Earticle

The purpose of this study is to investigate the speech act of refusal of Korean EFL learners, to classify the refusal strategies used and to assess the appropriateness of the speech act to the particular situations. The study employed 139 Korean university students and divided those subjects into two groups, Advanced group(74 students with TOEIC scores about 800), and Intermediate Group(65 students with TOEIC scores about 400). This study used 10 discourse completion tasks to elicit the subjects’s refusal utterances and 16 kinds of refusal strategies to classify the utterances. Ten judges (5 native English teachers and 5 non-native English teachers) assessed the learners’ performances of 10 refusal situations. The findings are as follows. 1) The refusal strategies used are excuse, apology, non-performative statement, alternative, insult, and philosophical strategies. 2) There is a significant difference between the advanced learners and intermediate learners in the use of refusal strategies. Advanced learners use strategies more frequently than intermediate learners. 3) There is no significant difference among the sociocultural variables in the use of refusal strategies. 4) The overall appropriateness level of Korean EFL learners’ performances of the speech act of refusal is between ‘often inappropriate’ and ‘slightly appropriate’. 5) There is a significant difference in the appropriateness level between the two groups. 6) There is no difference between the two groups of judges, native and non-native English teachers, in the assessment of the subjects’ performances of 10 refusal tasks.

This study aims to investigate the refusal productions by Thai learners of Korean in second language and foreign language environment to see how language exposure influences learners’ acquisition of pragmatic knowledge. Four sample groups are recruited for this study: 70 Korean native speakers (KNS); 30 Thai learners of Korean in a second language environment (KSL); 30 Thai learners who majored in Korean in a foreign language environment (KFL-major) and 30 Thai learners minored in Korean in a foreign language environment (KFL-minor). Korean language exposure questionnaire and a written discourse completion task (WDCT) are used to collect the data. The data from the native Korean speakers (KNS) is used as the baseline of the analysis. The results show that both power and social distance have effect on the realization of refusals. The refusals by KFL-minor deviate more from the Korean norm than those by the KSL and the KFL-major, but there are no major contrast between the KSL and the KFL-major. This suggests amount of language exposure influences the acquisition of pragmatic knowledge over the learning environment.

This study investigates the pragmatic competence and development of learners of Korean as a foreign language (KFL) by examining their performance of the speech acts of request and refusal. It explores the developmental patterns and situational variation for the two speech acts―request and refusal―and also explores the possibility of teaching pragmatics successfully in a KFL setting. Data related to the request and refusal speech acts were collected through Cartoon Discourse Completion Tasks (CDCT). Ten beginner-level and ten intermediate-level students of Korean courses at a university in the United States participated in this study. Nine Korean native speakers (KNS) also participated in the study. The results show that although there was a little development in the intermediate-level KFL students, the students were more focused on the semantic meaning, without clearly understanding the pragmatic function of various Korean expressions. This study suggests that students should practice Korean while imagining various social situations, and they should be explicitly taught how to act appropriately in various common speech act situations.

世阿弥作として知られている能「綾の鼓」と三島由起夫(以下三島)の劇曲であ る「綾の鼓」の舞台空間と登場人物の考察によって三島の能作品の劇曲への受容 について考察してみた。三島は女主人公華子と言う二重性を持つ人物と空間の設 定を通じて能「綾の鼓」が描いていた純粋な情念の世界を近代と言う世界の中で 再創造した。またこのように変化された設定をもって自分の作品を貫通するモー チフの一つであったロマン主義的アイロニ一拒否が確実である憧憬一を極大化さ せたと言えよう。「あたくしにもきこえたのに、あと一つ打ちさへすれば」と言 う華子のセリフから分かるように聞えられないことに気づいてもひたすら鼓を打 つ亡靈のアイロニはこのセリフによって愛情と言う情念に敗北される、すなわち 拒否されるしかないのであった。亡靈岩吉の華子に対する愛情と言う憧憬はその 情念の淨濟で恋愛の敗北と言うアイロニに變容されていた。

Objective To investigate the effect of sensory-based feeding treatment for toddlers with food refusal compared with only providing nutrition education. Methods Thirty-two toddlers with food refusal were randomly assigned to an intervention group or the control group. Toddlers in the intervention group received the sensory-based feeding intervention and the duration was for 1 hour for 5 days per week for 4 weeks, and then 1 hour, once a week for 8 weeks. Subjects in both the intervention and control groups received nutritional education once every 4 weeks for 12 weeks. The participants were evaluated at their entry into the study and 12 weeks later based on height, weight, behavior at mealtime using the Behavioral Pediatrics Feeding Assessment Scale (BPFAS), and sensory processing ability using the Infant/Toddler Sensory Profile. Results Sixteen toddlers were included in each group. Two subjects in the intervention group and four toddlers in the control group were excluded from the final analysis. Significant improvements in child or parent subscales of the BPFAS were observed in the intervention group. In contrast, there were no significant improvements in any BPFAS scores in the control group. Conclusion Sensory-based feeding intervention was effective for improving mealtime behavior in toddlers with food refusal. Therefore, a sensory-based feeding intervention could be considered as an intervention approach to address feeding disorders in toddlers.

