Earticle

In a situation that is diversifying the form of dependency, whether the position as employee under the Labor Standard Law or not, there is big issue. It is important that they will be applied labor law or social security law. This is a review of approaches to the workers’ concept problems in korea. In Germany, similar worker is acknowledged due to the need for social protection and economic protection. But they is not applied Labor Law, but other laws. The Supreme Court ruling on the basis of typological way of human dependency (employment dependencies relations) lists its own individual test criteria, then maintains the attitude of identifying whether the actual employment relationship exists in each specific cases regardless of the type of contracts. The court has been applied the concept of employee from a view of labor law, because workers are not equivalent to a business. In these cases, must be respected by the contents what the parties had intended. However, we can not help but be suspicious the judgement and we hope that is not being done for purely economic reasons. In 2006, The supreme court judged in terms of ‘a considerable guidance and supervision’ as well as ‘Specific guidance and supervision’, in judging the concept of the worker. And the supreme court was regarded as a secondary element the indicators to do the business in their dominant position. If The supreme court is intended the employee’s concept of expansion due to economic protection, the court’s judgement in 2006 will be continued. In spite of that there are the judgements which is judged from the previous criteria-Specific guidance and supervision. The court’s judgement depend on that the court chosen what criteria. The court must judge a employee concept by the unified indicators, and court remains firmly of the view that is judge whether employee or not.

The purpose of this study is to investigate Korean idiomatic expressions with an animal name and to suggest the educational measures of Korean idiomatic expressions for the foreign learners of Korean language. After reviewing the previous studies on this subject we, first, classify the idioms into 4 types based on the two unique criteria, namely the degree of an idiomatic usuage and of the understanding the meaning of the idiom’s constituents. We also propose two types of educational measures-meaning-related and meaning-inferred educational measures and apply them to teach the idioms to the foreign students at Youngsan University. The results of this experiment say that the proposal gives us a more desirable outcome than the previous one. Hopefully, this study helps to understand and recognize the meaning of an idiom and will be expected to be referred to teach the Korean language and Korean culture, too.

In digital games, typography serves not only as a vehicle for conveying information but also as a crucial visual element that shapes the game’s identity and emotional atmosphere. However, prior research has predominantly focused on graphics, backgrounds, and character design, with systematic analyses of typographic expression remaining limited. This study concentrates on the emotional functions of typography in games by analyzing 25 PC games across five representative genres: role-playing (RPG), shooting (FPS/TPS), strategy (RTS/TBS), MOBA (AOS), and horror. The titles of these games were assessed using a seven-point scale based on typographic variables—weight, form, spacing, slant, baseline, and visual effects—and subsequently translated into emotional dimensions: robustness, stability, dynamism, traditionality, and fantasy. Based on this framework, genre-specific emotional typologies were identified. The results indicate that RPGs emphasize grandeur and mythic symbolism; FPS/TPS games highlight robustness and dynamism; strategy games exhibit order and stability; MOBAs convey competitive dynamism; and horror games strongly employ fantasy and anxiety. By classifying genre-specific emotional types of typography, this study expands the scope of game graphic design research to include textual expression. Practically, it provides design guidelines that help align typographic choices with genre-specific emotional characteristics. Nonetheless, the study is limited to PC games and a single-researcher evaluation, suggesting the need for future research to incorporate diverse platforms and user-based assessments.

본 연구는 2인칭 대명사의 언어유형론적 분류 기준의 하나인 ‘공손성’ 개념을 재고하고, 이를 통해 한국어를 비롯한 일부 언어의 2인칭 대명사를 재검토하는 데 있다. 지금까지 공손성에 따른 2인칭 대명사의 실현을 살펴본 논의에서는 한국어를 포함하여 일본어·태국어·베트남어·인도네시아어·미얀마어·크메르어 등 7개 언어를 ‘공손성을 표현하기 위해서 2인칭 대명사를 회피하는 언어’로 분류해 왔다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 분류가 공손성 개념을 청자높임의 실현과 동일시한 결과라고 보고, 공손성이 청자높임뿐아니라 화자낮춤을 통해서도 실현될 수 있다는 데 주목하였다. 이에 본 연구는 청자높임을 표지하는 기능에 대해 [공경], 화자낮춤을 표지하는 기능에 대해 [겸손]으로 자질을 부여하고, 이를 기준으로 각 언어에서 2인칭 대명사가 어떻게 공손성을 표지할 수있는지 재검토하였다. 그 결과 한국어·일본어·태국어·베트남어는 [공경]과 [겸손]이 모두 고려되는 언어로, 인도네시아어는 [겸손]만 고려되는 언어로 확인되었다. 이러한 연구 결과는 공손성의 개념을 보다 실질적으로 재설정하고, 나아가 이에 따라 한국어 2인칭 대명사의 유형론적 지위를 확인했다는 점에서 의의를 갖는다.

