVPT-3 scores were analyzed. The results of this study were compared with published data from western countries including the United States and Canada.Results Total score on the MVPT-3 was positively correlated with years of education (r=0.715, p<0.001) and K-MMSE score (r=0.718, p<0.001). However, it had a negative correlation with age (r=?0.669, p<0.001). A post-hoc analysis of MVPT-3 scores classified age into 5 groups of ≤49, 50?59, 60?69, 70?79, ≥80 years and years of education into 4 groups of 0, 1?9, 10?12, ≥13 years. No significant differences in MVPT-3 scores were observed according to sex or country.Conclusion Visual perception was significantly influenced by age, years of education, and cognitive function. Reference values for the MVPT-3 provided in this study will be useful for evaluating and planning a rehabilitation program of visual perceptual function in patients with brain disorders.

Objective To assess the effect of visuomotor coordination training on the visual perception of geriatric stroke patients. Method Thirty (n=30) cooperative geriatric stroke patients were randomly assigned into 2 groups. The control group received conventional rehabilitation therapy, and intervention group received additional visuomotor coordination training with Dynavision for 30 minutes a day, 3 times a week for 4 weeks. We assessed visual perception and functional status before and after intervention by measuring K-MMSE, K-MBI, K-DRS scores, and by conducting Computerized Neuropsychological Test (CNT) (Maxmedia, Seoul, Korea) 1) visual memory; visual span backward & forward, 2) visual attention; visual continuous performance test (correct response, reaction time), 3) visuomotor coordination; trail making A test. Results The intervention group showed significant improvement in visual attention (p＜0.05). There was no significant difference in visual memory, visuomotor coordination and K-DRS (p＞0.05). Both groups showed significant increase in K-MMSE and K-MBI scores (p＜0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups (p＞0.05). Conclusion Dynavision training improved the primary visual skill - visual attention, but did not improve higher order visual skills, such as visual memory, visuomotor coordination, cognition or functional performance in the elder stroke patients. Dynavision could be a useful tool for cognitive rehabilitation in patients with cognitive impairment and attention deficit by improving visual attention.

The present study investigated perception of biological motion (BM) focusing on two issues. Although it has been reported that the right posterior region of the superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) is more strongly activated than the left pSTS when viewing BM, the reason is not well understood. Second, most previous studies have focused on the accuracy of BM perception while reaction time (RT) to BM compared with other motion signals remains relatively unknown. BM and non-BM stimuli were briefly presented in each (left and right) visual field in Task 1. In Task 2, the same stimuli were displayed at the center. RT and accuracy were measured in both tasks. To explore a possible perceptual correlate of the neural anisotropy in the pSTS, RT and accuracy between the two visual fields were compared (Task 1). To examine the efficiency of BM processing, RT and accuracy differences between BM and non-BM were examined (Task 1 and Task 2). The result from Task 1 demonstrated that RT was faster and accuracy was higher when BM was presented in the left visual field. This suggests a perceptual correlate of greater right pSTS activation associated with BM perception. The results from Task 1 and Task 2 revealed that BM was detected more quickly and accurately than non-BM, suggesting that BM processing is more efficient than other global motion processing when information is limited by brief exposure. Analysis of error trials from the two tasks also suggests a perceptual bias of judging ambiguous motion signals as BM.