이 글은 환자의 자기결정권에 관한 몇몇 대표적인 판례들을 연혁적으로 검토한 논문이다. 대법원은 과거 음주상태에서 농약을 음독하여 자살을 시도한 환자가 치료를 거부하자 치료를 포기한 의료진에게 특정 의학적 상태(응급상황)에서 의사의 생명보호의무가 환자의 자기결정권 존중보다 우선한다고 판단하여 의료과실을 인정하였다. 이후 대법원은 가족들의 요청에 의해 지속적 식물인간 상태인 환자에게 해당 환자의 의학적 상태(회복불가능한 사망의 단계 등)를 고려하고 환자의 의사를 추정하여 연명의료를 중단하게 하였다. 최근 대법원은 종교적 신념과 관련하여 수혈과 같은 필수적인 치료를 거부한 환자에 대하여 대법원은 환자의 생명 보호에 못지않게 환자의 자기결정권을 존중하여야 할 의무가 대등한 가치를 가지는 것으로 평가할 수 있는 판단 기준을 제시하였다. 인간의 존엄성에 근거한 환자의 자기결정권과 의사의 생명보호의무가 충돌하는 상황에 대하여 연혁적 판례 검토를 통해 법원의 입장이 우리 사회에서 환자의 주체적 역할과 자율성을 존중하는 방향을 반영하여 함께 변화되어 왔음을 확인할 수 있었다. 법원이 생명권이라는 최고의 가치만을 환자의 의사보다 더욱 우선하여 판단해오다가 적어도 명시적인 환자의 의사 또는 그렇지 못할 경우에 추정적 의사까지도 고려한 치료의 유보나 중단에 대하여 고려하기 시작한 것, 종교적 신념에 근거한 자기결정권의 행사로서의 수혈거부와 같은 치료거부에 대하여 충분한 정보에 근거한 치료거부의 몇 가지 적법한 요건들을 인정하기 시작했다는 것은 이후 우리나라 의료 환경에 적잖은 영향을 줄 것이고 의료현장에서 의료행위를 하는 의사들에게도 직·간접적인 지침이 될 것이다.

This is case comments of several representative legal cases regarding self- determination right of patient. In a case in which an intoxicated patient attempted suicide refusing treatment, the Supreme Court ruled that the medical team’s respect for the patient’s decision was an act of malpractice, and that in particular medical situations (medical emergencies) the physician’s duty to preserve life supersedes the patient’s rights to autonomy. Afterwards, at the request of the patient’s family, and considering the patient’s condition (irrecoverable death stage ,etc.) consistent with a persistent vegetative state, the Supreme Court deduced the patient’s intention and decide to withdraw life-sustaining treatment. More recently, regarding patients who refuse blood transfusions or other necessary treatment due to religious beliefs, the Supreme Court established a standard of judgment that can be seen as conferring equal value to the physician’s duty to respect patient autonomy and to preserve life. An empirical study of legal precedent with regard to cases in which the physician’s duty to preserve life conflicts with the patient’s autonomy, grounded in respect for human dignity, can reveal how the Court’s perspective has reflected the role of the patient as a decision-making subject and ways of respecting autonomy in Korean society, and how the Court’s stance has changed alongside changing societal beliefs. The Court has shifted from judging the right to life as the foremost value and prioritizing this over the patient’s autonomy, to beginning to at least consider the patient’s formally stated or deducible wishes when withholding or withdrawing treatment, and to considering exercises of self determination right based on religious belief or certain other justifications with informed refusal. This will have a substantial impact on medical community going forward, and provide implicit and explicit guidance for physicians who are practicing medicine within this environment.

본 연구는 디지털 미디어 환경에서 발생하는 소아 백신 접종 거부와 예방접종 인식 변화에 대한 간호대학 생들의 경험을 탐색하기 위해 현상학적 연구방법을 적용하였다. 연구 참여자는 C도 소재 간호대학 3·4학 년생 9명으로, 이들과 심층 면담을 진행해 수집한 자료를 Colaizzi의 단계적 분석 과정에 따라 해석하였다. 그 결과, ‘부정적 정보의 확산과 오해’, ‘백신 거부의 심리적·사회적 영향’, ‘간호대학생의 역할 갈등’, ‘중재 방안 및 디지털 리터러시 필요성’ 등 총 7개의 범주가 도출되었다. 분석을 통해 간호대학생들은 디지털 미디어를 통해 퍼지는 부정확한 정보가 부모들의 백신 공포를 심화시키고 접종 거부로 이어지는 과정을 목격하면서, 예비 간호사로서 올바른 정보 제공을 위한 체계적 교육과 지침이 부족함을 인식하고 있음을 확인하였다. 특히 본 연구는 디지털 리터러시 역량을 강화하고 심리적 지원 전략을 마련함으로써 부모들의 불안을 해소하고 예방접종률을 높이는 데 기여할 수 있음을 시사한다.

