Earticle

This paper, based on synchronic and diachronic studies on systems of the temporal relational nouns in Korean and Japanese temporal relative clauses, describes and identifies correspondence of the systems of temporal relative nouns in terms of facts and observation. On this paper, corresponding relation and lexical association(on Chinese words/Haneo) of Koran “전” and Japanese “前(マエ／ゼン)” are classified as 4 types and considered. as a reviewing method, based on dictionaries published in Korea and Japan, all vocabularies are extracted and reviewed. Each heading vocabulary extracted from each dictionary for each type is described; ① beyond the standards, and “前･後” is lexically corresponding. ② beyond the standards, and “前” is lexically not corresponding. ③ beyond the standards, and “後” is lexically not corresponding. ④ “前”,which is beyond the temporal standards, means a temporal relational noun in the standards. As a result of consideration, temporal directional functions in Korean and Japanese temporal relative nouns do not coincide. In other words, when we think about when the generality inherent in each temporal relative noun is actually realized in language, we find that their specificity is part of the universality, not an exception, but a process of grammaticalization.

영어전치사는 구조주의 언어학에서 명사, 형용사, 동사, 부사처럼 자족적인 의 미를 갖추고 있는 내용어와는 달리 의미가 없는 것으로 간주하여 기능어에 포함되 었을 뿐 아니라 변형생성문법에서도 의미가 없이 문장구조상에서 빈틈을 메워주 는 문법적인 목적을 위한 통사규칙으로 취급되었다. 하지만 인지문법의 창시자로 알려진 랑가커(Langacker)는 한 낱말의 의미는 그 낱말이 가지는 여러 개별 의미들 이 서로 밀접하게 연관된 의미망이라고 주장함으로써 전치사에 관한 인지언어학 적 연구를 가속시켰다. 이에 본 연구는 인지문법을 토대로 하여 영어전치사 of와 about의 원형의미와 확장의미를 연구·분석해보고 전치사 of와 about의 의미를 세 가지로 분류하여 참조점 모형을 이용하여 비교분석해본다. 첫째, 지표 Y의 탄도체 X가 명사인 경우, 전치사 of는 참조점(지표)의 관련 영역 속에 있는 여러 개체 중 하나의 개체만이 목표(탄도체)가 되어 현저성이 부여되고 있는 반면에, 전치사 about의 경우에는 참조점의 영역 속의 여러 개체들이 탄도체에 함축되어 현저성이 부여되고 있다. 둘째, 지표 Y의 탄도체 X가 형용사인 경우, 전치사 of에서 주어는 지표 그 자체에 대한 사항만을 탄도체와 결부시키며, 전치사 about에서 주어는 활 성화 되지 못한 채 참조점 주변에서 산재되어 있는 여러 속성들과 탄도체를 결부 시키고 있다. 셋째, 지표 Y의 탄도체 X가 비어있는 경우에 전치사 of는 참조점의 영역속에 있는 개체들은 목표로 설정되지 못하고 참조점에 내재되어있기 때문에 주어는 참조점에 대한 구체적인 사항이 아니라 참조점 그 자체에 대해 관심을 두 고 있다. 전치사 about는 참조점 영향하에 있는 탄도체는 구체성을 띠지 않아도 관 찰자는 인식할 수 있기 때문에 활성화되지 않고 참조점 주변에 내재되어 있는 상 태이다. 그래서 주어는 참조점과 관련된 여러 속성에 관심을 두고 있다. 따라서 전 치사 of와 about은 그 기본의미와 일관성을 유지하여 X of Y의 구조에서주어는 지 표Y 그 자체를 그리고 X about Y의 구조에서 주어는 지표Y의 주변에 관한 사항 을 언급한다.

In structural linguistics, unlike content words which have self-contained meanings such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, English preposition were regarded as function words which have no meanings and also in transformational generative grammar, they were treated as syntactic rules for the grammatical purpose of filling a gap in sentence structure. However, Langacker(1987) known as the founding father of cognitive grammar, by insisting that the meaning of a word is a semantic network that several individual meanings that the word has become closely intertwined, accelerated a cognitive linguistics study. I have studied and analyzed the prototypical sense and the extension sense of the preposition of and about based on cognitive grammar and have classified the meanings of the preposition of and about as three forms according to a reference point model. First, in case of trajector, X of landmark, Y being a noun, in the preposition of, only one entity of several entities involved in the domain of a reference point is given salience while, in the preposition about, several entities involved in the domain of a reference point are given salience, being connoted in trajector. Second, in case of trajector, X of landmark, Y being an adjective, in the preposition of, the subject connects the information of landmark itself with trajector but in the preposition about, the subject connects several entities scattered around a reference point, not being activated with trajector. Third, in case of trajector, X of landmark, Y being empty, in the preposition of, because several entities involved in the domain of a reference point, not being established as the object, are inherent in a reference point, the subject shows an interest not specific information of a reference point but a reference point itself. In the preposition about, because several entities involved in the domain of a reference point, though having no concreteness, are cognized by an observer, they, being not activated, are inherent around a reference point. Therefore the subject shows an interest several entities which are relevant to a reference point. Thus, as the preposition of and about maintain consistency in the basic meanings, in ‘X of Y structure,’ the subject refers to landmark, Y itself and in ‘X about Y structure,’ the subject refers to circumferential information of landmark, Y.