This paper aims to do a typological classification of second-person pronouns by reconsidering the concept of politeness which is one of the typological relegation criteria for second-person pronouns. Within literature that looked at second person pronoun typology up to date, a total of seven languages, namely, Korean, Japanese, Thai, Vietnamese, Indonesian, Myanmar and Khmer, have been known to eschew second-person pronouns in order to express politeness. This result was because the concept of politeness was inhibited only to 'listener honorification'. However, in this paper, we bore in mind that the concept of politeness extends beyond 'listener honorific' to include 'speaker self-lowering' and we corroborated the utilization of second-person pronouns for each language. The result of the study has shown that politeness should take into account both [respect (listener honorification)] and [humbleness (speaker self-lowering)]. In addition, if languages that, due to politeness, avoid second person pronoun use are to be reclassified, then Korean, Japanese, Thai, and Vietnamese are languages in which both [respect] and [humbleness] are considered and Indonesian is a language where only [humbleness] is considered. These findings are paramount in that they have expanded the concept of politeness and have further corroborated the typological position of politeness dependent second-person pronouns in Korean.

본 연구는 2인칭 대명사의 언어유형론적 분류 기준의 하나인 ‘공손성’ 개념을 재고하고, 이를 통해 한국어를 비롯한 일부 언어의 2인칭 대명사를 재검토하는 데 있다. 지금까지 공손성에 따른 2인칭 대명사의 실현을 살펴본 논의에서는 한국어를 포함하여 일본어·태국어·베트남어·인도네시아어·미얀마어·크메르어 등 7개 언어를 ‘공손성을 표현하기 위해서 2인칭 대명사를 회피하는 언어’로 분류해 왔다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 분류가 공손성 개념을 청자높임의 실현과 동일시한 결과라고 보고, 공손성이 청자높임뿐아니라 화자낮춤을 통해서도 실현될 수 있다는 데 주목하였다. 이에 본 연구는 청자높임을 표지하는 기능에 대해 [공경], 화자낮춤을 표지하는 기능에 대해 [겸손]으로 자질을 부여하고, 이를 기준으로 각 언어에서 2인칭 대명사가 어떻게 공손성을 표지할 수있는지 재검토하였다. 그 결과 한국어·일본어·태국어·베트남어는 [공경]과 [겸손]이 모두 고려되는 언어로, 인도네시아어는 [겸손]만 고려되는 언어로 확인되었다. 이러한 연구 결과는 공손성의 개념을 보다 실질적으로 재설정하고, 나아가 이에 따라 한국어 2인칭 대명사의 유형론적 지위를 확인했다는 점에서 의의를 갖는다.

This paper aims to do a typological classification of second-person pronouns by reconsidering the concept of politeness which is one of the typological relegation criteria for second-person pronouns. Within literature that looked at second person pronoun typology up to date, a total of seven languages, namely, Korean, Japanese, Thai, Vietnamese, Indonesian, Myanmar and Khmer, have been known to eschew second-person pronouns in order to express politeness. This result was because the concept of politeness was inhibited only to 'listener honorification'. However, in this paper, we bore in mind that the concept of politeness extends beyond 'listener honorific' to include 'speaker self-lowering' and we corroborated the utilization of second-person pronouns for each language. The result of the study has shown that politeness should take into account both [respect (listener honorification)] and [humbleness (speaker self-lowering)]. In addition, if languages that, due to politeness, avoid second person pronoun use are to be reclassified, then Korean, Japanese, Thai, and Vietnamese are languages in which both [respect] and [humbleness] are considered and Indonesian is a language where only [humbleness] is considered. These findings are paramount in that they have expanded the concept of politeness and have further corroborated the typological position of politeness dependent second-person pronouns in Korean.

본 연구는 지방자치단체의 위기유발자, 위기유형, 위기대응전략이 어떠한지를 살펴보기 위한 탐색적 목적의 연구를 전제로 한다. 지자체 위기사례 분석을 위해 보도된 경기도의 4개 지자체(수원시, 성남시, 용인시, 고양시)에 대한 KBS, MBC, SBS, 조선일보, 동아일보, 중앙일보, 경향신문, 한겨레의 뉴스보도 3,708건을 수집하고, 위기관련 뉴스 507건을 분석에 이용하였다. 위기유형화 단계에서 위기유발자는 조직 내부 및 외부, 그리고 조직인지 구성원인지로 분류하였으며, 위기내용은 인적 차원, 사회환경적 차원, 자연환경 및 사건 차원으로 분류하였다. 분석결과, 위기유발자는 조직 내부에 존재하는 경우가 대부분으로, 지자체 자체가 위기유발자인 경우가 90%에 달했다. 위기내용에서는 사회환경적 차원이 가장 큰 요인이었다. 위기에 대한 대응으로는 공격, 변명, 시정조치가 주로 사용되었다. 결론적으로 지자체에는 그 원인이 지자체 외부로부터 유발되기 보다는 대부분 조직 내분에 내재하고 있음을 알 수 있었고, 드러난 위기대응전략은 매우 단조로운 양상으로 나타나고 있었다.

The purpose of the present study is to explore crisis causer, crisis type, and crisis response strategy in the local government in Korea. To accomplish this purpose, 3,708 news articles on Suwon, Sungnam, Goyang, and Yongin City on three major broadcasting companies such as KBS, MBC, and SBS and five major national newspapers such as Chosun daily, Donga daily, Joongang daily, Kyunghyan daily and Hankyoreh daily were collected and 507 news articles were analyzed. Crisis causer was classified into internal or external, and organization or person. Crisis Content was classified into person factor, social environment factor, natural environment and accident factor. As a result, most of crisis causer is internal factor, and the local government was found in approximately 90% 0f the cases. Social environment was the greatest factor in crisis content. It was found three major response types ‘attack the accuser, excuse, corrective action’. In conclusion, crisis in the local government occurred from internal factor rather than external factor, and crisis response strategy was not various.