This study utilized a phenomenological research approach to explore nursing students experiences of pediatric vaccine refusal and evolving perceptions of vaccination within a digital media context. Participants included nine third- and fourth-year nursing students enrolled in a nursing program located in C Province. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews and analyzed using Colaizzis step-by-step method. From this analysis, seven categories emerged, encompassing themes such as the dissemination of negative information and misconceptions, the psychological and social impacts of vaccine refusal, role conflict among nursing students, and intervention strategies and the need for digital literacy. The participants noted that inaccurate information spread via digital media heightened parents fears, ultimately contributing to vaccine refusal. They also acknowledged a lack of structured education and guidelines to help future nurses provide accurate information. Significantly, the findings indicate that strengthening digital literacy skills and implementing psychological support strategies may help mitigate parental anxiety and boost vaccination rates.

뉴욕협약의 방어권 침해에 따른 외국중재판정 승인 및 집행 거부 규정은 당사자가 입증해야 하는 사유이면서도 또한 절차적 정의와 관련하여 공서양속의 일부를 이루는 것으로 법원이 직권으로 적용할 수 있는 사유이기도 하다. 이에 따라서 많은 패소 당사자들은 뉴욕협약에 규 정된 방어권 침해 규정을 적극적으로 인용하여 중재판정의 승인 및 집행 거부를 요구하고 있 다. 중국의 패소 당사자들도 외국중재판정의 승인 및 집행 거부를 위한 소송을 제기하면 방어 권 침해를 주요 거부 사유로 주장하는 경우가 많았다. 본 논문에서는 중국 법원이 뉴욕협약의 방어권 침해 규정을 실제 어떻게 적용하고 있는지를 관련 사례의 실증적 분석을 통해 확인해 보았다. 이러한 사례 분석을 위해 본 논문은 중국 최고인민법원의 뉴욕협약에 규정된 방어권 침해 적용과 관련한 하급심 법원의 지시요청에 대한 1995년 이후 최근까지의 답변을 수집하여 분석하였다. 이러한 사례 분석을 통해 도출된 특징 및 문제점을 기초로 우리나라 당사자가 중 국의 외국중재판정 승인 및 집행관련 제도를 이용하여야 하는 경우에 방어권 침해와 관련하여 유의해야할 사항을 제시하였다.

Purpose : This paper confirmed how Chinese courts actually apply provisions on infringement of the right of defense under the New York Convention through the case analysis. Based on the characteristics and problems derived from this case analysis, this paper suggests matters to be attended and countermeasures related to the infringement of the right to defense when Korean parties have to use China's foreign arbitral award approval and enforcement system. Research design, data, methodology : This paper collects and analyzes responses of the Chinese Supreme People's Court's from courts’ instruction request related to the application of the infringement of the right of defense stipulated in the New York Convention from 1995 to latest. Results : China's Supreme People's Court agreed with the lower court's opinion that the approval and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards should be rejected through applying the infringement of the right of defense in only 4 out of 18 responses. Conclusions : There are matters to be aware of in relation to the infringement of the right to defense when Korean parties have to use China's foreign arbitral award approval and enforcement system as follows: First, the Korean party needs to respond more actively to the claim of infringement of the right to defense by the Chinese party. Second, evidence of the notice for both the appointment of an arbitrator and the arbitration procedure must be occupied. Third, it is not important whether the opportunity for defense was actually given. Fourth, even if the lower court approves the infringement of the right to defense, do not accept it and then actively respond in order to that the upper court can make an appropriate decision.