Metonymy is a cognitive process in our conceptual structure. Possessional Expression in Idealized Cognitive Model is divided into four types, such as ①'possessum→possessor' schema, ②'part→whole' schema, ③'whole→part' schema, ④'part event→whole event' schema. Types ①,②, and ③ are 'referential metonymy' of space contiguity. Type ④ is 'predicative metonymy' of time contiguity. Those source domain of four types become reference point, and they approach target domain. Schema ①, ②, and ④ are metonymic extensional transfer, which 'part' indicates 'whole'. The schema ③'whole→part' is metonymic reduction transfer, which source and target domain are asymmetric. Next, the continuum of source domain and target domain are as follows: In type ① source domain adjoins target domain spatially. In type ② source domain is included in target domain spatially. In type ③ source domain includes target domain spatially. In type ④ source domain is included in target domain temporally. In case of Possessional Expression, 'part→whole' schema appears more often than 'whole→part' and spatial metonymy appears more extensively than temporal metonymy.

인터넷과 정보기술의 발달로 사람들은 많은 정보에 접하게 되었으며, 정보 제공 사이트들은 사용자들에게 적합한 정보를 추천해 줌으로써 정보 과잉의 문제를 해결해 왔다. 하지만, 사용자의 취향과 선호에 기반한 정보 추천은 편향된 정보만을 소비하게 되는 정보 편식의 문제점을 일으킬 수 있다. 이러한 추천시스템의 부작용에 대해서는 연구가 거의 행해지지 않아 왔다. 본 논문은 정보 편식을 완화시키는 정보 시스템적 솔루션에 초점을 맞췄다. 적응수준이론과 기대이론을 기반으로 사용자 자신의 정보 소비 행태를 준거점으로 구체화시킨 자기 준거 진단 인터페이스와 타인들의 정보 소비 행태를 준거점으로 자신의 정보 소비를 보도록 도와주는 사회적 준거 진단 인터페이스를 제안하였다. 이러한 두 개의 인터페이스가 정보 소비 행태 자각에 어떤 영향을 미치며, 행동의 자각이 정보 편식을 개선하려는 동기와 실제 행동에 영향을 미치는지를 알아보았다. 인터페이스의 효과는 실험을 이용하여 검증하였다. 분석 결과, 자기 준거 진단 인터페이스가 정보 소비 행태 자각과 정보 편식을 개선하는 행동에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났지만, 정보 편식을 개선하고자 하는 동기에는 유의한 결과를 보이지 않았다. 본 연구는 사람들이 선호하는 정보를 제공하는 것에만 관심을 기울였던 기존 연구들과는 달리 추천 시스템의 부작용인 정보 편식의 완화에 관심을 가진 연구라는 의의를 가진다.

As Internet and IT have been developed, people have been exposed to large amounts of information. So, many online information providers recommend relevant information to users to relieve an information overload. However, information recommendation which is based on the taste and preference of a user can lead to a problem of unbalanced information consumption. Prior research about online information has not investigated the side-effect of a recommendation function. This research suggests IT solutions for alleviating unbalanced information consumption behavior. Based on adaptation level theory and expectancy theory, we proposed self-reference point diagnosticity interface and social-reference point diagnosticity interface to help people to consume information following their own information consuming goal. We hypothesized positive impacts of these two interfaces on the self-awareness about information consuming pattern. And we predicted that self-awareness has a positive impact on the motivation and actual behavior to conform the ideal information consuming pattern which the user sets. Laboratory experiment was executed as a research method. As a result, the self-reference diagnosticity interface leaded to higher self-awareness and mitigated the unbalanced information consumption. But, the social-reference diagnosticity interface and the motivation to improve the information consuming behavior had no significant results. Academic and practical implications are discussed.