This study investigated age-related changes of cognitive function in Korean adults using the Korean-Developmental Test of Visual Percep-tion-2 (K-DTVP-2) and the Visual Motor Integration-3rd Revision (VMI-3R) test, and determined the main factors influencing VP and VMI in older adults. For this research, 139 adults for the K-DTVP-2 and 192 adults for the VMI-3R, from a total of 283 participants, were randomly and separately recruited in province, Korea. The present study showed that the mean score of the K-DTVP-2 and VMI-3R in 10-yr age incre-ments significantly decreased as age increased (K-DTVP-2, F=41.120, P<0.001; VMI-3R, F=16.583, P<0.001). The mean score of the VMI-3R and K-DTVP-2 were significantly decreased in participants in their 50s compared to those in their 20s (P<0.05). Age (t=-9.130, P<0.001), gen-der (t=3.029, P=0.003), and the presence of diseases (t=-2.504, P= 0.013) were the significant factors affecting K-DTVP-2 score. On the oth-er hand, age (t=-6.300, P<0.001) was the only significant factor affect-ing VMI-3R score. K-DTVP-2 score (Standardized β=-0.611) decreased more sensitively with aging than VMI-3R (Standardized β=-0.467). The two measurements had a significant positive correlation (r =0.855, P< 0.001). In conclusion, it can be suggested that VP and VMI should be regularly checked from an individual’s 50s, which is a critical period for detecting cognitive decline by aging. Both the K-DTVP-2 and VMI-3R could be used for determining the level of cognitive deficit by aging.

This study investigated the influence of diabetes on cognitive decline between the diabetes and non- diabetes patients and identified the as-sociations between diabetes and cognitive function, visual perception (VP), and visual motor integration (VMI). Sixty elderly men (67.10±1.65 yr) with and without diabetes (n=30 in each group) who were surveyed by interview and questionnaire in South Korea were enrolled in this study. The score of Mini-Mental State Examination of Korean version (MMSE-KC), Motor-free Visual Perception Test-Vertical Format (MVPT-V), and Visual-Motor Integration 3rd Revision (VMI-3R) were assessed in all of the participants to evaluate cognitive function, VP, and VMI in each. The score of MMSE-KC in the diabetic group was significantly lower than that of the non-diabetes group (P<0.01). Participants in the diabetes group also had lower MVPT-V and VMI-3R scores than those in the non-diabetes group (P<0.01, respectively). Especially, the scores of figure-ground and visual memory among the subcategories of MVPT-V were significantly lower in the diabetes group than in the non-diabetes group (P<0.01). These findings indicate that the decline in cognitive function in individuals with diabetes may be greater than that in non-di-abetics. In addition, the cognitive decline in older adults with diabetes might be associated with the decrease of VP and VMI. In conclusion, we propose that VP and VMI will be helpful to monitor the change of cognitive function in older adults with diabetes as part of the routine management of diabetes-induced cognitive declines.

목적 : 본 연구는 수예공작 프로그램을 이용하여 자폐아동과 지적장애아동의 시지각 효과를 비교함으로써 그 필요성을 밝히고자 한다. 연구방법 : 선정기준에 따라 자폐아동 10명, 지적장애 아동 10명을 선별한 후 시지각 프로그 램을 적용하였다. 사용된 수예공작 프로그램은 수예공작을 치료로 적용하고 있거나 적용 한 경험이 있는 전문가에 의해 의뢰되고 만들어졌다. 항목에 들어가는 것은 도예작업, 모 빌공예작업, 밀가루 반죽작업, 지점토작업, 골판지공예작업, 칼라믹스작업이 선택되었다. 이 프로그램은 4주 동안 일주일에 두 번 적용하였고, 치료 전후의 효과를 확인하기 위해 MVPT-3를 사용하였다. 결과 : 첫째, 수예공작 프로그램이 자폐아동과 지적장애아동 모두 효과가 있었다. 둘째, 수예 공작 프로그램 적용 후 각각을 비교하였을 때, 지적장애아동에게 더 높은 효과가 있었다. 결론 : 수예공작 프로그램이 자폐아동과 지적장애아동의 시지각 기능 발달에 영향을 미친다 는 것을 알 수 있었다.

Objective : We try to show the necessity of crafts and arts comparing visual perception of autism with that of mental retardation using craft programmes. Methods : We applied a visual perception programme after sorting 10 autism and 10 mental retardation according to criteria. A used craft programmes are consulted and produced by specialist who are applying crafts as treatment or have experienced applying crafts. The items included potter, mobile art, wheat flour kneading, clay, corrugated cardboard work and color mix work. We applied the programmes twice a week during 4 weeks and used motor-free visual perception test-third edition(MVPT-3) to investigate the effect before and after treatments. Results : First, craft programmes had effect on both autism and mental retardation. Second, craft programmes had more effect on mental retardation. Conclusion : We could know that craft programmes influenced on visual perceptional development of autism and mental retardation.