웹툰의 인기가 지속적으로 상승함에 따라 이를 불법으로 복제 및 배포하는 사이트들이 확산되고 있다. 이들 사이트는 주로 해외에서 운영되며, 도메인 주소를 빈번하게 변경하여 법적 규제와 접근 차단을 회피하고 있어 근본적인 문제 해결이 어려운 상황이다. 그러나, 도메인 주소를 변경할 뿐 사이트의 내용까지는 바꾸지 않기 때문에 이들 사이트를 지속적으로 모니터링함으로써 향후 해당 사이트 운영진 검거에 대비하여 범죄 피해 규모를 입증할 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 불법 웹툰 사이트에서 수집할 수 있는 웹 기반 기술적 특징을 바탕으로 불법 웹툰 사이트들을 연관성 있는 사이트끼리 분류하고 유형별로 상세분석하였다. 또한 기존 연구에서 다루지 않았던 불법 웹툰 사이트 간 연관성 분석에 필요한 요소를 추가 식별하여 보다 효과적인 분류 방안을 제안한다. 본 논문에서 제시하는 방법을 통해 연관된 사이트를 구분함으로써 해외 공조 등 장기간 소요되는 수사 과정에서 우선적으로 조사해야 할 대상을 선정하는 데에 기여할 수 있으며 운영진 및 개발자 추적의 효율성을 높일 수 있을 것이다.

As webtoons continue to grow in popularity, sites that illegally copy and distribute them are proliferating. These sites are often operated from overseas and frequently change their domain addresses to evade legal regulations and access blocks, making it difficult to address the underlying problem. However, since they only change the domain address but not the content of the site, it is necessary to continuously monitor these sites to prove the scale of criminal damage in preparation for future arrests of the site operators. Based on the web-based technical features that can be collected from illegal webtoon sites, this study classifies illegal webtoon sites according to their interrelationships and conducts a detailed typological analysis. It also identifies the factors necessary to analyze the association between illegal webtoon sites that have not been covered in previous studies and proposes a more effective classification method. By categorizing related sites through the method presented in this paper, it will contribute to prioritizing the targets to be investigated in a long investigation process, such as overseas cooperation, and improve the efficiency of tracking down operators and developers.

This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the multi-dimensional characteristics of park golf courses across South Korea to establish a typology system and provide a foundation for tailored management and policy development. A total of 424 park golf courses were analyzed using data provided by the Korea Park Golf Association. The variables considered included climate favorability (based on the Korea Tourism Climate Index, K-TCI), surrounding environmental features (such as proximity to rivers, parks, and land cover types), accessibility indicators (population density and age structure), and facility size (number of holes). The 12 K-TCI indicators were reduced to three principal components-Peak Season Comfort, Winter Limitation, Summer Polarization-through Logratio Principal Component Analysis (log ratio PCA), which explained 88.2% of the cumulative variance. These three components, along with six additional variables, were integrated into a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM)-based cluster analysis. Based on the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), six distinct clusters were identified, each representing a unique typological group of park golf courses.

본고에서는 공산성 백제 벽주건물지의 유형분류와 단계를 검토하기 위해 기존 연구성과를 기초로 벽구의 존재와 범위, 기둥 배치 방식 기준으로 건물지 유형을 분류하였다. 그 결과 공산성 공북루 남쪽대지 왕궁관련유적 벽주건물지는 8개 유형으로 확인된다. 유형별 건물지 특성은 건물지의 구조를 파악하는데 중요한 요소인 평면 형태, 기둥 설치 방식, 출입구 위치 등을 대상으로 살펴보았다. 공북루 남쪽대지 왕궁관련유적 백제 벽주건물지는 분석결과 크게 3단계로 구분된다. 1단계는 벽구가 네변에 모두 확인되고, 기둥배치에 있어 네 모서리에 주주, 주주 사이에 간주가 설치된 Ⅰ-1유형이 확인된다. 2단계는 벽구가 부분적으로 확인되고 주주 중심의 건물지는 구조상 단실이 아닌 칸의 개념으로 변화된 Ⅱ-3유형, 벽구가 부분적으로 확인되며 벽주가 설치되는 Ⅱ-2유형, 벽구가 시설되지 않고 주주+간주, 벽주로 벽체를 구성하는 Ⅲ-1~2유형, 한성기 수혈건물지 평면과 유사한 모습을 보이는 Ⅳ-1유형이 확인된다. 3단계에서는 벽구가 거의 확인되지 않고 기둥배치가 주주+간주, 벽주로 벽체를 구성하는 Ⅲ-1~2유형이 대부분을 차지한다. 즉 Ⅰ-1유형→ Ⅱ-2‧3유형, Ⅲ-1‧2유형, Ⅳ-1유형→Ⅱ-3유형, Ⅲ-1~3유형 순으로 변화된다. 이러한 건물지 유형의 단계를 검토한 결과, 시간의 흐름에 따라 벽구가 사라지는 모습과 기둥 배치 방식이 주주+간주 중심에서 벽주로만 구성되는 경향성은 확인되나, 벽구의 존재와 기둥 배치 방식이 모든 벽주건물지의 시간성을 제시하는 기준은 아닌 것으로 판단된다. 즉 건물지의 유형은 특정 기점을 중심으로 일시적으로 변화되는 것이 아니라 점진적인 조성과 폐기를 거치면서 여러 유형이 공존하는 가운데 변화된 것으로 판단된다.