무인항공기와 무인항공기 센서가 다양하게 개발됨에 따라 기존의 항공사진 또는 원격탐사보다 좁은 면적에 대한 정보를 빠르게 업데이트할 수 있다. 하지만 무인항공기 사진측량에서 지상기준점의 획득과 입력은 많은 시간이 소요되며, 지상기준점 측량과 입력이 잘못될 경우 기하 왜곡이 발생한다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 지상기준점 획득과 입력의 시간을 줄이기 위해 RGB 기준 정사영상을 제작하고, 다양한 센서의 목적 정사영상에 특징점 알고리즘을 적용하여 비교·평가를 수행하였다. 연구대상지 2곳에 대해 4가지 특징점 추출 알고리즘을 적용했으며, 그 결과 특징점 대비 매칭쌍의 비율은 speeded up robust features(SURF)가 가장 우수하였다. 전체적으로 비교했을 때 accelerated-KAZE(AKAZE) 방법이 가장 많은 특징점과 매칭쌍을 추출했으며, binary robust invariant scalable keypoints(BRISK) 방법이 가장 적은 특징점과 매칭쌍을 추출했다. 본 결과를 통해 센서별 목적 정사영상 기하보정 수행 시 AKAZE 방법이 우수한 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

As unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs) and sensors have been developed in a variety of ways, it has become possible to update information on the ground faster than existing aerial photography or remote sensing. However, acquisition and input of ground control points(GCPs) UAV photogrammetry takes a lot of time, and geometric distortion occurs if measurement and input of GCPs are incorrect. In this study, RGB-based orthophotos were generated to reduce GCPs measurment and input time, and comparison and evaluation were performed by applying feature point algorithms to target orthophotos from various sensors. Four feature point extraction algorithms were applied to the two study sites, and as a result, speeded up robust features(SURF) was the best in terms of the ratio of matching pairs to feature points. When compared overall, the accelerated-KAZE(AKAZE) method extracted the most feature points and matching pairs, and the binary robust invariant scalable keypoints(BRISK) method extracted the fewest feature points and matching pairs. Through these results, it was confirmed that the AKAZE method is superior when performing geometric correction of the objective orthophoto for each sensor.

본 연구에서는 GAMIT/GLOBK를 이용하여 도호쿠 지방 태평양 해역 지진으로 인한 통합기준점의 위치변화를 계산해보고 영향을 분석해보았다. 2011년 동일본 대지진으로 인한 지각변동 패턴이 변하였으며 한반도가 동쪽으로 1.6~3.32cm가량 움직 였다. 따라서 기존에 설치되었던 통합기준점의 기존의 위치가 급격히 변화하였다. 이변화를 파악하기 위해 안정화 된 전국 위 성기준점 16점을 선정하여 chc geometics를 이용하여 QC분석을 수행하였다. 2008년,2009년 및 2012년 데이터를 기반으로 GAMIT/GLOBK를 이용하여 기선해석과 망조정을 실시하였다. 그 결과 변동된 국가기준점의 위치를 고려하여 기존의 값보다 10cm 이상 변경된 점이 86점임을 확인할 수 있었다.