Mobile phone use while walking can cause dual-task interference and increases safety risks by increasing attentional and cognitive demands. While the interference effect on cognitive function has been examined extensively, how perception of the environment and walking dynamics are affected by mobile phone use while walking is not well understood. The amount of visual information loss and its consequent impact on dy-namic walking stability was examined in this study. Young adults (mean, 20.3 years) volunteered and walked on a treadmill while texting and at-tending to visual tasks simultaneously. Performance of visual task, field of regard loss, and margin of stability under dual-task conditions were compared with those of single-task conditions (i.e., visual task only). The results revealed that the size of visual field and visual acuity de-mand were varied across the visual task conditions. Approximately half of the visual cues provided during texting while walking were not per-ceived as compared to the visual task only condition. The field of regard loss also increased with increased dual-task cost of mobile phone use. Dynamic walking stability, however, showed no significant differences between the conditions. Taken together, the results demonstrate that the loss of situational awareness is unavoidable and occurs simultane-ously with decrements in concurrent task performance. The study indi-cates the importance of considering the nature of attentional resources for the studies in dual-task paradigm and may provide practical infor-mation to improve the safe use of mobile phones while walking.

The presented study was aimed at identifying for the first time the influ-ence of sports vision exercises on fundamental motor skills and cogni-tive skills of 7- to 10-year-old developmental dyslexic Persian children. A pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study was conducted. The statis-tical population of this study was 7- to 10-year-old dyslexic children re-ferring to two centres of learning disorder in the city of Isfahan. Twenty two of these children were selected using available and purposive sampling from the statistical population and were randomly assigned into two groups of experimental and control. The former (experimental group) participated in sports vision exercise courses for 12 weeks (3 one hr sessions per week) and the latter (control group) continued their routine daily activities during the exercise. Before the beginning and at the end of the exercise, Gardner’s test of visual perception test - revised and Dehkhoda’s reading skills test was administered to both groups. The results showed that the sports vision exercises increases motor skills, visual perceptual skills and reading skills in developmental dys-lexic children. Based on the results of the presented study it was con-cluded that sports vision exercises can be used for fundamental and cognitive skills of developmental dyslexic children.

본 연구는 비전테라피가 시각 문제를 가지고 있는 ADHD 경향 아동의 증상과 시지각 기술을 향상시키는지 알아보고자 한다. 본 연구의 대상자는 ADHD 경향이 있는 아동 중 시각적인 문제를 가지고 있는 아동 10명이다. 비전 테라피 전· 후로 시각 기능 검사, 시지각 운동협응 검사, 시지각 기술 검사, ADHD 평가척도 검사를 실시하였다. 비전 테라피는 주 2회, 6개월∼1년 동안 실시되었다. 비전테라피 후에 대상자 모두 시각기능의 시력, 입체시, 버전스 범위, 폭주 근점에서 정상 범위에 도달했으며, 시각 기능과 시지각 기술이 향상되었고 ADHD 증상에 대한 점수가 낮아진 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 비전테라피가 ADHD 경향을 가진 아동들의 증상과 시지각을 개선하고 시각문제를 해결하는 데 활용될 수 있는 것으로 보인다.

The purpose of this study is to determine whether vision therapy improves symptom and visual perceptual skills in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder tendency who have visual problems. The subjects of this study were 10 children. Before and after vision therapy, the visual function test, developmental test of visual-motor integration, test of visual perceptual skills, and ADHD rating scale test were performed. Vision therapy was conducted twice a week for a period of 6 months to 1 year. After vision therapy, all subjects achieved normal ranges of visual function, sensory fusion, stereoacuity, vergence function, and convergence. The visual function and visual perceptual skill were improved and the score for ADHD symptoms was reduced. Therefore, it seems that vision therapy can be used to improve the symptoms and visual perception of children with ADHD.

