Earticle

시장 경쟁의 심화와 환경의 변동성의 증가에 대응하여, 많은 제조기업들은 고객의 요구사항을 보다 잘 반영하기 위해 서비스화를 적용하고 있다. 제품 혹은 서비스의 품질이 성과에 미치는 영향에 대해 논의되어 오고 있지만, 제품과 서비스가 함께 제공될 때 두 영역의 품질에 대한 인 식이 서로 어떤 영향을 주는지에 대해서는 본격적인 분석이 아직 충분히 이루어지지 못하고 있 다. 이에 본 연구는 자동차 업계에서 ICT를 활용하여 차별적인 서비스를 제공하는 것에 초점을 맞춰, 인포테인먼트 서비스의 품질에 관한 고객의 인식이 제품품질평가에 어떠한 영향을 미치며 제품품질이 고객만족으로 어떻게 귀결되는지에 대해 실증하고, 각 요인들의 상대적인 영향력의 차이 등을 파악하고자 하였다. 국내 인포테인먼트 서비스 사용 고객들을 대상으로 수집된 자료를 구조방정식 모형에 적용하 고 분석하여, 제품과 서비스 품질 사이의 상호작용이 존재하며 이는 제품만족이라는 성과를 음 의 방향으로 조절한다는 결과를 확인할 수 있었다. 즉 제품과 서비스가 함께 제공되는 경우, 서 비스의 인지된 품질 요소들이 낮은 수준의 제품 품질에 대한 보상적 역할을 하는 것으로 해석 할 수 있다. 따라서 경쟁사의 제품 품질에 비해 자사의 품질이 고객들에게 낮게 평가 받고 있는 브랜드의 경우, 이를 만회하기 위해 서비스 품질을 관리하고 이에 중점적으로 투자하는 전략이 필요하다.

In response to the deepening market competition and the increasing volatility of the environment, many manufacturing companies are applying servitization to better reflect customer requirements. Although it has been discussed how product quality affects performance, such as customer satisfaction, or how service quality affects performance, a full-fledged analysis has yet to be made on how the perception of quality in the two areas affects each other when products and services are delivered together. This study focused on utilizing ICT in the automotive industry to provide differentiated services, demonstrating how the customer's perception of the quality of infotainment services affects product quality assessment and how product quality results in customer satisfaction, and to identify differences in relative influence of each factor. After analyzing and verifying the data collected for customers using the infotainment service in Korea, it has been confirmed that the interaction of infotainment service with product quality adjusts the product satisfaction in the negative direction. This can be interpreted as the quality level of the infotainment service playing a compensatory role when the quality of the vehicle is low. Therefore, in the case of brands whose quality is less valued by customers than their competitors' product quality, a strategy to manage and focus on quality of service is needed to make up for it.

분자생물학적 기술이 발전함에 따라 항원을 코딩하는 유전자를 포함한 플라스미드 DNA를 사용한 새로운 개념의 백신이 활발히 연구 개발되기 시작하였다. 미국 FDA와 유럽 EMEA 그리고 한국 식품의약품안전청에서는 DNA 백신 개발 시의 고려 사항과 평가 기준들이 제시되고 있다. DNA 백신도 기존의 백신들과 같은 과정을 따라서 개발이 진행되지만 플라스미드 유전자를 사용한다는 면에서 안전성 평가 시험과 품질 보증을 위한 제조 공정 중 관리가 매우 중요하다. DNA 백신의 비임상 시험 단계에서는 안전성 검증을 위하여 세포 내로 도입된 DNA가 염색체로 삽입이 되거나 세포 분열에 영향을 미치는 지를 확인하는 유전독성시험을 비롯하여 자가면역 질환 시험, 면역 내성 등의 이상 면역 반응이 유도되는지 확인하는 면역독성시험 등의 실시가 필요하다. DNA 백신에 대해서는 일반 생명공학 의약품과 유사하게 역가, 엔도톡신, 안정성, 그리고 무균 등의 일반적인 품질 관리 시험에 대한 보증이 필요하다. 현재 국제적으로 40여 건의 DNA 백신이 임상 1상 내지 3상 시험 진행 중에 있어 향후 DNA 백신의 제품화가 가시화 될 것으로 기대되고 있다. 플라스미드 DNA 백신에 대한 비임상 및 임상 시험의 경험이 지속적으로 축적됨에 따라서 품질 평가와 안전성에 대한 기준치들이 더욱 보강될 것으로 사료된다.