“쇼혼지타테(正本製)”를 단서로, 2대 산테 슌바작(三亭春馬作) <시바이물>(연극물)의 첫 번째 작품『아다자쿠라 고이노시라나미』(仇桜恋白濤. 이하 아다자쿠라)의 서지를 상세히 살펴본 결과, 새롭게 알게 된 사실은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 『아다자쿠라』와 다른 책으로 광고되는 『후데노아테부리 시카타하나시』(筆頭当振仕形咄)는, 『아다자쿠라』의 각서(角書:쓰노가키･머리제목), 즉 같은 책 혹은 시리즈로 표기되는 예는 있지만, 독립된 서명으로서는 출판된 흔적을 추적할 수 없는 작품이었다. 둘째, 『아다자쿠라』초편 작자 서문 중, 초･2･3편은 미치노쿠(陸奥:동북지방)의 기이한 이야기를 악당물로 쓰고, 세 편짜리 구성으로 짧게 마무리한다고 한 언설에 주목하여, 백랑물(白浪物:도적물)로부터 영향을 받은 취향에 대해 살펴보았다. 이 언설에 이어, 내년에 예정된 『아다자쿠라』4･5･6편은 “쇼혼지타테(正本製)의 시카타바나시(仕形話)”로 쓰고 싶다고 한 창작 의도는, 선행 인기작이었던 류테 다네히코작 고칸(柳亭種彦作合巻)『쇼혼지타테』(正本製) 및 <쇼혼 우쓰시 고칸물>(正本写合巻物)을 바탕으로, 가부키의 ‘구조･장치’의 이면을 보여주는 이야기로 그 후 귀결해 갔다. 안세 3년(1856년)이라는 그의 창작 시절 초반 무렵부터 그러한 주제를 가질 수 있었던 배경에는, 연극이 제작되는 무대 뒤편까지 숙지하고 있는 연극통이었기 때문에 가능했다고 결론지었다. 이상의 <시바이물> 첫 번째 작품『아다자쿠라』외에, 창작 순서로 볼 때 여섯 번째, 일곱 번째 작품인 쇼혼 우쓰시 고칸 두 작품도 포함하여 서지를 논함으로써 슌바작 쇼혼 우쓰시 고칸, 나아가 그의 <시바이물>의 전체적 경향 추출을 시도하였다. 그 결과, 쇼혼 우쓰시 고칸『다테쿠라베 오쿠니가부키』(伊達競阿国歌舞妓)와 『몬도자쿠라 에니시노 시라이토』(主水桜実縁白糸)에 있어서, 본문을 무대장치 설명부터 시작하는 방식은, 그의 에이리 네혼(絵入根本)풍 극서나 그의 다른 쇼혼 우쓰시 고칸에도 공통적으로 나타나는 문체라는 점을 제시하였다. 이 문체는 상연 가부키의 대본인 쇼혼(正本), 그것을 정리한 에이리 네혼의 관례이며, 쇼혼 우쓰시 고칸의 경우，무대임을 나타내는 문장 표현은 피하는 것이 일반적이라는 점을 감안할 때, 슌바작 쇼혼 우쓰시 고칸의 문체적 특징이라고까지 지적할 수 있었다. 끝으로 소설보다 가부키 쪽으로 한층 더 접근하여, 쇼혼과 에이리 네혼에 근접한 일련의 슌바작<시바이물>의 창작 활동표를 제시함으로써, 그가 평생 각별한 연극 애호가였으며, 강렬한 무대 느낌을 자기 작품의 취향과 개성으로 삼았다는 점까지 지적한 바이다.

The following are new facts that I have learned as a result of a detailed study of the bibliography of the first “shibaimono” (theatrical works) by Santei Syunba II, using “Shohon- jitate” as a starting point. First, “Adazakura-koi-no-shiranami” and “Fude-no-ateburi-shikata- hanashi” were not published as independent works, although there are examples of them being written in the same book or as a series. Second, from “Adazakura”, I read the influence of the “shiranami”(thief) storytelling style. In addition, I concluded that the fact that Syunba had the intention of publishing the fourth, fifth, and sixth volumes of “Adazakura” in “Shohon-jitate-no-Shikata-banashi”, scheduled for next year, from the very beginning of its creation in 1856 was made possible by his thorough knowledge of the theatrical world, including the backstage of the play itself. Another finding was the overall trend of Shohon-utsushi-gokan, or “shibaimono”, by Syunba. As a result, the method of beginning the text with the stage set in his shohon-utsushi-gokan, “Datekurabe okuni-kabuki” and “Mondo-zakura-enishi-no-shiraito”, is common to his Eiri-nehon-fu playbooks and other Shohon-utsushi-gokan. Considering that in general Shohon-utsushi-gokan usually avoid stage descriptions, this style can be said to be the most characteristic of Shohon-utsushi-gokan by Syunba. In addition, the author shows a list of Syunba’s creative activities for a series of “shibaimono”, which show an even closer approach to kabuki, and even mentions that he had a special love of the theater as a characteristic of his own work throughout his life.