This study investigates six representative spouted-pouch protein milkshake products available in the Korean market to examine the consumer cognitive evaluation structure of packaging design. Through comparative case analysis and systematic categorization of design elements, an evaluation framework was established encompassing three core cognitive functions: flavor and visual identification, functional information comprehension, and usage experience and trust construction. These functions were further operationalized into 14 evaluation categories (H 1~H 14). Based on this framework, a questionnaire survey using a 7-point Likert scale was conducted, yielding 392 valid responses. To derive objective importance weights for each evaluation category and minimize subjectivity, the CRITIC (Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation) method was applied. The results indicate that information presentation –related indicators dominate the overall evaluation system. In particular, the ease of accessing key nutritional information, clarity of information structure, and support for purchase decision-making exhibit the highest weights, suggesting that consumers primarily rely on rational information cues when evaluating packaging for functional protein beverages. In contrast, visual elements mainly contribute to trust formation, serving as signals of healthiness, safety, and professionalism rather than sources of emotional stimulation. Indicators related to structural usability show relatively lower weights, reflecting that such attributes have become standardized baseline conditions in the current market rather than key differentiating factors. Overall, the findings clarify the hierarchical roles of information, visual, and structural attributes in shaping consumer cognition of spouted-pouch protein beverage packaging.

본 연구는 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 시지각 훈련 프로그램을 적용하였을 때 시지각 기능과 일상생활활동 수행능력에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 첫째, 실험군과 대조군의 치료 중재 전․후 시지각 기능은 유의한 차이를 보였고(p< .05), 집단의 상호작용에는 유의한 차이를 보였다(p< .05) 둘째, 실험군과 대조군의 치료 중재 전․후 일상생활활동 수행능력은 유의한 차이를 보였고(p< .05), 집단의 상호작용에는 유의한 차이를 보였다(p< .05).셋째, 시지각 기능은 일상생활활동 수행능력의 운동기능 항목에 유의한 차이가 있었고, 상호간의 양의 상관관계가 나타났다(r= .523).본 연구의 결과 시지각 훈련 프로그램이 뇌졸중 환자의 시지각 기능과 일상생활활동 수행능력을 향상시킨다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

This study was aimed to investigate influences of a specific visual perception training program on the visual perception and the activities of daily living(ADL) of patients with stroke. First, before and after of the visual perception in the intervention training program of the visual perception group, which is including not having a training group showed statistically significant difference(p< .05), The interaction of the group before and after intervention training about the visual perception training program showed significant differences(p< .05). Second, the ADL were significantly improved(p< .05) The interaction of the group before and after intervention training about the Activity of Daily Linving training showed significant differences(p< .05). Third, it was noted that visual perception program assessed by MVPT and ADL assessed by FIM measurement had a moderate level of correlations (r=.523). The results of this study showed that visual perceptual training designed in this study increased the visual perceptual and the ADL as well.