본 연구는 개설은행에 제시된 서류가 신용장조건과 불일치하다고 판단한 개설은행이 UCP 600 제16조(c)(iii)에 따라 지급거절을 통지하면서 제16조(c)(iii)ⓐⓑⓒ에 근거하여 불일치서류 상태 를 통지하고 서류를 반송하지 않은 국내외 판례를 분석하여, 개설은행이 불일치서류에 대하여 지급거절 통지를 하고 합리적인 기간 내에 서류반송을 하지 않았다면 이를 개설은행의 통지의 무 위반으로 해석할 수 있는지를 검토하였다. 은행이 서류를 반송하겠다는 의사를 밝혔으나 반송하지 않거나, 부당한 지연 후에 반송하는 경우, 수익자는 신용장이 만료되기 전에 서류를 처리할 기회를 잃어버리거나 준수 서류를 다 시 제시할 기회를 상실할 수 있고, 상당한 지연으로 인해 물품의 보관 비용 등 문제가 발생할 수 있기 때문에 신속한 서류반송을 국내외 판례들과 ICC 은행위원회가 주문하고 있다. 또한 은행이 이러한 통지에 근거하여 행동하지 않은 경우, UCP 600 제16조 (f)항의 배제 조항이 적 용될 가능성이 높으며, 이에 따라 제시가 불일치했음에도 불구하고 은행이 대금지급을 해야 하는 상황에 놓이게 될 수 있으므로 은행의 주의가 필요하다. 은행의 불일치서류에 대해 반송 또는 보관기간과 관련한 명확한 UCP 규정이 부재한 상황이 고, 법원에서는 국제은행 실무자들의 관행 상 제3은행영업일 안에 이루어져야 한다고 판단하 고 있으나, 국제거래를 고려할 때 각 은행이 처한 상황이 다를 수 있기 때문에 이러한 상황을 고려하여 합리적인 서류 반송기간을 UCP 규정에 포함시키는 것이 필요하다. 또한 불일치서류 에 대한 개설의뢰인의 권리포기 또한 UCP 상에 명시적 규정이 부재하므로 이에 대한 보완도 요구된다. 이와 더불어 은행의 서류심사기준인 국제표준은행관행(ISBP)의 보완도 요구된다.

Purpose : This study verifies that in case of that the issuing bank, which determines that the documents presented are discrepant with the terms of L/C, notifies the refusal of payment based on Article 16(c)(iii) of the UCP 600 and then didn’t return the discrepant documents to the presenter, whether the failure to return the documents can be interpreted as a violation of the issuing bank's notification obligation, and what is the appropriate period for documents return. Research design, data, methodology : This study analyzes two cases(Supreme Court 2018DU47714 and Fortis Bank and Stemco UK Limited v. Indian Overseas Bank[2010] EWCA Civ 58). Results : The domestic precedent did not consider the return of documents at all in determining the right payment against the discrepant documents under L/C, but the foreign precedent judged that the delay in the return of the discrepant documents was considered a violation of the bank's notification obligation. Conclusions : After the discrepancy notice based on one of the four items in Article 16(c)(iii) of the UCP 600, if the issuing bank does not return discrepant documents or returns them after an unfair delay, the beneficiary may lose the opportunity to present compliance documents again before the L/C expires, and problems such as storage costs or demurrage costs might be occured. After hold notice or return notice against discrepancies on the basis of the Article 16, the bank’s follow-up action is a return the original and copy of the documents to to the presenter immediately as mentioned by the precedents and the ICC Bank Committee. If the bank does not act on the basis of these notices, Article 16(f) of UCP 600 is likely to apply, and the bank could be placed on pay despite the discrepancy in the presentation, so bank should be careful.

The current study investigated the mediating effect of positive internet game expectancy on the relationship between behavioral activation system and internet game addiction to confirm whether the acquired preparedness model which has been verified in substance addiction field could be applied to internet game addiction field, then tested wether the effect is moderated by game refusal self- efficacy. 349 gamers aged 13 above participated this study. The results showed that the behavioral activation system boosted the positive game expectancy and then increased the risk of internet game addiction, but the effect was buffered by game refusal self-efficacy. Focused on the results, therapeutic suggestions about current study were discussed.

목적 예방접종은 국민건강증진에 많은 기여를 함에도 불구하고 백신의안정성 문제로 부모는 아동 예방접종을 망설이거나 거부하는 경향이증가하고 있다. 그러므로 본 연구의 목적은 자녀 예방접종을 실시하고있지 않은 부모의 주관성을 조사하여 이들의 생각과 태도를 파악한후 각 유형별 간호중재 프로그램을 개발하는 데 기초자료를 제공하고자 함이다. 방법 예방접종을 거부하는 부모의 주관적인 견해를 알아보기 위해 Q-방법론을 적용하였다. 개별 심층면담 기법과 개방형 질문지, 국내외 문헌고찰을 통해 42개의 Q 표본을 도출하였으며 소표본 이론을 근거로 35명의 P 표본을 선출한 후 9점 척도에 강제로 분포하도록 Q-sorting 과정을 실행하였다. 강제 분포된 카드의 점수는 1-9점으로 변환하여 점수를 배정한 후 PC-QUANAL 프로그램을 이용하여 분석하였다. 결과 자녀 예방접종 거부에 대한 부모의 태도와 관련된 주관성을 Q 요인분석한 결과 ‘예방접종 불신형’, ‘예방접종 부작용 염려형’, ‘예방접종불필요형’ 등의 3개 유형으로 분류되었다. 이들 3개 유형은 전체 변량의 67%를 설명하고 있는데, 제1유형은 54%, 제2유형은 8%, 제3유형은5%로 나타나 제1유형이 대상자의 주관적인 견해를 가장 많이 설명하고 있었다. 결론 본 연구를 통해 도출된 3개 유형을 토대로 예방접종에 대한 정확한정보를 제공할 수 있는 간호사로 구성된 전문 상담가를 정부 정책 하에 양성할 필요가 있으며, 예방접종에 대한 부정적인 견해를 전환할 수 있는 각 유형별 맞춤형 교육 프로그램 또한 개발될 필요가 있다