With development of molecular biology techniques, DNA vaccines encoding the antigen have been drawing attention as a new generation vaccine. Since approximately 40 DNA vaccines are already in clinical trials worldwide, specific guidelines on DNA vaccines have been notified by regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) and Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Safety evaluation of DNA vaccine includes the genotoxicity study testing the integration of plasmid DNA into host genome, and immunotoxicity study testing the induction of autoimmune diseases. For quality assurance of DNA vaccines, the control of the starting materials and manufacturing process (in-process control) is very important. Similar to other biological products, endotoxin, stability and sterility tests are generally required for the quality control of DNA vaccines. With the progresses on the DNA vaccine development, the guidelines for assuring the quality and safety evaluation of DNA vaccine may become more elaborated and sophisticated to tailor the unique properties of nucleic acid-based vaccines.

소프트웨어 품질평가에 대해서는 많은 연구가 진행되어왔다. 최근에 인공지능 관련 소프트웨어들이 많이 개발되어지면서 기존 소프트웨어에 인공지능 기능을 평가하기 위한 방안에 대한 연구가 진행되어지고 있다. 소프 트웨어 평가는 기능적합성(Functional suitability), 신뢰성(Reliability), 사용성(Usability), 유지보수성 (Maintainability), 효율성(Performance efficiency), 이식성(Portability), 상호운영성(Compatibility), 보안성 (Security)이란 8가지 품질 특성을 기반으로 평가 되어왔으나 인공지능 기능을 가지고 있는 소프트웨어의 경우는 8가지 품질 특성뿐만 아니라 인공지능 부분의 기능에 대해서 평가를 통해서 확인해야 하는 부분에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구는 이 부분에서 평가 방안에 대한 내용을 소개하려 한다. 기존에 소프트웨어 품질 평가 방안 과 인공지능 부분에서 고려해야 하는 부분에 대한 제시를 통해서 인공지능 소프트웨어의 품질 평가 방안을 제시하 려 한다.

Many studies have been conducted on software quality evaluation. Recently, as artificial intelligence-related software has been developed a lot, research on methods for evaluating artificial intelligence functions in existing software is being conducted. Software evaluation has been based on eight quality characteristics: functional suitability, reliability, usability, maintainability, performance efficiency, portability, compatibility, and security. Research on the part that needs to be confirmed through evaluation of the function of the intelligence part is in progress. This study intends to introduce the contents of the evaluation method in this part. We are going to propose a quality evaluation method for artificial intelligence software by presenting the existing software quality evaluation method and the part to be considered in the AI part.

본 연구에서는 용지 특성이 다른 패키지용 도포지 인쇄에서 양호한 컬러 재현과 일 관된 컬러 유지 및 관리를 위해 그레이 밸런스를 기반으로 하는 방법을 적용하여 인쇄 를 하였다. 인쇄 결과물은 인쇄 품질 평가의 기본이 되는 컬러 재현성을 평가하였다. C, M, Y, K 잉크의 솔리드 농돗값 및 CIEL*a*b* 값, 색차, delta L*, delta Ch, 그레이 밸런스, 망점 재현(TVI)을 평가한 결과는 패키지 도포지 인쇄에서 기준으로 하여 요구 한 GRACoL2006 coated1 규격에 맞게 나타났다. 이 결과는 패키지용 도포지의 인쇄 적성 평가 가이드 및 품질 개선의 기초 자료로 활용할 수 있다.

In this study, the gray balance based method was applied for good color reproduction and consistent color management in coated paper for package with different paper characteristics. Printing result estimated color repeatability that become basis of printing quality estimation. Result that evaluate solid density and CIEL*a*b* value of C, M, Y, K, color difference, delta L*, delta Ch, gray balance, half-tone dot reappearance (TVI) appeared according to GRACoL2006 coated1v2 standard that require by standard in printing of coated paper for package. This result can utilize to basic data of guide and quality improvement that evaluate printablity of coated paper for package.