공공의 장소와 공공의 목적을 지닌 텍스트 속에서 시스템화 되어 있는 사인은 실용적으로는 커뮤니케이션의 기본적 단위로써 각종 안내나 그 지시적 성격, 그리고 상징적 성격을 나타난다. 이 성격에 따라 지하철, 공항의 사인도 특정한 사물의 위치나 길을 미리 알게(징조, 전조) 해주는 역할을 한다. 시각우선순위가 부재한 기존 공항사인에 대하여 시각적 우선순위와 색채, 조명, 위치 등의 요소를 제시하는 대안에 대한 실험연구이며, 연구 결과 제시된 샘플이 기존 공항안내사인보다 고령자와 일반인 모두 길 찾기를 하는데 쉽고 이용이 편리하다는 사실을 입증하는 것이다. 공항이용자 중 일반인과 비일반인으로 간주되는 고령자를 대상으로 안내사인의 적합성, 가독성, 만족도 평가를 분리해서 진행했으며, 비일반인에게 좋은 평가를 얻은 제안샘플이 일반인에게도 적합한 디자인인가를 검증하는 연구이다. 이러한 연구를 통하여 모든 이용자가 정보를 효율적으로 빠르고 쉽고 편하게 찾을 수 있다면 정보 소외 계층으로 분리될 수 있는 이용자들도 평등하게 공공안내사인을 통하여 시각적 격차의 문제 해결로 공공장소의 이용을 활성화 시켜 고령자에게 여러 가지 가능성을 제시해 줄 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구는 시각우선순위, 색채, 조명, 위치에 대해서 제시한 “제안샘플”의 적용 가능성을 확인한 것에 큰 의의를 가진다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 다음과 같은 결론을 내릴 수 있었다. 첫째, 공공사인은 장애인, 노인, 여성, 어린이, 저학력층 등의 모든 사용자들을 위한 것이므로 시각정보 교육을 받지 못한 고령자들과 일반인들을 대상으로 하는 추후연구를 통하여 본 연구의결과를 검증해야 할 것 이다. 둘째, 고령자는 물론 일반인들도 색상의 대비가 클수록 길 찾기를 하는 데에 도움이 된다. 셋째, 조명과 시각도에 따른 위치가 길 찾기를 하는데 많은 영향이 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

Since the environment of our society has been made for average users, it was somewhat exclusive for whom 'out of average.' As irrationalities of such equipment rear up recently, extra or exclusive equipment and further devices are added to current facilities, but in practice its quality is lower than it was initially planned, because of additional cost. The purpose of this study is to present substitute such as visual priority, color, lightening, and location of current airport signals with no visual priority, and to prove the fact that presented sample as a result of this study is easy and convenient for both of the aged and normal people, than current airport signals. Targets of the experiment were normal airport users, the abnormal and the aged, while research items were property, readability, and degree of satisfaction. This is to prove whether the presentation sample highly rated by the abnormal is also proper to the normal. If this study allows efficient, prompt and easy information for every users, intelligence-alienated class such as the aged who with low-eyesight would be able to equally use the public directional signals to get information, which leads to solve the problem of vidual difference to activate use of public places, and to present various possibilities to the aged. As a result of experiment, pictogram-priority design was highly ranked among visual-priority applied samples, by the aged. Mean- while for colors, the one with highly contrasted colors was the most highly ranked among the aged. For lightening, the sample in lightness order of ceiling, floor, and wall was highly ranked in both of eye-catching and property. The experiment proved that Hanging Type and Pole Post Type are not convenient to look out users' destination since those do not consider the eyesight angles.

목적 : 본 연구는 시각, 청각 피드백을 이용한 디지털 페그보드 훈련 프로그램이 뇌졸중 환자의 손 기능과 시․지각에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 연구 대상자는 뇌졸중 환자 22명으로 실험군(시각, 청각 피드백을 이용한 디지털 페그보드 훈련 작업치료 프로그램 및 전통적인 작업치료) 11명과 대조군(전통적인 작업치료) 11명으로 무작위 할당되었다. 실험군은 1회당 30분씩 주 3회 6주간 총 18회의 시각, 청각 피드백을 이용한 디지털 페그보드 훈련 프로그램을 적용하여 치료를 시행하였으며, 1회당 30분씩 주 2회는 12회의 전통적인 작업치료를 받아 총 30회의 치료를 시행 하였다. 대조군은 1회당 30분씩 주 5회, 6주간 총 30회를 작업치료사를 통하여 전통적인 작업치료를 받도록 하였다. 평가는 중재 전, 후로 손 기능을 측정하기 위하여 Nine-hole pegboard test와 뇌졸중상지기능검사(MFT)를 시행하였다. 결과 : 실험군과 대조군 모두 중재 전과 후 Nine-hole pegboard test와 MVPT-3에서 유의한 상승을 보였다(p<.05). 두 군 간의 비교에서는 실험군이 대조군보다 Nine-hole pegboard test와 MVPT-3결과 변화량 차이에서 유의한 향상을 보였다(p<.05). 결론 : 본 연구의 결과를 통하여 시각 및 청각 피드백을 이용한 디지털 페그보드 훈련 프로그램이 뇌졸중 환자의 손 기능과 시․지각기능의 향상을 위한 재활 프로그램에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Purpose : This study aimed to investigate the effects of a digital pegboard training program with visual and auditory feedback on hand function and visual perception in stroke patients. Methods : Twenty two participants were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. The experimental group received training using a digital pegboard training program with visual and auditory feedback (n=11), while traditional occupational therapy was administered to the control group (n=11). Hand function was assessed before and after the intervention using the Nine-Hole Peg Test and manual function test (MFT), while visual perception was assessed using the Motor-Free Visual Perception Test-3rd edition (MVPT-3). Results : Following the intervention, both the experimental and control groups showed significant improvements in performance in the Nine-Hole Peg Test and MVPT-3 (p<.05). The improvement on both tests was significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group (p<.05). Conclusion : The results suggest that digital pegboard training with visual and auditory feedback may improve hand function and visual perception in stroke patients. Therefore, this intervention can be effective in occupational therapy to aid the recovery of stroke patients.