Purpose: Despite the well-known public health benefits of vaccination, increasing public concern about the safety of childhood vaccinations has led some parents to refuse or hesitate having their children immunized. The purpose of this study was to identify the subjectivity of parents toward refusal of childhood vaccination. Methods: Q-methodology, in which subjective viewpoints are explored and analyzed using a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques, was used. Thirty-five participants were asked to rank 42 statements on diverse issues of childhood vaccination according to a continuous 9-point scale ranging from -4 for strongly disagree to +4 for strongly agree. Collected data was analyzed using the PC-QUANAL program. Results: The results revealed three discrete groups of parents in the refusal of children’s immunization:type I, distrust; type II, concern about side effects, and type III, belief that vaccinations are unnecessary. Conclusion: Special nurse counselors who can provide correct information about vaccination based on the three types should be part of the government policy. Customized education programs to shift viewpoints should be also redeveloped according to the results in this study.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing on drinking refusal self-efficacy among university students. Method: The subjects consisted of 228 university students. The data were collected using self-reported questionnaires, which were constructed to include satisfaction of campus life and the DRSEQ-R(Drinking Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire-Revised). Data were analyzed using the SPSS/PC WIN. 12.0 program. Results: The mean score indicating satisfaction of campus life was 3.20, and drinking refusal self-efficacy was 4.36. Satisfaction of campus life was positively correlated with drinking refusal self-efficacy. The gender, social circle, family history of drinking, drinking frequency, drinking quantity, and satisfaction of campus life explained 33.7% of the variance for drinking refusal self-efficacy. Conclusion: The findings suggest that satisfaction of campus life is an important factor for improving drinking refusal self-efficacy in university students. Therefore, strategies should be developed in order to promote drinking refusal self-efficacy and increase satisfaction of campus life in order to prevent drinking problems.

본 연구는 국내의 아동과 청소년의 등교거부에 대한 학위논문과 학술지에 게재된 논문을 분석하여 등교거부의 최근 연구 실태와 연구동향을 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 1971년부터 2018년까지 학위논문과 학술지에 게재된 총 68편의 논문을 대상으로 연도별 분포와 연구대상, 연구내용, 연구방법에 초점을 두어 연구동향을 분석하였다. 본 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 등교거부에 대한 1970년대부터 이루어진 연구는 2010년을 지나면서 급격히 증가하였으며 이는 등교거부척도개발로 인해 연구가 활발히 이루어진 것을알 수 있다. 둘째, 등교거부의 연구대상별 연구동향을 보면, 초등학생, 고등학생, 중학생 순으로 연구가 많았으며 2011년 이후에는 중· 고등학생 연구가 많았다. 셋째, 연구내용은 사례연구가 20편(29.4%)으로 가장 많으며 그 다음으로는 개념규명 19편(28.0%), 개인적 요인 9편(13.2%) 순으로 나타났다. 넷째, 연구방법으로는조사연구가 24편(35.3%)이고 사례연구가 21편(30.8%)으로 가장 많았다. 본 연구결과를 토대로 등교거부연구의 발전방향에 대한 제언을 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the current research status and research trends of the school refusal for child & adolescent in Korea by analyzing the thesis and the articles published in the journals. For this purpose, 68 research papers published in theses and journals from 1971 to 2018 were analyzed with the focus on research type classification according to publish years, study subjects, research contents, and research methods. The results of this study are as follows. Frist, since 2010, research on the school refusal has increased. Second, there are many researches on elementary school students, high school students, middle school students. Third, the research contents were the most in the case study 20(29.4%), followed by the concept identification 19(28.0%), personal factor 9(13.2%). Fourth, there were many research methods 24(35.3%) and case studies 21(30.8%). In this study, the results of this study, implications and suggestions for the decision to refuse admission were discussed.

