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Background: Health literacy influences individuals’ understanding and use of health information, affecting their health behaviors. While research has studied the link between health literacy and behaviors or chronic disease management, fewer studies have focused on its impact on non-prescription products and pharmacy use. This study examines the association between health literacy and community pharmacy use, particularly for over-the-counter (OTC) drugs and supplements. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized 2021 Korean Health Panel data and conducted analysis between September and October 2024. Out of 10,024 respondents, 8,541 were included. Health literacy was classified into three levels based on respondents’ scores according to prior research: low (inadequate), intermediate (marginal), and high (adequate). Annual spending on OTC drugs and supplements, as well as the primary source of supplements (pharmacy or non-pharmacy), were analyzed. Logistic regression adjusted for sociodemographic and health-related factors. Results: After adjusting for covariates, no significant association was found between health literacy and OTC drug expenditure (low health literacy: aOR 1.067; 95% CI 0.913-1.246, p=0.481). However, lower health literacy was significantly associated with lower spending on supplements (aOR 1.581; 95% CI 1.332-1.876, p<0.001). It also correlated with a higher likelihood of selecting pharmacies for supplements (aOR 1.443; 95% CI 1.172-1.774, p=0.005). Conclusions: Lower health literacy is linked to reduced supplement product spending and a preference for pharmacies as the main source of supplements. Pharmacists play a crucial role in guiding consumers with low health literacy, potentially improving outcomes through targeted support. through targeted support.

본고는 접촉장면 자연담화를 데이터를 바탕으로 한국인 일본어 학습자의 청자언어행동 메카니즘을 언어화 유형과 대인적 기능을 중심으로 분석, 고찰하였다. 구체적으로는 공화(共話)를 이루는 「선행발화인 화자의 발화-후행발화인 청자의 공화적 반응-그리고 그 반응의 기능」이 어떠한 사용 흐름이 보이는지에 주목하여 청자언어행동의 메카니즘을 해명하고자 하였다. 구체적으로는 화자의 선행발화와 청자의 공화적 반응형과 그 기능을 분석하였다. 주요 결과는 다음과 같이 정리할 수 있다. 먼저, 화자 발화가 「중도발화 중지형」> 「말차단 중지형」> 「말주저형」의 순으로 공화적 반응이 많이 일어난다. 두 번째로, 「중도발화 중지형」에 대해 청자는 「선취 완결형」의 공화적 반응을 취하며 이 때 「보충」이나 「동의」의 기능을 하는 것으로 드러났다. 세 번째로, 「말차단 중지형」에 대해 「말차단형」으로 공화적 반응을 하며, 이 때에도 「보충」이나 「동의」의 기능을 하는 것이 확인되었다. 마지막으로, 화자의 「말주저형」에 대해서도 청자는 「선취 완결형」의 공화적 반응을 보이며 「상대돕기」 등의 기능을 하는 것이 확인은 되었으나 두드러진 기능을 특정할 수 없는 어려움이 있다. 그 이유는 출현 빈도가 낮기 때문이다. 이상의 결과를 통해 한국인 일본어 학습자는 일본어 모어화자와의 접촉장면에서 「선취 완결형」이나 「말차단형」에 의한 공화적 반응은 행하지만 주로 발화 내용이나 정보에 대한 「보충」이나 「동의」의 기능을 나타내기 위해서 행한다는 것이 밝혀졌다.

This paper presents an analysis and review of the mechanism of listeners’ linguistic behavior. The behavior of Korean Learners of Japanese was studied on the basis of the data pertaining to natural discourse in a contact scene, focusing on the linguistic type and interpersonal function. Specifically, the goal is to clarify the mechanism of listeners’ linguistic behavior by focusing on the kind of usage trend manifesting itself as 「utterance of initiating speaker- co-construction response of the listener, the following speech act –function of co-construction」. In particular, the speaker's initiating utterances and listeners’ co-construction response and their functions were analyzed. The main results can be summarized as follows. First, many co-construction responses of the speaker occur in the order of 「unfinished sentences」>「interruptions」>「hesitation」. Second, for 「unfinished sentences」, the listeners take co-construction responses of 「anticipation」, which function as 「supplements」or「agreement」 at this time. Third, in terms of 「interruptions」, the co-construction response was 「interruption」 and it was confirmed that it also functions as 「supplements」or「agreement」. Lastly, for the 「hesitating utterance type」, the listeners take co-construction responses of 「anticipation」, which function as 「assistance」but no significant function was identified because the frequency of appearance was low. The results show that Korean learners of Japanese perform co-construction responses by 「anticipation」 or 「interruption」 in a scene involving contact with a Japanese native speaker, but mainly with the function of providing「supplements」or for 「agreement」.