국문초록목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 국내에 거주하는 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 시지각 능력이 운전수행에 미치는 영향을 알아보고 운전수행능력 향상을 위한 시지각 훈련의 중요성을 제시하고자 하였다. 연구 방법 : 2014년 10월부터 11월까지 서울시 소재 병원에 입원중인 뇌졸중 환자 19명을 대상으로 MVPT(Motor-free Visual Perception Test), TMT A&B(Trail Making Test A & B), UFOV(Useful Field Of View test)를 사용하여 시지각능력 검사를 실시하였으며, 가상현실 운전시뮬레이터를 이용하여 운전 수행능력을 검사하였다. 결과 : 뇌졸중 환자의 운전수행은 다양한 시지각 능력 평가도구와 관련성이 있었으며, UFOV 하위검사 2, TMT B, MVPT에서 가장 높은 상관관계가 나타났다. 또한, 시지각 능력 평가결과는 운전시뮬레이터 평가결과(합격/불합격)를 민감도 100.0%, 특이도 80.0%, 정확도 89.5%로 판별할 수 있었다. 결론 : 뇌졸중 환자의 운전수행에 있어 시지각 능력이 운전수행능력과 매우 높은 관련성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 운전 재활 분야에서 시지각 능력과 관련된 운전재활 및 운전수행능력 평가를 시행하는데 유용하게 사용될 것으로 기대한다.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of visual perception on driving performance and the importance of visual training for improving driving performance in patients with stroke. Methods : The evaluations, using MVPT(Motor-free Visual Perception Test), TMT A&B(Trail Making Test A & B), UFOV(Useful Field Of View test), and a driving simulator, were carried out with patients in department of physical medicine and rehabilitation in a rehabilitation hospital from October 2014 to November 2014. Results : Driving performance was related to the ability of various visual perceptions of patients with stroke, and the highest correlation was found in the UFOV subtest 2, TMT B, and MVPT. The results of discriminant analysis indicated a sensitivity of 100.0%, specificity of 80.0%, and predicted the results of the driving simulator with 89.5% accuracy. Conclusion : This study found that visual-perception skills influence driving performance and suggested the importance of visual-perception skill training for driving.