본 연구에서는 대학생의 음주억제, 음주거부 자기효능감과 음주행동의 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 특히 음주억제와 음주량, 음주빈도, 음주문제간의 관계에서 음주거부 자기효능감의 매개효과를 가 정하고 검증하고자 하였다. 대학생 232명(남자 104명, 여자 128명)을 대상으로 유혹 및 억제척도, 음주거부 자기효능감 질문지, 문제음주 선별검사를 실시하고 음주량, 음주빈도를 보고하도록 하였 다. 종속변인인 음주량과 음주빈도에서 성차가 발견되어 남녀의 자료를 나누어 매개효과를 검증 하였다. 자료 분석 결과 음주거부 자기효능감은 음주억제와 음주량간의 관계를 부분 매개하는 것 으로 나타났다. 음주거부 자기효능감은 남자의 경우 음주억제와 음주빈도간의 관계를 부분 매개 하고, 여자의 경우 음주억제와 음주빈도간의 관계를 완전 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 음주억제와 음주문제와의 관계에서는 음주거부 자기효능감의 매개효과가 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 대 학생의 음주량, 음주빈도를 이해함에 있어서 음주억제와 음주거부 자기효능감간의 관계를 고려해 야 하며, 음주문제 예방과 치료에 있어서 음주억제에 대한 접근이 필요함을 시사한다.

This study was designed to investigate the relationship among drinking restraint, drinking refusal self-efficacy and drinking behaviors in college students. Specifically, the mediating effects of drinking refusal self-efficacy on the relationship between drinking restraint and drinking quantity, drinking frequency, and drinking problem were hypothesized. 232 students (male 104, female 128) completed the Temptation and Restraint Inventory, the Drinking Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire-Revised, and the Problem Drinking Screening Test, as well as frequency and quantity measure of self-reported drinking. Since gender differences were found in two dependent variables, drinking quantity and drinking frequency, data of males and females were analyzed separately. The results showed that drinking refusal self-efficacy partially mediated the relation between drinking restraint and drinking quantity. In the relation between drinking restraint and drinking frequency, drinking refusal self-efficacy was a partial mediator in males and a full mediator in females. Drinking refusal self-efficacy did not mediate the relation between drinking restraint and drinking problem. These results suggest that the relationship between drinking restraint and drinking refusal self-efficacy should be considered in order to understand alcohol consumption, and that a therapeutic approach to drinking restraint is needed for prevention and treatment of drinking problem.

본 연구는 부모-자녀관계의 분리불안으로 인하여 유치원 등원거부를 호소한 만 5세 남아의 사례이다. 아동은 모의 엄격한 양육 패턴으로 친밀하고 온정적인 상호작용을 경험하지 못한 결과, 대인관계에서 지나치게 긴장되어 있고 불안해하며 부정적인 감정 또한 억압하고 있었다. 이에 치료자는 일관되고 온정적인 관계에서 부정적 감정을 적절히 표현하게 하고 신뢰로운 인간관계를 경험하게 하는 놀이치료와 모의 정서적인 성장을 도와 아동의 지지자가 되도록 모 상담을 병행하였다. 치료결과 아동은 집에서는 목소리가 커져서 자기주장이 많아지고, 학교에서는 적응이 되면서 학교 가는 것을 재미있어하고 단짝이 생겼으며, 아이들과 활발히 어울려 놀고 자신감도 생겼다. 그러나 아동의 지지자가 되어야 할 모와 충분한 상담이 이루어지지 못했고, 아동 또한 추후 친구관계에서 있을 여러 가지 스트레스 상황에 잘 대처할 수 있는 사회적 능력이 필요하다고 판단되었다. 따라서 본 사례는 종결 후 모 상담과 아동의 단기그룹치료를 계획하고 있다.

The case study's child is a five-year old boy, who had kindergarten refusal because of parent child relation problem. The purpose of this therapy was to express negative emotion and form emotional security and active self-expression, and attend to school through solving of parent-child relation problem. The 70 session of play therapy has been carried out through the experience of the full acceptance and emotional supporter. In consequences, he became able to express his feeling actively and attend to school by his self, and make his school-mate. However, the parent's counseling haven't been carried out enough because of the time and conditional limitation. So the coping skills for parent-child relation problem and his social condition are still awaiting solution to be solved.

Purpose: This study was to investigate the smoking related social influence, refusal skill and nonsmoking related self-efficacy among adolescents. Method: The subject for this study consisted of 3,000 students of middle and high school located in Chonbuk province. The data were collected by self-report questionnaire from Aguest 19 to September 14, 2002. Result: The smoking rate was 3.3% in middle school students and 13.6% in high school students. The subject have had 61.1% of family members, 42.7% of same sex friends, 39.4% of object sex friend, 64.9% of peer group and 85.9% of teachers were being smoke. The smoking related social influence and smoking status showed significant relationship; current smokers' smoking related social influence level was much higher than former and never smoker. Friends', teachers' and family members' influences were important to adolescents' smoking. Adolescents had social influence made by many smokers. 27.7% of subject were suggested to smoke by near people, 40.4% of which them were smoked or tried to smoke. The mean refusal skill score of subject was 39.13 points per hundred. Adolescents have showed very low level of refusal skill to smoke. Current smokers' refusal skill level was significantly lower than former and never smoker. The mean average nonsmoking related self-efficacy score of current smoker was 44.46 percents per hundred, it showed that current smoker had very low level of self-efficacy to ceasing smoke. Conclusion: For the purpose of adolescents smoking prevention and ceasing, the educational program must designed to reduce smoking related social influence, to promote the refusal skill and nonsmoking related self-efficacy.