｢正本製｣(しゃうほんじたて)を端緒に二代目三亭春馬作<芝居もの>の第一作の書誌を詳論した結果､知り得た新知見は次の通りである。第一、『仇桜恋白濤』(あだざくらこいのしらなみ)とは別書として広告される󰡔筆頭当振仕形咄󰡕(ふでのあてぶりしかたはなし)は、実は前書󰡔仇桜󰡕(あだざくら)の角書、つまり同書もしくはシリーズものとして記される例はあるが、独立した書名では板行の痕跡が辿れない作品である。第二、『仇桜』初編自序中の、初･二･三編は陸奥の奇話を強悪物に綴り､三編構成にて手短く締めくくる、という言説に注目し、白浪物からの趣向の影響を読み取った。この言説に続く、来年予定の『仇桜』四･五･六編は｢正本製(しゃうほんじたて)の仕形話(しかたばなし)｣にて出したいという作意は、その後、柳亭種彦作合巻『正本製』及び<正本写合巻もの>を踏まえ、歌舞伎の｢仕組み･仕掛け｣の裏表を見せる話へと帰結していったこと、そのような作意を安政三年の創作初期から持ち得たということは、芝居が成り立つ裏舞台まで知り尽くす芝居通であるからこそ可能であったと結論づけた。 以上の<芝居もの>の第一作の他に、創作順番でいうと第六作、第七作の正本写合巻二作をも含めて書誌を論じることで、春馬作正本写合巻、引いては<芝居もの>の全体的傾向の抽出を試みた。その結果、正本写合巻『伊達競阿国歌舞妓』(だてくらべおくにかぶき)『主水桜実縁白糸』(もんどざくらえにしのしらいと)の､舞台装置から本文を始めるという方法は、彼の絵入根本風劇書や他の正本写合巻にも共通していたことを提示した。この文体は上演歌舞伎の脚本である正本、それを纏めた絵入根本の常套であり、正本写合巻の場合、舞台を示す文章表現は避けるのが通常であることに鑑みると、最早春馬作正本写合巻の特色といえよう。引いては、一層の歌舞伎への接近、正本や絵入根本への至近をみせる一連の春馬作<芝居もの>の創作活動表を示し、彼が終生格別の芝居好きであり、強い舞台臭を自作の趣向･個性としていたことまで触れた次第である。

글로벌 싱글 인스턴스(GSI) 기반의 기업의 정보시스템은 기업 내부정보 및 자원/자산을 통합관리하고 프로세스의 동질성을 확보하여 업무의 효율성 및 전사적인 생산성을 향상시키고 있지만 정보시스템의 장애가 발생하게 되면 비즈니스가 마비될 수 있고 그로 인해 엄청난 금전적 손실이 따르는 위험을 동시에 안고 있다. 여분의 부품 사용을 전제하는 수많은 결함허용(Fault-Tolerance) 기법들이 안정적인 정보시스템을 위해 연구되어 왔다. 결함허용 기법의 설계 및 적용의 어려운 점은 결함의 유형 및 빈도를 정보시스템을 운영하기 전에는 알기 어렵다는 것이다. 따라서 정보시스템 구축 단계에서의 결함허용 기법의 적용과 함께, 구축 후, 운영적인 측면에서의 장애관리 기법을 동시에 고려하여 안정적으로 정보시스템을 운영하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 기술분류체계(TRM)기반의 점검포인트와 이벤트 룰엔진 적용으로 시스템 장애를 사전예측 하는 방법을 포함하는 정보시스템 장애관리 기법인 무장애체계 프로세스를 제시 하였다. 또한, 무장애체계 방법을 적용한 장애관리 정보시스템(PICS)을 하이테크 장치산업의 대표기업에 구축하여 무장애체계 방법 적용 전, 후의 효과도 함께 제시 하였다. 무장애체계 도입 후 월별 장애건수, 장애시간은 각각 46%, 56% 감소하였으며, 장애로 인한 매출에 대한 기회 손실금액은 77% 절감하는 효과를 보였다.

IT Systems based on Global Single Instance (GSI) can manage a corporation’s internal information, resources and assets effectively and raise business efficiency through consolidation of their business process and productivity. But, It has also dangerous factor that IT system fault failure can cause a state of paralysis of a business itself, followed by huge loss of money. Many of studies have been conducted about fault-tolerance based on using redundant component. The concept of fault tolerance is rather simple but, designing and adopting fault-tolerance system is not easy due to uncertainty of a type and frequency of faults. So, Operational fault management that working after developed IT system is important more and more along with technical fault management. This study proposes the fault management process that including a pre-estimation method using TRM (Technical Reference Model) check point and event rule engine. And also proposes a effect of fault-free process through built fault management system to representative company of Hi-tech industry. After adopting fault-free process, a number of failure decreased by 46%, a failure time decreased by 56% and the Opportunity loss costs decreased by 77%.