In this study, the typological classification and developmental phases of the Baekje pillar-building sites at Gongsanseong Royal Castle are examined. Drawing on previous research findings, the classification was made according to the presence and extent of wall trenches and the patterns of pillar arrangements. As a result, eight distinct types of pillar-building sites were identified within the palace-related remains on the southern terrace of Gongbuknu Pavilion at Gongsanseong Royal Castle. The characteristics of each type were then analyzed with a focus on key structural elements essential to understanding the buildings, including floor plans, methods of pillar installation, and the placement of entrances. Analysis shows that the Baekje pillar-building sites, linked to the palace remains on the southern terrace of Gongbuknu Pavilion, can be divided into three main phases. The first phase is marked by wall trenches appearing along all four sides, with Type I-1 identified as a representative form. This type is characterized by main pillars positioned at each corner, with intermediate pillars placed between them. The second phase reveals a greater diversity of building types, with wall trenches appearing only in part. Type II-3 marks a structural shift from single-room layouts to a compartmentalized design organized around the main pillars. Type II-2, in which wall pillars are installed; Types Ⅲ-1~2, where no wall trenches are provided and the walls are formed by a combination of main, intermediate, and wall pillars; and Type IV-1, which exhibits a floor plan resembling the pit-dwelling sites of the Hanseong period, have been identified. In the third phase, wall trenches are scarcely observed, with the majority of structures represented by Types Ⅲ-1~2, in which walls are formed through a combination of main, intermediate, and wall pillars. In other words, the developmental sequence can be summarized as follows: Type I-1 → Types II-2 and II-3, Types III-1 and III-2, Type IV-1 → Type II-3, and Types III-1 to III-3. A review of the developmental phases of these building types reveals a general trend over time: wall trenches tend to disappear, and pillar arrangements gradually shift from a combination of main and intermediate pillars to walls composed solely of wall pillars. Nevertheless, in practice, this pattern does not consistently apply to all Baekje pillar-building sites at Gongsanseong, and therefore cannot be regarded as a definitive criterion for determining their chronological sequence. In other words, the typology of the building sites did not change abruptly at a single moment. Rather, it appears to have evolved gradually through successive phases of construction and abandonment, with multiple types coexisting and each exhibiting its own characteristic pattern of development.

The purpose of this study is to explain evaluative speech act with its own felicity conditions and to suggest it should be categorized as an individual speech act in speech act system. Since the Evaluative speech acts had not been dealt with in classification of Searle(1976), it was regarded as one of the Assertive or Expressive. This study looks through authentic conversation examples and finds out unique characteristics of the Evaluative which are different from those of Assertive or Expressive. Differences between them are as followings. Firstly, Evaluative is related not only to a speaker's description of facts but to his psychological attitude about it, which is more crucial. Also, mentioned utterances in the Evaluative would be judged neither by the standards of truth or falsehood, nor by the speaker's belief in truth of proposition. The speaker of Evaluative expects hearer to accept his evaluative manner whereas the speaker of Expressive expects empathy. Overall, it seems that Evaluative has its own unique characteristics with its own felicity conditions and should be classified as a distinct category in the whole speech act system.

본 연구는 인용명사 구문이 발화 상황과 담화 맥락에 따라 지시성, 평가성, 정보 구조화 등 다양한 기능을 수행하는 맥락 의존적 언어 표현이라는 점에 주목하여, 그 화시적 특성을 체계적으로 설명할 수 있는 유형 분류 체계를 정립하는 데 목적을 둔다. 기존 연구는 인용명사 구문을 주로 통사 구조나 표면적 결합 양상에 따라 ‘한정적’, ‘조응적’ 유형으로 이분하였으나, 이러한 분류만으로는 실제 담화에서 나타나는 복합적 기능과 담화적 역할을 충분히 설명하기 어렵다. 이에 본 연구는 신문 기사 말뭉치를 실증적으로 분석하고, 인용명사와 인용내용의 결합 방식, 인용내용의 명시 여부, 담화 내 정보 구조와 결속 방식, 화자의 평가 전략 등 구조적·기능적·맥락적 요소를 종합적으로 고려하여 ‘한정적’, ‘조응적’, ‘담화적’, ‘비명시적’, ‘복합적’ 유형으로 분류하였다. 각 유형은 인용내용의 실현 여부, 문맥적 단서 의존, 담화 전개 주도 여부 등에 따라 구별되며, 다양한 양상이 중첩되는 경우 ‘복합’ 유형으로 설정하였다. 이러한 유형화를 통해 인용명사 구문의 기능적 차이를 분석적으로 포착하고, 인용명사 구문을 화시 기능의 관점에서 설명할 수 있는 이론적 기반을 제공하고자 한다.