본 논문은 초등학교 여아의 분리불안으로 인한 등교거부에 대한 모래상자놀이치료 사례로, 본 사례를 통해 분리불안형 등교거부의 치료방법과 증상유발요인에 대해 검토하고자 한다. 정신역동학적면에서, 분리불안에 의한 등교거부는 불안정한 모자관계에 의한 것으로 본다. 본 사례에서도 환아의 등교거부는 모의 갈등과 불안에 의한 것으로 보여진다. 치료 목표는 조기에 재등교하는 것으로, 초기에 인지행동 놀이치료 접근을 시도하였다. 또한 치료 초기 환아는 모와의 분리불안을 보였으나, 모래상자 놀이에 흥미를 갖게 되어 모래상자 놀이치료 접근을 이용하였다. 환아는 모래상자 놀이를 통해 점차 자신의 불안을 나타내게 되었고, 인지행동 놀이치료 접근을 통해 모와의 등교 가능하게 되었다. 이러한 치료 접근 방법을 통해 환아의 불안 표출로 인해 정서적 안정을 이루었으며, 혼자서 등교할 수 있게 되었다.

This paper reports on the therapeutic approaches through sand play therapy with a schoolgirl with school refusal, and the effects on school refusal by seperation anxiety. Psychodynamically, school refusal by seperation anxiety is interpreted as unstale mother child relationship. in this case, school refusal also showed by her mother conflicts and anxiety with her grandfather. Therapy was initiated in conjunction with cognitive behavioral play approach since we aim to return to school early. initially, she was emotionally unstable, showing sings of seperation anxiety in therapy, but she liked sand play. She was good at expressing her feelings, so we used sand play approach. She became able to express her feeling of fear and anxiety by sand play, and attend to school with her mother by cognitive behavioral play approach, which gradually lessened the degree of her seperation anxiety. Through these approaches, she able to express her feelings, thus enabling her to stabilize her emotions and become to attend to school by herself.

본 연구는 일본의 부등교 현황과 대책을 분석함으로써 우리나라의 학업중단 청소년 지원 정책에 시사점을 얻고자 하였다. 이를 위해 일본 문부과학성에서 발표한 부등교 대응 정책과 주요 사례들을 검토하였다. 그 결과, 다음과 같은 다섯 가지 주요 특징이 확인되었다. 첫째, 일본의 부등교 학생 발생률은 인구 1,000명당 37.2명으로 한국의 학업중단률보다 약 5배 높았다. 둘째, 일본에서는 ‘이지메(집단괴롭힘)’, ‘가정환경의 변화’, ‘의욕 결여’ 등이 부등교 원인으로 지목되며, ‘질병’, ‘장기결석’, ‘해외출국’ 등을 학업중단의 주요 사유로 분류하는 한국과는 차이를 보였다. 셋째, 중앙정부, 지방자치단체, 학교 등 다양한 수준에서 다층적인 대응 체계를 구축하고 있으며, 2023년 발표한 ‘COCOLO 플랜’이 포괄적이고 실천적인 종합 대책으로 평가된다. 넷째, ‘팀 학교’ 체계를 통해 조기 발견과 맞춤형 지원을 강화하고자 하며, 다기관 협력 기반의 지원이 강조된다. 다섯째, 일본은 부등교 예방 및 대응의 일환으로 학교 내 구조적·문화적 변화를 적극적으로 모색하고 있다. 이러한 일본의 사례는 유사한 문화적 배경과 정책 과제를 지닌 한국의 학업중단 청소년 지원 정책에 유의미한 시사점을 제공한다.

This study aimed to analyze the current status of school refusal (fut?k?) in Japan and explore its policy responses to draw implications for supporting out-of-school youth in South Korea. To this end, the study reviewed key policies and initiatives released by Japan’s Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). Five major findings were identified. First, the incidence rate of school refusal in Japan stands at 37.2 per 1,000 students, approximately five times higher than South Korea’s school dropout rate. Second, the main causes of school refusal in Japan include bullying (ijime), changes in familyenvironment, and lack of motivation, which differ from South Korea, where dropout is more often attributed to illness, long-term absence, or oversee relocation. Third, Japan has established a multi-tiered response system spanning central and local governments as well as schools, with “COCOLO Plan,” announced in 2023, recognized as a comprehensive and actionable national strategy. Fourth, the “Team School”approach strengthens early identification and tailored support through multi-agency collaboration. Fifth, Japan is actively pursuing structural and cultural reforms within schools as part of its efforts to prevent and address school refusal. These findings offer valuable insights for advancing youth dropout prevention and support policies in South Korea, particularly given the two countries ‘similar cultural and educational contexts.