The measurement value of the traditional binocular parallax distance is the distance between the reference point P and the center of the baseline of the binocular camera, and for the agriculture robot, because of the needs of ground operations, the cameras are usually installed in certain height from the ground with a certain angle with the horizontal direction, when we have to know the horizontal distance from the navigation reference point to the robot body and thus the next travel pose of the robot can be controlled by real-time. Obviously, the traditional binocular parallax distance measuring methods will no longer apply to this. In this regard, a new method for solving agricultural robot navigation reference point distance measurement is proposed. First, conduct calibration for the binocular system with the improved BP neural network, and secondly, obtain the left and right image coordinates of the navigation reference point (U1,V1) (U2,V2) with the improved SIFT features and input the BP neural networks trained in the calibration, and finally, output the coordinates of the navigation reference point in the world coordinate system (X，Y), and then the horizontal distance between the navigation reference point and the robot body can be expressed as S = X2 + Y2 . Experiments show that by this method, the maximum deviation of the actual field experiment test is 0.479cm, with the minimum deviation of 0.032cm, accuracy up to 99%, consuming a total of 55ms. And compared to the traditional binocular parallax distance ranging procedure, the computation is significantly reduced, with certain engineering practicability and feasibility.

기존 문서 저작물의 저작권 침해 판단 방법은 문서를 처음부터 끝까지 문장 단위로 자른 후, 문장 안에서 6어 절 단위로 이동하면서 색인키를 생성하여 비교한다. 그러나 이 방법은 문서의 크기가 클 때 색인키가 대량으로 생산되 어 표절 검사의 시간이 길어지는 단점이 있다. 이러한 단점을 제거하기 위하여, 본 논문에서 제안하는 방법은 일정한 크기의 윈도우를 문자 단위로 이동하면서 각 윈도우 내에 있는 가장 큰 어절을 선택하여 특징블록을 색인키로 정하는 것이다. 이 방법은 윈도우를 이동하는 과정에서 중복된 특징 블록을 제거하여 색인키의 수를 획기적으로 줄일 수 있다. 이를 적용한 시스템은, 상대적으로 적게 추출된 특징블록간 유사도를 비교함으로써, 두 문서 저작물사이에서 표절된 저 작물의 침해 위치를 정확하고 빠르게 검색할 수 있다.

Most of the existing methods make the index key with every 6 words in every sentence in a document in order to identify copyright infringement between two documents. However, these methods has the disadvantage to take a long time to inspect the copyright infringement because of the long indexing time for the large-scale document. In this paper, we propose a method to select the longest word (called a feature bock) as an index key in the predetermined-sized window which scans a document character by character. This method can be characterized by removing duplicate blocks in the process of scanning a document, dramatically reducing the number of the index keys. The system with this method can find the copyright infringement positions of two documents very accurately and quickly since relatively small number of blocks are compared.

비교과 활동은 학점 향상, 높은 학업 성취, 교과과정의 이수, 낮은 중도탈락 및 성공적인 학습자가 되기 위한 다양한 긍정적 효과를 거둔다고 보고되었다. 하지만 비교과 활동의 참여가 학습자의 성적 변화에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 다룬 국내 연구는 상대적으로 부족하다. 이 연구의 목적은 H 대학, 1,798명의 비교과 활동 참가자를 대상으로 비교과 활동 참여가 학점 변화에 영향을 미치는지 알아보는 것이다. 이를 위해 비교과 활동 참가자의 활동 전후 학점의 변화를 성, 전공, 학년 변인과 비교과 활동 유형에 따라 분석하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 비교과 활동 참여는 학습자의 학점 변화에 긍정적 영향을 미쳤다. 또한, 비교과 활동 참가자가 비참가자보다 학점이 상승하였다. 둘째, 활동 전후 학점 변화는 성별, 전공, 학년에 따라 차이가 나타났다. 여학생과 특정 전공생(게임학부)의 학점 상승이 유의하였고, 신입생의 성적 향상이 다른 학년에 비해 유의하게 높았다. 셋째, 참가자의 학점 상승은 비교과 활동 유형에 따른 차이가 유의하였다. 학습컨설팅, 학습공동체(유학생) 참가자가 다른 활동 참가자들보다 성적 상승이 유의하였다. 넷째, 튜터링 참자가 중 튜티의 성적 향상이 유의하였다. 아울러 비교과 활동의 성과 측정을 위해서 보다 객관적인 평가 지표 개발과 다양한 변인들이 고려되어야 함을 제안하였다.

Extracurricular activities (hereafter ECA) are reported to have many positive effects on education which are especially better grades, good academic achievement, school completion, low dropout rate and the other positive aspects to become successful students. However, few domestic studies have addressed the question of how student engagements to ECA affect students’ grade point average (GPA). This research was conducted with a total of 1,798 students to know whether the students’ GPA at H University in Korea, is affected by their participation in the ECA. To achieve the purpose of the study, we analyzed GPA’s change before and after the participation in ECA according to students’ demographic factors as well as ECA types. Our findings showed that firstly, participation in ECA affects the students’ GPA in a positive way. Also, the study found that those who participated in ECA have higher GPA than those who did not. Second, there were significant differences in GPA increase by gender, majors and grades. GPA’s increase was higher in female participants and students at school of games. Also, freshmen’s GPA increase was the highest of the other grades. Third, there was a significant differences in GPA increases according to ECA types. Participants in learning consulting program as well as academic club for foreign students got the highest GPA increase. Finally, tutee’s GPA increased significantly than tutors who participated in tutoring program. Implications for more objective instrument to asses ECA outcomes as well as variables to be considered were also provided.