목적 : 본 연구는 뇌성마비 아동에게 시지각 중재를 적용한 연구들에 대해 체계적으로 고찰하여, 시지각 중재의 효과에 대해 분석하고자 한다. 연구방법 : 데이터 베이스는 PubMed, EMbase, Science Direct, ProQuest, Koreanstudies Information Service System (KISS), Research Information Sharing Service (RISS), 국회도서관을 사용하였다. 키워드는 뇌성마비, 시지각, cerebral palsy, CP, visual perception을 사용하였다. PRISMA Flowchart에 따라 2012년 1월 1일부터 2022년 3월 30일까지 게재된 연구 중에서 10편을 선정하였다. 선정된 연구들의 질적 수준, 연구 대상자의 인구학적 특성, 중재의 효과, 중재의 영역과 전략, 중재의 효과를 측정하기 위한 평가도구, 비뚤림 위험에 대해 분석하였다. 결과 : 선정된 모든 연구에서 시지각 중재가 시지각 기능 증진에 효과적임을 확인하였다. 또한 시지각 중재는 시지각 기능뿐만 아니라 상지기능, 일상생활활동, 자세조절, 목표달성, 심리사회 영역에서도 긍정적인 결과를 나타냈다. 눈-손 협응 영역은 모든 연구에서 중재되었다. 결론 : 시지각 중재 시 시지각 기능을 영역별로 평가하고, 개인별 체계적으로 단계화된 맞춤 중재를 적용해야 한다.

Objective : This study aims to analyze the effects of visual perception intervention by systematically reviewing the studies that applied visual perception intervention to children with cerebral palsy. Methods : The databases used were PubMed, EMbase, Science Direct, ProQuest, Koreanstudies Information Service System (KISS), Research Information Sharing Service (RISS), and the National Assembly Library. The keywords used were cerebral palsy, CP, and visual perception. According to the PRISMA flowchart, 10 studies were selected from among studies published from January 1, 2012 to March 30, 2022. The quality level of the selected studies, the demographic characteristics of study participants, the effectiveness of interventions, area and strategies of intervention, assessment tools to measure the effectiveness of interventions, and risk of bias were analyzed. Results : All selected studies confirmed that visual perception intervention was effective in improving visual perception function. In addition, positive results were shown in upper extremity function, activities of daily living, posture control, goal achievement, and psychosocial areas as well as visual perception function. The eye-hand coordination area was intervened in all studies. Conclusion : In visual perception intervention, It is necessary to evaluate the visual perception function by area, and apply systematically graded customized interventions for each individual.

목적 : 본 연구는 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 가상현실 기반 프로그램 라파엘 스마트보드를 적용하여 시지각기능, 인지기능, 상지기능 및 일상생활수행 능력에 미치는 영향을 확인하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 울산광역시에 소재한 S병원에 입원한 환자 36명을 무작위 배정하여 가상현실 기반 프로그램의 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 실험군은 라파엘 스마트보드를 적용한 그룹과 대조군으로 과제지향훈련을 하는 그룹으로 나누었다. 하루 40분, 주 3회 8주 간 중재를 시행하였으며, 중재 전과 후에 MVPT-3, MoCA-K, Fugl-meyer assessment, K-MBI를 사용하여 평가하였다. 자료의 분석은 SPSS 22.0을 사용하였으며 통계학적 유의수준은 0.05로 하였다. 결과 : 실험군과 대조군 모두 MVPT-3, MoCA-K, Fugl-meyer assessment, K-MBI 점수에서 유의한 결과를 나타내었다. 그룹 간 결과 비교에서는 실험군에서 MVPT-3, MoCA-K, Fugl-meyer assessment, K-MBI 점수가 유의하게 향상되었다. 결론 : 가상현실 기반 프로그램 라파엘 스마트보드를 사용한 중재가 뇌졸중 환자의 시지각기능, 인지기능, 상지기능 및 일상생활수행 능력 증진에 효과적이다.

Objective : This study was conducted to find out the impact of the virtual reality based rehabilitation program using RAPAEL Smartboard on visual perception, cognitive function, upper limb fuction, and Activities of Daily Living ability of stroke patients. Methods : A total of 36 patients admitted to S Hospital in Ulsan Metropolitan City were randomly assigned to a virtual reality-based rehabilitation program or task-oriented training. The experimental group performed virtual reality rehabilitation program and the control group performed task oriented training. Intervention The intervention was conducted 8 times for 8 weeks, 40 minutes per day, 3 times a week. SPSS 22.0 was used for data analysis, and the statistical significance level was set at 0.05. Results : Both groups showed a significant improvement in their visual perception, cognitive function, upper limb fuction and Activities of Daily Living ability. After the intervention, significant differences in the score of MVPT-3, Fugl-meyer assessment, MoCA-K, K-MBI were observe. Conclusion : In conclusion, it is desirable to implement a virtual conduction virtual reality-based rehabilitation program as a rehabilitation program to improve visual perception, cognitive function, upper limb function, and daily living ability in stroke ADL patients.