This study focuses on the fact that shell noun constructions are context-dependent linguistic expressions that perform various functions?such as referentiality, evaluativeness, and information structuring?depending on the speech situation and discourse context. The aim is to establish a typological classification system that can systematically account for their indexical characteristics. Previous studies have primarily classified shell noun constructions into “restrictive” and “anaphoric” types based on syntactic structure or surface-level combination patterns; however, such a dichotomy is insufficient to fully capture the complex functions and discursive roles observed in actual discourse. To address this limitation, this study conducts an empirical analysis of a newspaper corpus and classifies shell noun constructions into five types?restrictive, anaphoric, discursive, implicit, and composite?by comprehensively considering structural, functional, and contextual elements, including the combination of the shell noun and its quoted content, the explicitness of the quoted content, the information structure and cohesion within given discourse, and the speaker’s evaluative strategies. Each type is distinguished by whether the quoted content is explicitly realized, whether it relies on contextual cues, and whether it plays a leading role in discourse progression. In cases where multiple aspects overlap, the construction is categorized as composite. This typology provides an analytical framework for capturing the functional diversity of shell noun constructions and offers a theoretical foundation for explaining them from the perspective of indexicality.

본 연구의 목적은 국내 모바일 산업의 가치사슬을 구성하는 다양한 시장참여자의 내재적 주관성(subjectivity)에 기인한유형화 연구를 통해, 스마트 모바일 시장의 전략 정책수립에 필요한 이론적 근거를 제시하는 것이다. 2011년 11월 기준으로 스마트기기의 가구당 보급률이 42.9%로 증가하면서, 스마트폰을 필두로 하여 스마트 모바일 시장이 일대 성장기를이루고 있다. 학술적 측면에서 보면 스마트 모바일 관련 대부분의 연구들은 수요자 관점에서 연구자의 조작적 정의에 근거하여 객관적으로 스마트폰 수용 요인을 분석하는 양적 연구에 집중된 경향을 보였다. 즉 기존 연구들은 유형화된 설문대상보다는 획일화된 표본을 조사하는 수준에 진행되었다. 이에 본 연구는 시장참여자들의 집단별 의견을 표면적으로 분류하는 기존 연구의 틀에서 진보하여, 질적 연구인 Q방법론을적용하였다. 인간의 주관성 탐구를 통해 유형화 하는 Q방법론을 적용하여, 실제 스마트 모바일 시장참여자 관점에서 스마트모바일시장 정책에 대한 주관성 유형별 특성을 발견하여 체계적으로 추론하였다. 그리고 콘텐츠 및 어플리케이션 사업자(C),오픈마켓 플랫폼 사업자(P), 통신사업자(N), 단말기 사업자(T) 뿐만 아니라, 정보통신 전문 연구기관 및 정부의 정책입안자들을 아우르는 시장참여자 표본을 선별하여, 스마트 모바일시장에서 조화롭게 수립할 수 있는 정책 및 전략과 연계하였다. 스마트 모바일 시장 정책에 대한 각자의 정책 선호도와 이상적인 정책 비전에 대한 그들의 주관성을 유형화하기 위해,33개의 Q표본을 21개의 P표본(C-P-N-T 사업자, 연구기관, 정책입안자)에게 제시하여 Q소팅한 결과를 QUANL 프로그램으로 분석하여 총 4개의 Q요인을 발견하였다. 스마트 모바일시장을 위한 정책을 바라보는 시선에 따라, ‘가격합리화정책’, ‘공정경쟁 정책’, ‘제품우위 정책’, ‘소비자 확산 정책’ 추구형으로 세분화한 것이다. 더불어, Q연구에서 발견한 스마트 모바일 시장의 정책 유형별 특성의 논리적 근거를 뒷받침 하기 위해, 기술수용 수명주기(Technology Adoption Life Cycle)라는 이론적 프레임워크를 적용하였다. 본 연구의 결과물은 시장참여자 관점에서국내․외 통신시장 정책 및 전략 수립 시 이론적 가이드라인으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