The purpose of this study is two-fold: (1) to show what problems exist in machine translation post-editing performed by translation students and (2) to suggest what should be considered in an undergraduate course on post-editing. To achieve this purpose, the researcher analysed data from a real post-editing project in which five junior students majoring in English-Korean translation post-edited Google Translate output. The source text is a medical text (consisting of about 780,000 words), written by a U.S. medical centre for the benefit of the general public. The product of the students’ post-editing was to be used for a smartphone application that would provide multilingual diagnosis services for ordinary people. The post-editing output was evaluated, using Mossop’s (2014) revision parametres: accuracy, completeness, logic, facts, smoothness, tailoring, sub-language, idiom, mechanics, layout, typography, and organisation. A close analysis of sample data revealed four problems: the students (1) performed monolingual post-editing in an inappropriate manner, (2) tried to resolve word-level issues without considering co-text, (3) paid scant attention to unnatural or ungrammatical language forms, and (4) had great difficulties in revising (translating) medical terminology. The implications of the findings for post-editor training are also briefly mentioned in the context of undergraduate translator training.

데이터의 품질관리는 데이터 활용 활성화 및 정확한 의사결정을 위해 중요한 요소이다. 본 연 구는 각 기관이나 조직 자체적으로 주요 핵심 데이터를 추출할 수 있는 방법에 대한 연구이며, 수행 중인 프로그램 정보로 부터 중요도가 높은 테이블을 추출하기 위한 방법으로 사회 연결망 분석 기법 을 제안하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 SNA를 통한 CTQ 데이터 추출 기법을 통하여 업무 전문가 없이 도 과학적인 방법에 의해 실제 업무적 상황을 입체적으로 접근하여 정확도 높은 CTQ 데이터를 도출 할 수 있었다. 이는 실무 적용 시 IT 부문의 CTQ 데이터 관리에 있어 조직의 품질관리 수준을 개선 할 수 있을것으로 기대된다.

The quality control of data is important element in data usage activations and decision makings. This paper is on how to extract the major critical data by each institution or organization selves. It proposes a social network analysis as a way to extract a table of high influence degree from a dynamic meta-data. The proposed CTQ data extraction method using SNA proved the fact that it is possible to extract highly accurate CTQ data by scientific measures of three-dimensional approach to real business situations without professional technicians. It is a new way that will change the goings on CTQ data management in IT sector and will improve the quality management level of an organization when applied to the real world.

The fatty acid and volatile compound compositions of camellia oil were analyzed in this study. The impacts of the replacement of conventional vegetable oil with camellia oil on the sensory attributes of dried seaweed were also determined. C18:1 (83.59%), followed by C16:0 and C18:2, were the most abundant fatty acids in camellia oil. A total of 11 and 32 volatile compounds were identified in camellia oil and sesame oil, respectively. In the preference test, the camellia oil samples received a higher, although insignificant, liking rating in overall acceptability of appearance. Overall, there were no differences between the sensory attributes of camellia oil and sesame oil. This finding, combined with the unique fatty acid composition, thermal stability, and health benefits of camellia oil indicate that further study into the use of camellia oil in foods is warranted.

Purpose This study aims to describe the research characteristics and analyze the methodological quality of randomized clinical trials on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Methods A total of 76 studies using randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on CAM (16 by Koreans, 60 by internationals) published in the 6 years from 2000 to 2005 were reviewed systematically and analyzed with assessment criteria developed by the researchers on the basis of Jadad guidelines. Results Most of the studies were carried out in the area of medicine, nursing and CAM. More than 80% of the study subjects were patients. CAM modalities for independent variables were mainly on energy medicine, mind-body medicine and manipulative and body-based practices, while dependent variables were mostly physiological and psychological indexes. Most of the studies utilized randomization (93.4%) and identified the dropout rate (90.8%), whereas allocation concealment (49.3%) and double-blinding (18.9%) were specified in a small number of studies. The overall quality of RCTs based on the assessment criteria of this study was satisfactory. However, the quality score of the Korean studies (2.87) was lower than that of the international studies (3.37). Conclusion The methodological objectivity of CAM studies has been improving in spite of controversy over the scientific bases of CAM. More Korean studies with rigorous experimental design are needed to build up the evidence-based practice of CAM.