본 논문에서는, 지문인증 시스템에 있어서 방향성분의 통계적 방법을 이용한 reference point 검출 알고리즘과 이 reference point를 중심으로 하여 기존의 filterbank의 단점을 개선한 feature 추출 알고리즘을 소개한다. 제안한 reference point검출 알고리즘은 기존의 Poincare방법의 단점인 세밀한 전처리 과정과 arch type의 지문에 대해 장점을 가지며, 개선한 filterbank방법은 기존의 filterbank방법보다 reference point의 검출 위치에 덜 민감하며, 좀 더 높은 인증률을 보였다.

본 논문에서는 지문인식 시스템에 있어서 중간 단계인 Reference Point를 검출하는 방법을 제안하려고 한다. Reference Point는 지문 인식 방법들인 Minutiae 매칭 방법[1]과 Gabor filter를 사용한 Filterbank 방법[2]을 적용함에 있어서 feature를 추출할 때 사용되는 기준이 되는 Point이다. 그래서 동일인에 대해서는 항상 불변하고 정확한 위치를 찾아내는 정도가 지문 인식 시스템의 인식률에 크게 영향을 미치게 된다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 방법은 Gray Image에서 직접 Statistical한 방법을 사용하여 지문의 방향 분포를 구하고 이러한 방향 분포도로부터 얻어진 정보를 바탕으로 각 방향간의 거리를 측정하여 모든 방향 성분을 동일하게 유지하는 Reference Region을 찾게 된다. 이렇게 추출된 Reference Region내에서 SED(Statistical Equi-Distance)를 최대로 하는 좌표값을 Reference Point로 결정하게 된다.

Background: This is an experimental study conducted to assess whether the fibular head is a reliable reference point to identify the position of the common peroneal nerve at the posterolateral corner of the knee. Materials and methods: Twelve cadaveric knees were dissected through the lateral approach. The common peroneal nerve was identified and traced. The location where the common peroneal nerve crossed the posterior border of the biceps femoris and the posterior border of the fibular neck were designated as points B and N, respectively. The tip of the fibular head was designated F. Distances FB and FN were measured and the triangular area FBN was calculated at various degrees of knee flexion. Results: During knee motion, distance FN showed minimal change and was not affected by variation in degrees of knee flexion (p = 0.131). Distance FB and distance BN were affected by variation in degrees of knee flexion (p < 0.001). Triangular area FBN increased in size up to 60° of knee flexion measuring 621.22mm2 and subsequently decreased with further knee flexion. Conclusion: The common peroneal nerve can consistently be found at approximately 20.7 ± 1mm on the fibular neck with respect to the tip of the fibular head. The tip of the fibular head is a consistent landmark that can be used to predict the position of the exit point of the common peroneal nerve at the posterolateral corner of the knee.

This article emphasizes the importance of ‘face-saving’ and ‘reference point’ in understanding North Korea’s strategic assessment. The concept of face-saving has been often discussed in explaining North Korea’s negotiating behavior. The regime is known to fight because it prefers to save face, which somewhat explains Pyongyang’s aggressiveness and brinkmanship even when it is in a disadvantageous position. Nevertheless, North Korea rarely sacrifices its strategic benefit. Both saving face and gaining benefit are important to the North Korean regime. But which takes precedence? In order to explain the North Korean rationality, this article hypothesizes that North Korea’s face-saving is closely connected with its attempts to gain benefits. In other words, the North Korean regime is more likely to feel humiliated and lose face when it believes that it has failed to gain the benefit originally expected. This article examines the concept of ‘reference point’, arguing that recognizing Pyongyang’s reference point provides a better picture of its internal and external perception and behavior.