본 논문은 실제로 근로 능력이 있으면서 취업기회 부족으로 직업생활에 참여하지 못하고 있는 장애인과 장애인의 질 높은 고용을 촉진시키기 위해 전산화된 한국형 시지각 검사도구 개발의 필요성을 제시하고자 한다. 이를 위해 전문가 패널 30명에게 첫째, 프로그램 개발 원리 설정을 위한 정량적 평가, 둘째, 프로그램 개발 원리 설정을 위한 정성적 평가, 셋째, 장애인 고용을 위한 전산화된 한국형 시지각 검사도구 프로그램 원칙과 지침을 설정하고자 조사하여 분석하였고, 회수된 설문지는 20부였다. 회수된 설문지를 토대로 정량적, 정성적으로 분석하였다. 그 결과 우리나라에서 많이 사용하고 있는 지필용 시지각 검사도구의 장점과 전산화된 시지각 검사도구의 장점을 살려 검사 프로그램의 개발이 필요하고, 개발된 프로그램을 일반화 하는 과정이 진행되어 임상에서 활용할 수 있어야 한다고 하였다. 또한 전문가들은 컴퓨터 기반 한국형 시지각 검사 프로그램 원칙과 지침을 디자인, 검사프로그램, 데이터 관리, 환자정보 관리, 난이도, 운영방법 등 총 6가지를 제시하여, 장애인의 고용을 촉진하기 위한 시지각 검사 프로그램이 필요하다고 하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로, 우리나라의 실정에 맞는 한국형 시지각 검사 프로그램이 개발되어 장애인의 고용에 대한 지원, 서비스의 확대, 고용유지, 전문성이 강화되어 보다 많은 장애인의 고용효과가 증대될 수 있을 것이라 사료된다. 앞으로 검사 프로그램 결과에 따라 치료가 연계될 수 있는 치료프로그램 개발이 필요하고, 전산화된 한국형 시지각 검사도구가 장애인의 근로현장에서 간단한 교육을 받고도 사용이 가능하도록 개발 되어야 하겠다.

This paper intends to suggest the necessity of development of computerized Korean-style visual perception examination tools in order to accelerate high-quality employment of disabled people who do not participate in vocational life due to lack of employment chances regardless of their work competence. For this, targeting a panel of 30 professionals, matters were investigated such as first, what the present state and limit of visual perception examination tools with paper and pencils are; second, what the present state and limit of computerized visual perception examination tools are; third, whether Korean-style visual perception examination tools to settle the problems is necessary or not; and fourth, what considerations are in the development of Korean-style visual perception examination tools. The collected questionnaires were 20 copies. Based on them, the analysis was conducted. As the result, by bringing out strong points of visual perception examination tools using paper and pencils and computerized visual perception examination tools, the development of examination programs is necessary. The programs should be used clinically from processing the course to generalize the developed programs. Also, exports said that Korean-style visual perception examination programs are necessary to promote employment of disabled people by proposing a total of six principles and guidelines of Korean-style visual perception examination programs like design, test program, data control, management of patient information, degree of difficulty and easiness, and operation methods. On the basis of this study, by developing computerized Korean-style visual perception test programs fitting to Korean situations, from strengthening support for the employment of disabled people, expansion of the service, employment maintenance, and professionalism, it is thought that employment effect of more disabled people can be increased. In the future, according to the test program results, development of treatment programs that treatment can be connected is needed. In order that computerized Korean-style visual perception examination programs can be available by the simple education for disabled people at work sites, the development should be realized.