This study investigated the effects of water-soluble calcium supplements manufactured with eggshells and oyster shells on growing rats. The aim was to review the potential use of food wastes as materials for water-soluble calcium supplements as compared to water-soluble calcium supplements made from imported seaweed powder. When experimental animals were administered three types of water-soluble calcium supplements orally for six weeks, the serum calcium level of the seaweed calcium supplement group were significantly higher than that of eggshell or oyster shell-derived calcium, but blood alkali phosphatase activity, osteocalcin and urine crosslink levels were not different in the three types of calcium supplements. Bone mineral density and bone mineral content in spine, femur and tibia also were not significantly different among the groups. However, when considering body weight of each group, bone mineral density and bone mineral content of the femur were significantly higher in the oyster shell calcium supplement group. These results suggest that at least on a short-term basis, the effect of calcium supplements prepared from eggshell and oyster shell are similar to the effects of seaweed calcium supplements.

Within the elderly population, the use of calcium supplements and the intake of calcium from food are on the rise in order to maintain health. Calcium is absorbed as an ion in vivo, leading to speculation that absorption efficiency is affected by the solubility of the calcium consumed. In our study, the bioavailability of two types of calcium supplements with different solubilities was evaluated. Experimental animals were fed water-soluble or insoluble calcium supplements for 6 weeks. We found that blood alkali phosphatase activity, osteocalcin content, and urine crosslinks values were not different between the groups. Similarly, the degree of apparent calcium absorption between the two calcium supplements was not significantly different. The bone mineral density and bone mineral content of the femur and the tibia increased in the group that consumed insoluble calcium compared with those of the water-soluble calcium supplemented group. However, when considering body weight, the bone mineral density value for all areas, including the spine, was significantly higher in the group that consumed the water-soluble calcium supplement.

This study evaluated the effects of different forms of chromium supplements on serum glucose, insulin and lipid concentrations in rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly assigned to one of three dietary groups and fed AIN-76 semi-purified basal diets supplemented with 300 ppb Cr from Cr methionine (CrMet) and Cr chloride $(CrCI_3)$ or without Cr (control). By the end of the $4^{th}$ week, all rats were decapitated, blood collected, and serum glucose, insulin and lipid concentrations were determined. The CrMet and $CrCl_3$ supplementation did not affect weight gain and feed efficiency ratio. However, feed intake was significantly higher in CrMet groups than control (p < 0.05). CrMet-supplemented rats had markedly increased insulin levels (p < 0.05) compared with controls. Serum lipids were not significantly different between the control and the CrMet groups. $CrCl_3$ supplementation decreased total cholesterol and triglyceride, but the decreases were only significant for the control group. $CrCl_3$ supplementation was associated with significant decreases in total cholesterol compared with CrMet supplementation. These results indicate that CrMet supplementation is effective for increasing serum insulin, and $CrCl_32$ may improve lipid concentrations, because we observed decreased serum total cholesterol and an improved total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio (THR).

Ginseng may have antioxidant and pharmacologic effects similar to those of vitamin E. The interactive effect of ginseng and vitamin E was studied with respect to cholesterol metabolism and the antioxidant status. A ginseng supplement (0.1%, wt/wt) with comparable levels of vitamin E was provided with a high-cholesterol (1%, wt/wt) diet to rats for 5 weeks. The amount of vitamin E included in the ginseng-free and ginseng diets was either a low (low-E) or a normal (normal-E) level. The ginseng supplements significantly (p<0.05) altered the concentrations of plasma triglycerides in both the low-vitamin E group and normal-vitamin E group compared to the each ginseng-free group. The hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol content were not significantly (p>0.05) different between groups regardless of the vitamin E level in the diet. The hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity was significantly (p<0.05) lowered by the ginseng supplement in both the low-vitamin E and the normal-vitamin E groups compared to the ginseng-free group. The HMG-CoA reductase activity was also significantly (p<0.05) lowered with in increase of the dietary vitamin E in the ginseng-free group. The excretion of fecal neutral sterol was significantly (p<0.05) lower in the normal-E ginseng group than th low-E ginseng-free group. Neither dietary ginseng nor vitamin E significantly changed the hepatic antioxidant enzymes activity. This data indicates that ginseng supplements lower the concentration of plasma triglyceride and hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity regardless of eh dietary vitamin E level. This information may contribute to understanding the interactive effect of ginseng and vitamin E on cholesterol biosynthesis in high cholesterol-fed rats.