The purpose of the research is to provide the foundation in planning the strategic policy for the smart mobile market through the typological approaches to the subjectivity of various participants who construct the value chain for the domestic mobile industry. With the increment in the prevalence of smart devices per a household, smart mobile market is rapidly growing. So far, most researchers have focused quantitative examinations through the analyses of acceptance factors for smart phones, with being heavily relied on the researcher's operational definitions. Thus most existing researches tended to be simply looked over the unified samples rather than classified survey targets. The study applied Q-methodology to explore and classify the human's subjectivity regarding to the corresponding policy preference. Like other methodologies, Q study involves both advantages and disadvantages. Since the Q study generally requires fewer respondents than the quantitative research(R study), the various different perspectives over the generalization of demographical information, environmental features, and interrelationship among factors of respondents may exist. Nevertheless, the Q study possess the unique methodological strength that enables researchers to scientifically and statistically measure a human being's internal and psychologic subjectivity. Recently, Q-R methodology generally linking between Q study and R study is getting noticed by researchers. To propose appropriate strategic policy guidance in smart mobile industries, the study selected not only core players on the value chain of C-P-N-T(contents, platform, network, terminal),but also working group and policy makers in charge of professional research institutes. Then 33 Q statements were asked to 21 P samples, and four Q factors were identified by analyses of Q sorting outcome using the QUANL software in order to systemize typologic the structures on various respondents' subjective policy preferences and ideal visions in the smart mobile market. The classification from a policy perspective in smart mobile market includes ‘price rationalization policy,’ ‘fair competence policy,’ ‘device predominance policy,’ and ‘consumer diffusion policy’. The research targeted not only to C_P_N_T business participants (content and application providers, open market platform providers, mobile communication service providers, and device manufacturers), but also to researchers in research centers and policy makers in governmental agencies. Thus the findings are anticipated to be accepted as core references in planning business policy and strategy. The peoples in the first type ‘price rationalization policy,’ prefer the sound policy to lead to short-term rapid growth and demand increases of period. The exceptional feature of this type is that they look upon various politic plans to promote demands as a key driver to grow the market. Thus they are concerned about suppliers' price strategies and insist that the roles of policy-making is more important to improve economic social welfare and market benefits. The second group highly approves of the ‘fair competence policy.’ They agree that the policies should set a fair business foundation in smart mobile market. In other words, with respect to mobile technologies, consumers' behavior, market competition, it is required to flexibly correspond to smart ecosystems' conversing changes in the perspective of policy-making. The third type refers to ‘device predominance policy’. They heavily emphasis on consumers'experienced benefit and usefulness through the use of a smart device, the contents and applications provided, and its service quality. And they have a strong interest in development of innovative technologies for increasing the value of smart devices. Lesson from Apple's ‘i Phone’, they explain that the policy-making to lineup attractive device products has to be preceded, because device innovation can carve out...

This study aimed to understand changing of work organization on variation of social organization and research typological classification of office layout based on preceded understanding. Buildings result from social needs and accommodate a variety of functions-economic, social, political, religious and cultural. Therefore, We can explain historical development of the constructing a building we understand the society and studying, After The modern age, it select a three buildings that there is an historical value of office Layouts planning and comprehend that make use sampling type of office work structure, studies a felicitous Typological classification of office Layouts. They find the development direction of a hereafter office of the task organization out according to it, And we suggest to Typological classification of Office Layouts based on Organization Theories.

기업범죄는 ‘기업이나 기업의 구성원이 기업의 업무와 관련하여 실행하는 법익침해행위로서 형사처벌의 대상이 되는 행위’를 의미하며 범죄피해의 법적 성질과 내용, 주관적및 객관적 구성요건요소를 고려한 범죄행위의 구체적 양태, 다른 범죄와의 관련성, 범죄로인한 파급효과 등을 기준으로 몇 개의 유형으로 분류할 수 있다. 즉 각종 경제사범을포함하는 경제범죄유형, 위해식품 및 약품관련 위법사례를 포함하는 식품위생 및보건범죄유형, 건축 및 교통관련 위법행위를 포함하는 안전범죄유형, 각종 환경침해사례를 포함하는 환경범죄유형, 사생활의 자유 등 개인의 기본권을 침해하는 기본권침해범죄유형으로 분류할 수 있다. 현재 기업범죄에 대한 유일한 형벌로서 특별형법과 행정형법에 규정되어 있는벌금형만으로는 다양한 기업범죄유형을 효과적으로 예방할 수 없기 때문에 새로운형사제재가 필요하다. 새로운 제재로는 법인해산, 영업정지, 개선명령, 사회봉사명령,유죄판결의 공시, 보호관찰, 사법감시, 원상회복 등이 있으며 벌금의 경우에도 그 액수를기업의 경제력에 상응하는 수준으로 높이고 범죄로 인한 무형의 이익도 몰수의 대상에포함할 수 있도록 개선하여야 한다. 또한 새로운 제재를 기업범죄에 대한 형벌 내지 보안처분으로 신설하는 것과 기업에게도 형사책임을 인정하는 명문규정을 신설하는 내용의 입법조치가 수반되어야 한다.

This study was performed for the purpose of typing corporate crimes and seekingeffective sanctions against them. Contents can be summarized as the following twofindings. The one was to type corporate crimes, and the other one was to findeffective sanctions for typed corporate crimes. In first work of typing corporate crime to specify the range of corporate crimeshave been studied as a basis by defining the concept of corporate crimes as targetsof sanctions. As a result, corporate crimes are defined as crimes that are the targetof the criminal penalties under the current legal system as unlawful acts committedby companies or their members with respect to businesses. Target acts ofadministrative sanctions or civil sanctions were excluded from the scope ofcorporate crimes because they are not the target of criminal punishment. Corporate crimes can be classified as types of economic crime, food hygienecrime, health crime, safe crime, environmental crime, fundamental rights infringement crime based on victims of crimes and the legal nature of content, and the relevanceof other crimes, the ripple effect caused by the crimes. In second work to come up with effective sanctions against corporate crimes, asit’s prior work was to review the current status of sanctions for corporate crimes. That results current fine system is not effective in preventing corporate crimes. Inorder to fix this problem, this study proposed that the fine should be heaviercommensurate with the scale of the enterprise and the proceeds of crime should beconfiscated. However, even this improved fine system, there is a need to be provided newsanctions for effective prevention of corporate crimes. Because it is difficult toprevent corporate crimes effectively by the fine system alone. There are new sanctions for effective prevention of corporate crimes such asliquidation, remedial order, restitution, formal publicity, judicial monitoring, corporateprobation, community service order, suspension of business operation. Thecorporation is punished by single or multiple sanctions that are judged depending onthe nature of typed corporate crimes. To have new regulations that admit the corporation’s criminal ability and add newsanctions against corporate crimes, current criminal law should be reformed.