본 연구는 인간중심 미술치료가 등교거부 청소년의 등교거부 및 우울감 감소에 미치는 영향을 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 만 14세 중학교 2학년 남학생으로 지속된 등교거부로 유급 위기에 있었으며 우울감과 무기력을 호소하는 남학생이다. 연구의 진행은 2018년 6월부터 11월까지 주 1회 60분씩 총 16회 진행되었다. 연구도구는 등교거부경향성 척도(SRAS-R-C), 우울 척도(CES-D), 집-나무-사람(HTP)그림검사, 동적가족화(KFD)그림검사이며, 각 회기 활동을 관찰하였고 치료과정에서의 변화를 기록하였다. 본 연구를 통해 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 인간중심 미술치료는 대상 청소년의 등교거부 개선에 긍정적인 영향을 준 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 인간중심 미술치료는 대상 청소년의 우울감 감소에 긍정적인 영향을 준 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때, 인간중심 미술치료는 등교거부 및 우울감 감소와 더불어 창조성을 높이는 데 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

This study investigated the effects of person-centered art therapy to reduce school refusal and depression of an adolescent. The subject was a second-grade middle school boy with depression and at risk of grade retention. A total of 16 sessions were given from June 2018 to November 2018. Each weekly session was 1-hour long. For analysis, the researcher used the School Refusal Scale-Revised-Children (SRAS-R-C), the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the HTP, and the KFD. For qualitative analysis, all activities in each session were observed, recorded and analyzed by the researcher. The results demonstrated that person-centered art therapy can reduce school refusal, lower depression and facilitate creativity. Thus, person-centered art therapy appears to have a positive effect on reducing school refusal and depression.

본 연구에서는 미술치료가 외상 후 스트레스로 인한 7세 여아의 등원거부행동 소거에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위해 아동에게 주 1회 50분씩 총 20회기를 실시하였다. 미술치료의 효과는K-CBCL아동행동평가 척도 검사와 풍경구성법(LMT)으로 7세 여아의 심리변화를 측정하였고 부모, 교사, 치료자가 7세 여아의 행동을 관찰해 검사 실시 전후에 변화된 상태를 분석하였으며 미술치료과정 분석을 통해 아동의 등원거부행동이 소거되는 변화과정을 알아보았다. 본 연구 결과에서 보면 7세 여아의 등원거부가 외상 후 스트레스 이론에서 보듯이 사소한 신체질환에 대한 모의 과잉반응에서 비롯된 모와의 분리되기 싫은 강한 애착이 등원거부로 나타난 것임을 알 수 있었다. 모의 양육태도도 미술치료과정 중에 모와의 상담을 통해서 모의 감정과 행동의 변화가 아동에게 전달되었고 아동이 불안해했던 모와의 분리불안에 대한 감정에도 불안지수가 감소되는 변화가 있었다. K-CBCL아동행동평가 검사에서도 사전 검사 시 7세 여아는 위축과 우울/불안, 사회적 미성숙, 사고의 문제에서 높은 점수를 나타냈으나 사후 검사에서 많이 감소되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 미술치료가 외상 후 스트레스후유증의 증상으로 등원거부행동을 보인 7세 여아에게 등원거부 행동 소거에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

In order to determine the potential effects of art therapy on eliminating behaviors of infant refusal to attend kindergarten due to post-traumatic stress, this study applied total 20 cycles of art therapy to infants(once a week; 50 minutes). To determine the possible effects of art therapy, this study observed the psychologic transition of infants and allowed parents, teacher and art therapist to monitor infant behaviors using Korean child behavioral check list(K-CBCL) and landscape montage technique(LMT), so that it could compare and analyze the changing conditions of infants before and after both tests. Furthermore, this study also looked into the transitional courses of removing the behaviors of infant refusal to attend kindergarten in the course of art therapy. In view of findings hereof, it was found that infants' refusal to attend kindergarten was attributed to their own strong affections inseparable to mother due to her over-response to slight physical diseases, as shown in theory of post-traumatic stress. In case of mother's attitude to nurturing her child, her emotional and behavioral changes were fed forward to child via counseling with her in the course of art therapy, while anxiety index was reduced in emotion of child's anxiety about separation from mother. As the result of K-CBCL test, itwas found that infants scored high points at pretest items like atrophy, depression/anxiety, social immaturity and thinking problems, while scoring relatively low points at post-test. Summing up, it is concluded that art therapy has positive influence on motivating infants who refused to attend kindergarten - a symptomatic aftereffect of post-traumatic stress - to remove behaviors of refusal.