Global warming is a key challenge subjecting animals to heat stress conditions resulting in multiple physiological alterations in tropical climate. Dietary approach seems to be the more friendly approach to curb the adverse effects of heat stress in rabbits. Some herbs have been categorized to have high potential for promotion of immune responses for amelioration of heat stress. Thus, this research aims to evaluate the potential of Mistletoe (Viscum album), Moringa (Moringa oleifera) and Phyllanthus (Phyllanthus amarus) leaf meal as herbal supplements for the alleviation of heat stress in female rabbits by measuring improvement in sex and stress hormonal responses in serum biochemistry. 80 Rabbit does were exposed to 4 dietary groups supplemented with each of Mistletoe, Moringa, Phyllanthus and a control in an 84-day trial at the summit of thermal stress in South west Nigeria. Growth indices were monitored throughout the study, blood samples were compiled at the end of the trial to assess serum biochemistry, stress and sex hormonal responses of the Does using standard protocols. The results revealed that final weight and weight gain of Does fed on Phyllanthus were significantly (p < 0.05) higher (11.46% and 14.25%, respectively) than Does on control. The herbal supplements enhance glucose, protein, albumin and globulin, reduced cholesterol, and creatinine of Does under heat stress conditions. Among the herbal treatment groups, mistletoe, moringa and phyllanthus had 12.42%, 18.39% and 16.90%, respectively, lower corticosterone than control groups which had 39.76ng/ml. Triiodothyronine of Does fed control were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than Does on Moringa oleifera and Phyllanthus amarus supplements. Estradiol and Follicle stimulating hormone of rabbit Does fed on moringa supplement were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than other treatments. In conclusion, the herbal supplements tend to mitigate the detrimental outcome of thermal stress on Does by suppressing stress hormones. Moringa oleifera and Phyllanthus amarus enhanced sex hormones while Phyllanthus amarus confered growth promoting effects on the Does.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been reported to possess various beneficial properties and are commonly used as probiotics. LAB play a crucial role in milk fermentation, industrial lactic acid fermentation, and health and medicine. Limosilactobacillus fermentum isolated from fermented dairy and food products is considered as ‘Generally Recognized as Safe’ by FDA. Limosilactobacillus fermentum plays an important role in modulation of the intestinal microbiota, enhancing the host immune system and improving feed digestibility. We isolated a probiotic candidate that was identified and named Limosilactobacillus fermentum JNU532. In a previous report, cell-free culture of L. fermentum JNU532 exhibited anti-melanogenic and antioxidant activities. In this study, we present the complete genome assembly of the bacterial strain JNU532. The final genome consists of one circular chromosome (2,077,416 base pairs) with a guanine + cytosine (GC) ratio of 51.5%.

반려동물의 건강과 삶의 질에 대한 사회적 관심이 높아지면서, 반려동물용 보 조제 시장이 성장하고 있다. 현재 이러한 제품들은 기존 사료관리법 하에서 사 료 첨가제로 분류되어 관리되고 있으나, 사료 효율 향상을 주목적으로 하는 전 통적 사료 첨가제와 달리 특정 건강 효과를 목표로 하는 제품들이 증가하고 있 다. 미국, 유럽연합(EU), 한국 모두 기존 사료법 체계 내에서 이러한 제품들을 규제하고 있으나, 건강 기능성 표시에 대한 구체적 기준이 부족한 상황이다. 미 국사료관리협회(AAFCO) 및 유럽사료산업연맹(FEDIAF)의 가이드라인이 존재하 지만, 세부 기준의 부족으로 일관성 있는 적용에 한계가 있다. 이로 인해 반려 동물 보호자들은 허위 및 과장 광고에 노출될 수 있으며, 반려동물은 보조제를 통해 기대되는 건강상의 이점을 얻지 못할 위험이 있다. 본 연구는 미국, 유럽연합, 한국의 반려동물 보조제 관련 규제 및 가이드라인 등 각국의 현행 규제 체계를 분석하고, 인체용 건강기능식품 규제와의 비교를 통해 반려동물 보조제 규제 개선 방향을 제시하였다. 향후 반려동물 보조제도 인체의 건강기능식품처럼 과학적 근거에 기반한 기능성 성분 목록 구축과 전문 가 검토 체계 마련이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

As public interest in the health and quality of life of companion animals continues to grow, the market for pet supplements—analogous to human dietary supplements—is expanding rapidly. Unlike traditional feed additives, which primarily aim to improve feed efficiency or balance nutrition, pet supplements are distinguished by their clear purpose of inducing physiological health effects when administered. However, a clear legal definition or classification system for pet supplements is currently lacking not only in Korea, but also in the United States and the European Union (EU). While the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) and the European Pet Food Industry Federation (FEDIAF) provide labeling guidelines that include functional claims for pet food, these frameworks remain insufficiently detailed and are limited in their applicability. As a result, pet owners are exposed to misleading or exaggerated advertisements, and pets may not receive the intended health benefits from such supplements. This study conducts a comparative analysis of the existing regulatory frameworks and guidelines related to pet supplements in the United States, the European Union, and Korea. Additionally, it incorporates consumer perception surveys of pet owners and an analysis of the regulatory system for human dietary supplements, in order to identify key considerations for future regulatory development. The findings suggest that, similar to the approach used for human health supplements, pet supplements require the development of a scientifically validated list of functional ingredients, supported by systematic literature reviews and expert consensus.