A photograph, which was applied to contemporary art, plays a very important role in the whole of the multiplied and diversified contemporary arts today. The application of photos, which were shown in contemporary art following the 1950s, can be classified into five types according to role and function of a photo in the process of developing a work. However, this classification is shown a little ambiguously. That is because photos of being utilized by artists are indicated very diversely depending on their artistic strategy and situation. As the first type, a few painters utilize a photo as mirror of reality in order to materialize a challenging and revolutionary idea with going against traditional picture in their pictorial practice. As the second classification, especially American painters utilize a photo as material component of forming their picture like photo-montage or collage. The combined application of this medium is first doing genre de-construction and hybridization of post-modernism in the 1980s while ultimately aiming at social criticism or political satire. The third type implies particularly a case that avant-garde artists utilize a photo as evidence of a work. In this case, a photo is employed as evidence of a work, which disappears in the temporal space essentially like body art, land art, and performance. Also, as the fourth type is a case of utilizing a photo for artistic concept of a work, not pictorial practice of picture, it is utilized often as important artistic strategy of conceptual artists. The final type of utilizing photo is a case of applying photo as formative tool on behalf of dye-stuffs or crayon in order to record a section of reality, which always continues regardless of event or meaning any more, in the traditional picture. In this case, a work is indicated as a photo of having a form of picture,namely, as Forme-tableau. The main subject is indicated there as a daily case of being repeated always the extremely common and revived theme.

Museums after '70's shows remarkable development in public area as well as exhibiiton area. One of the main changes in recent museums is to extend the concept of circulatin area, which regarded solely as a corridor connecting exhibition areas, as a multiple function area with various service facilities. This study aims to outline atypological classification of exhibition area considering with circulation area in museum. On the base of two principal types of exhibition area, that is room type vs open plant type, 30 representative worldwide museums are analyzed and four different types are identified as a result. 1) Loop type as a rotating structure of serial exhibition rooms 2) Cluster type which produce complicated circulation with rooms lied one upon another 3) Centrum type which is specially available to multistory exhibition area 4) Loft type with maximum flexibi쇼 and accessbility.

연구목적: 본 연구는 지속가능발전목표(SDGs)에 기초하여 체제전환국의 유형화 및 유형별 특징을 분석하고 이를 통해 체제전환국 및 북한개발협력에 대한 시사점을 도출하는데 있다. 연구의 중요성: 체제전환국의 지속가능발전목표에 관한 연구는 북한개발협력에 필요한 기초자료가 될 수 있다. 특히, 세계적 표준인 UN SDGs에 따른 체제전환국의 유형화 연구는 북한의 SDGs 수립 및 이행의 방향성을 제시하는데 활용될 수 있으며, 향후 체계적인 남북 교류협력 추진과 한반도 평화 구축에도 기여할 수 있다. 연구방법론: 분석에 사용된 자료는 ‘SDG Index and Dashboards’로서 42개 체제전환국을 포함하며, 분석 시점은 2015년이다. 분석 방법으로는 계층적 군집분석과 상관분석을 활용한다. 연구결과: 계층적 군집분석 결과, SDGs에 따른 체제전환국의 유형은 '전반적 우수형', '보건지표 미흡형', '환경지표 미흡형', '사회지표 미흡형', '전반적 미흡형' 등 총 5개 군집으로 분류되었으며, 북한은 '전반적 미흡형'에 속하는 것으로 나타났다. 상관분석 결과, 소득 수준과 SDGs 성과도에는 강한 양(+)의 상관관계가 있지만, 동일 소득 구간에서 국가별 성과도에 차이가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 및 시사점: 대부분의 SDGs 지표에서 전반적으로 취약한 유형에 속한 북한의 경우, 캄보디아(단기 전략) 및 베트남(중장기 전략) 등의 사례를 참고할 수 있다. 또한 공적개발원조(ODA) 사업 추진 시 1인당 소득 4,000달러 내외의 중저소득 국가는 보건, 환경, 사회 부문에 집중하여 취약부문개발사업 추진을 고려해볼 수 있다.