Purpose: When there is a varus deformity in proximal tibia, the extension of a tibial shaft axis tends to pass through the lateral intercondylar eminence. A prospective randomized study was conducted to fi nd out whether the lateral eminence of tibia could serve as a reference point for proximal tibial osteotomy during total knee arthroplasty and results from 6-years follow up period were reported. Materials and Methods: Forty-six patients (50 knees) who received total knee replacement arthroplasty from April to December 2004, were randomly divided into two groups. For a proximal tibial osteotomy, the proximal tibial reference point was located at the center of intercondylar eminence for group I and at the lateral eminence for group II and subsequently, the results were evaluated. Radiologic indices were the angles between the axis of the prosthesis and the mechanical/shaft axes of tibia and angle of the prosthesis in sagittal plane. Clinical indices were pain and function score of American knee society, functional score of Hospital for Special Surgery and range of knee joint motion. Results: Th e angles between the axis of the prostheses and the mechanical/shaft axes of tibia were varus 1.64o/2.12o in group I and valgus 0.57o/0.38o in group II (p=0.589/p=0.558). Th ere were 6 cases of outliers (27.2%) in group 1 and 3 cases (15.0%) in group 2. Th ere was a signifi cant diff erence in the pain score between group I (82.9) and II (91.4) (p=0.032), respectively. Conclusions: By moving the reference point of proximal tibial osteotomy laterally, lower incidence of outlier and residual varus deformity could be achieved.

This article aims to add value to discussions about the Northeast Asia Peace and Cooperation Initiative (NAPCI), one of the South Korean government’s core diplomatic policies. First, it examines the importance of institutional design for its substantial progress, a relatively unaddressed subject among stakeholders. Second, it explores the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) from a comparative perspective and draws lessons for NAPCI in terms of the impact of institutional design on operations. Similarities and differences between ARF and NAPCI in terms of goals, procedural norms, priority areas of cooperation, and member composition are legitimate reasons for the comparison. Though ARF’s past cannot predict NAPCI’s future, this article suggests that studying ARF would enlighten NAPCI stakeholders regarding the interaction of institutional features with diverse regional factors (inspired by a European case) and the outcomes that diverged from the reference point. Understanding how the former’s institutional features actually work is useful for ensuring that NAPCI is designed wisely.

The syntactic pattern [Dative-Nominative-Predicate] has long been considered as two different constructions, goal constructions and dative-subject constructions, based on their syntactic behaviors. However, in the paper, it is demonstrated that the two constructions are not clear-cut categories but form a continuum of a single category whose meanings range from spatial proximity to literal or metaphorical possession. The reference point model is adopted in explaining how the two constructions are interrelated to each other, providing the reason why their meanings are interrelated. The result of the paper provides one more cross-linguistic evidence to reference point relation, along with English raising, topic, and possessive constructions.

Detection of vanishing point is a challenging task in the situations where there are several structures with straight lines. Commonly used approaches for determining vanishing points involves finding the straight lines using edge detection and Hough transform methods. This approach often fails to perform effectively when there are a lot of straight lines found. The lines not meeting at a vanishing point are considered to be noises. In such situation, finding right candidate lines for detecting vanishing points is not a simple task. This paper proposes to use reference objects for vanishing point detection. By analyzing a reference object, it identifies the contour of the object, and derives a polygon from the contour information. Then the edges of the detected polygon are used to find the vanishing points. Our experimental results show that the proposed approach can detect vanishing points with comparable accuracy to the existing edge detection based method. Our approach can also be applied effectively even to complex situations, where too many lines generated by the existing methods make it difficult to select right lines for the vanishing points.

This paper aims to develop an adjustable gain-based model reference adaptive control (AG-MRAC) scheme for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic (PV) systems. To ensure a fast convergence speed with guaranteed transient performance and overall system stability of the MPPT under rapidly changing environmental conditions, a 2-level control scheme has been proposed. The first level of control is the conventional ripple correlation control (RCC), which is used to obtain a ripple-free optimal duty cycle in the steady-state. This also serves as input for the second level of control, which is the proposed AG-MRAC controller. The conventional high-static adaptation gain MRAC provides guaranteed transient performance in MPPT. However, a high adaptation gain circumvents the adverse effects on the system stability and robustness. Moreover, in PV systems, when the environmental conditions are rapidly changing, the requirement gain depends on the magnitude of the error. Therefore, a fixed high gain controller does not provide a complete solution to the dynamic behavior of non-linear PV systems under rapidly changing environmental conditions. This paper attempts to overcome these issues using the proposed AG-MRAC architecture, where the adaptation gain is adjusted as a function of the tracking error, which is caused by variations in environmental conditions. A mathematical model of the proposed AG-MRAC has been developed and its stability has been verified using Lyapunov theory. To check the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme, simulation and experimental models have been developed for validation. In addition, a performance comparison has been done with recent similar works.