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the overall pattern of dietary supplement intake as a method to maintain health. Based on the purpose of this study, it was intended to be used as basic data to establish the necessity of health functional food and the correct intake method. Methods/Statistical analysis: Statistical analysis method, Frequency analysis and chi-square test method was performed to analyze the data using IBM SPSS 21.0 program. Findings: When looking at whether or not they have taken dietary supplements continuously for more than 2 weeks in the past year, the number of women who answered 'yes' was high at 62.5% (2,462 people). Looking at the general matters of the survey subjects, '50-59' was 66.4%, '60-69' 63.5%, and '40-49' 63.2% in that order. Regardless of the level of learning, it was found that the experience of taking dietary supplements was high. By income level, 'low' 51.0%, ' Low & middle' 55.6%, ' Middle & high ' 59.4%, and 'High' 65.3%, indicating that the higher the income, the higher the experience of taking dietary supplements. Improvements/Applications: Based on this study, we intend to use it as a guideline for follow-up studies on the perception of nutritional knowledge and whether dietary supplements are consumed according to the guidelines of nutritional knowledge.

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for preparing an appropriate and correct dietary supplement management program by examining the correlation between hypertension and dietary supplements intake. Methods/Statistical analysis: Using the 2019 KNHANES VIII-1 data, the prevalence of hypertension and the intake of dietary supplements for 2 weeks in the past year were statistically analyzed by age, sex, house income and education level. Findings: High blood pressure was the highest with ' Yes ' at 18.9%, and ' No ' at 1.0%. A person with a ‘yes’ of hypertension took dietary supplements for at least 2 weeks in the past year (58.6%). Improvements/Applications: Based on this study, we intend to use it as a guideline for follow-up studies on the High Blood Pressure and whether dietary supplements are consumed according to the guidelines of education on the recognition of the benefits and harms of diseases.

The nutritional value and yield of mushrooms depend on the substrate on which it is grown. This study sought to biofortify Pleurotus floridanus with calcium supplements and assess its effect on the yield and calcium levels. The experiment was set up in a 2 × 5 factorial and replicated thrice in a completely randomized design. Two calcium supplements, OML and OMW, were added to two growth media. The examination of total dry weight yield showed that calcium supplements OML and OMW in the sawdust medium containing wheatbran in the ratio 1:10 had a mean value of 4.37 g, which was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that in the control (1.29 g). However, in the sawdust-only medium, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the application of treatments. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed between the calcium types in both growth media. The mineral analysis showed that calcium levels were increased in harvested mushrooms with the addition of calcium OML and OMW to the growth media.

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for determine the relationship between Koreans' subjective body shape perception and weight control method in the intake of health functional food and exercise has an influencing factor. Methods/Statistical analysis: This study was a secondary data analysis study using raw data from the 8th National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS/WIN 21.0 program, and statistically significant results were presented. Findings: In subjective body shape perception, very obese was 7.7%, slightly overweight was 28.9%, very skinny was 12.3% and very skinny was 4.3%. The results of a correlation analysis of the recent experience with whether you have taken dietary supplements for 2 weeks or more in the past year, it was found that 60.1% of them were commonly, 58.4% of slightly overweight, and 56.4% of a little skinny people. Improvements/Applications: Based on this study, it was used as a guideline for education for a correct understanding of subjective body shape perception. In addition, it was intended to be used as a guideline for follow-up studies on guidelines for dietary intake and weight control methods.

The combination ratio of oyster mushroom cultivation supplements have used poplar sawdust(PS) 50% : beet pulp(BP) 30% : cotton seed(CS) 20%. we substituted cotton seed and beet pulp for dry wastes(DW) 10, 20. 30% respectively. In case of mixing DW 10% except from CS, mycelial growth was inhibited a little, but mycelial density was accelerated a little. The more DW contents increase, the more mycelial growth was inhibited, but mycelial growth was accelerated a little, respectively. In case of mixing DW except from CS, mycelial growth was inhibited a little bit. In case of mixing DW except from CS and BP, mycelial growth was inhibited remarkably. CHUNCHU variety developed resistance to DW than SUHAN variety.