Purpose: This study was conducted to classify transition countries and identify their characteristics based on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The results from this study are expected to contribute to exploring the development direction of transition countries and Korea Democratic People's Republic (DPR). Originality: The studies on transition countries may shed some lights on understanding and developing the strategies for Korea DPR development cooperation. In particular, the findings from this study on the classification of transition countries according to the UN SDGs can be used to establish and implement Korea DPR’s SDGs. Furthermore, this study also may help the policy makers to promote inter-Korea collaboration and peace establishment on the Korean Peninsula. Methodology: Using ‘SDG Index and Dashboards’ from Sustainable Development Solution Networks (SDSN) of 2015 materials mainly, this study used hierarchical cluster analysis and correlation analysis. Result: Following the hierarchical cluster analysis method to explore the patterns among transition countries, five clusters were identified; 'Overall Outstanding', 'Health Indicators Vulnerable', 'Environmental Indicators Vulnerable’, 'Social Indicators Vulnerable', and 'Overall Struggling'. Furthermore, our study examined the relationship between the income level of each country and the SDGs performance (or achievement). The results show that there exists big difference in SDGs among the countries in the same income group while there is a strong positive (+) correlation between the income and SDGs performance. Conclusions and Implication: Korea DPR is classified in ‘Overall Struggling’ type. This study suggests Cambodia and Vietnam as the benchmarking examples to develop a Korea DPR’s SDGs development strategy for the short-term and the long-term, respectively. And health, environment, and social sectors might have policy priority when developing and promoting ODA projects for the transition countries including Korea DPR, especially for the low-to-medium-income countries.

본 연구의 목적은 초등학교 사교육 시장의 유형을 분류하고, 각 유형별 특성을 파악하는데 있다. 이를 위해 2014년 통계청 사교육비 조사를 통해 수집된 초등학생 12,698명의 자료를 활용하였다. 연구결과, 첫째, 잠재집단분석을 실시한 결과 우리나라 초등학교 사교육 시장의 잠재집단은 총 5개로 분류되었다. 둘째, 5개의 잠재집단에 명칭을 부여하는 기준은 각 집단별로 뚜렷하게 구분되는 사교육 참여유형으로 설정하였으며, 이를 중심으로 각 잠재집단의 특성에 따라 잠재집단에 명칭을 부여하였다. 각 명칭은 ‘과외중심 사교육’, ‘프리미엄 복합 사교육’, ‘보충형 학원중심 사교육’, ‘보편형 학원중심 사교육’, ‘학습지/통신중심 사교육’이다. 본 연구는 정부가 초등학교 사교육 시장의 유형에 따라 정책을 차별적으로 적용해야 하는 근거를 마련하였으며, 초등학교 사교육 정책을 수립하고 집행하는 과정에서 유용한 지침을 제공하는데 도움을 줄 수 있다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

This study focuses on classifying types of private tutoring according to the consumer’s nature and understanding the characteristics of each type. Furthermore, our goal is to comprehend problems within the Korean private tutoring market and discuss rationale that the policies on private education should be applied selectively depending on the type of market. This study intends to set appropriate political measures by types of private tutoring. A total of 12,698 elementary students who completed the ‘Private Education Expenditure Survey of 2014’ from the National Statistical Office were analysed. A total of 5 latent classes were drawn from the LCA, which were named after their characteristics as follows: Private Lesson, Premium Complex Private Tutoring, Supplementary Private Tutoring Institute, Universal Private Tutoring Institute, and Workbooks/Online Learning. Our results may lay the groundwork for private education policy development by establishing practical guidelines according to the type of private tutoring market in elementary school.

This study aims to diagnose the current proliferation of inconsistent Chinese translations of the Joseon white porcelain moon jar—which has recently emerged as an emblematic symbol of K-Art—and to propose a standardized translation framework that simultaneously satisfies academic coherence and public communicability. To this end, the study analyzes China’s official cultural heritage registration standards and typological definitions of ceramic vessel forms, seeking a translation solution grounded in authoritative classification systems. The findings reveal that existing Chinese renderings of dalhangari (moon jar) exhibit a complex many-to-many pattern of confusion, resulting from the multilayered semantics of the Korean source term combined with the absence of clear translation criteria. Several widely used translations are shown to entail potential mistranslations that contradict the artistic and morphological values inherent in the source term, or risk diminishing the cultural and symbolic status of the vessel within the Chinese-speaking context. In response, this study conducts a multi-dimensional analysis of authoritative sources, including Chinese national and institutional standards, established naming conventions, and relevant scholarly literature, to evaluate the appropriateness of vessel-form terminology. The analysis demonstrates that hu (壺), which in modern Chinese ceramic taxonomy denotes a pouring vessel equipped with a spout (liu, 流) and handle (bing, 柄), is morphologically incompatible with the moon jar. Likewise, gang (缸) entails both formal incongruence and the risk of status depreciation, while zun (尊) gives rise to discrepancies in functional and typological definition. By contrast, guan (罐), defined as a deep storage vessel with a wide mouth and a full, rounded body, is shown to correspond most closely to the morphological characteristics of the moon jar and thus constitutes the most appropriate terminological choice. On this basis, drawing on the principles of equivalence theory and Skopos theory in translation studies, this research proposes a three-tiered standardized translation scheme: (1) a basic form, Yueliang Guan (月亮罐, “moon jar”), designed for broad public communication and contemporary artistic reinterpretation; (2) an extensible form, [attribute] + Yueliang Guan, allowing flexible modification according to material, technique, or other attributes; and (3) an academic form, Chaoxian Wangchao Baici Yueliang Guan (朝鲜王朝白瓷月亮罐, “Joseon Dynasty White Porcelain Moon Jar”), which conforms to Chinese ceramic nomenclature standards in scholarly contexts. Through empirical typological analysis, this study corrects inaccuracies in existing translations and provides a practical scholarly foundation for establishing and disseminating the cultural and artistic identity of the moon jar within the Chinese-speaking world.