The effect of cooking methods on in vivo and in vivo indices of the protein quality of hagfish meat were investigated. In vivo protein digestibilities of cooked meats (81.3~83.5 %) were not significant different (p<0.05) from those of van meat (82.9%), with the exception of steamed (11$0^{\circ}C$, 15 min) meat (86.3 %). Convection oven cooking (22$0^{\circ}C$, IS min) resulted in a higher trypsin indigestible substrate (TIS, 49.2 mg/g solid) compared with that of raw meat (38.9 mg/g solid). free amino acid content of raw meat was decreased after boiling (10$0^{\circ}C$, 10min). Both convection oven and microwave cooking (2,450 MHz, 3 min) decreased available lysine from 4.9g/16g N to 3.8~4.1g/16g N. In vivo apparent protein digestibilites (AD) of hagfish meat were similar fur raw (92.4%) and cooked meats, but were somewhat lower than ANRC (Animal Nutrition Research Council) casein (945%). The PERs (3.7~4.1) and NPRs (3.7~4.9) of cooked meats were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of raw meat (PER 3.3, NPR 3.6 and ANRC casein (PER 2.5, NPR 2.6), despite their lower in vivo protein digestibilities. These results demonstrate that cooking at optimal conditions resulted in remarkably positive effects on in vivo and in vivo protein qualities of hagfish meats. Therefore, steamed hagfish meat is an excellent source of high quality protein from seafood products.

Software measurement is a key factor in managing, controlling, and improving the software development processes. Software quality is one of the most important factors for assessing the global competitive position of any software company. Thus the quantification of quality parameters and integrating them into quality models is very essential. Software quality criteria are not very easily measured and quantified. Many attempts have been made to exactly quantify the software quality parameters using various models such as ISO/IEC 9126 Quality Model, Boehm's Model, McCall's model, etc. In this paper an attempt has been made to provide a tool for precisely quantifying software quality factors with the help of quality factors stated in ISO/IEC 9126 model. Due to the unpredictable nature of the software quality attributes, the fuzzy multi criteria approach has been used to evolve the quality of the software.

Given the lack of suitable quality evaluation standards for educational serious games (designed for both entertainment and instruction), we designed a development framework for evaluation standards of educational serious games and proceeded to develop standards in accordance with our proposed procedure. Our standards were designed to evaluate the quality of both technical and non-technical elements of educational serious game software products. We conducted a survey on the need for individual elements of the standard. Participants rated the need for each element on a five-point Likert scale. We then performed a reliability analysis of the survey results. Based on the survey results, we established a final standard for quality evaluation composed of 9 main elements and 31 sub-elements. The results of our research will contribute useful information to users as well as to the developers of educational serious games.

Purpose: Japan established the convalescent rehabilitation wards, corresponding to Korea's rehabilitation medical institutions, in 2000 and developed it into the present system through continuous revisions. This study sought to analyze the issues and tasks faced by Japan segregated by the period of revision of convalescent rehabilitation ward-related medical fee regulations, through a literature review and further aimed to explore the direction of development of domestic rehabilitation medical institutions. Methods: Ten revisions of the medical fee regulations were classified into three stages based on quality evaluation: (1) the quantitative expansion stage (2000-2006); (2) quality evaluation introduction stage (2008-2014); and (3) quality evaluation maturity stage (2016-2020). Results: The following issues and tasks emerged: (1) For the quantitative expansion stage; insufficient rehabilitation within the ward, insufficient after-hour rehabilitation, insufficient connection with acute-stage hospitals and maintenance facilities, and the low ratio of specialists. (2) For the quality evaluation introduction stage; disparity in the manpower between institutions, the necessity of a 365-day rehabilitation system, avoidance of critical patients, and the problem that an increase in the amount of rehabilitation did not lead to a qualitative improvement. 3) For the quality evaluation maturity stage; cream-skimming issues in selecting patients, inappropriate evaluation of rehabilitation effects, and the necessity of follow-up measures after discharge. Conclusion: It is worth referring to the established regulations in Japan, and concurrently it is necessary to strengthen the evaluation of the structures, processes, and results when operating and evaluating rehabilitation medical institutions in Korea taking into account the side effects that could be identified in Japan.

두부 제조공정 중의 부산물인 비지의 효율적인 이용을 위하여, 원료 대두 중량의 10%에 해당하는 건조비지를 첨가시킨 두부를 제조하여 이의 영양적 품질을 검토하였다. 일반성분은 수분의 경우 건조비지 첨가 두부가 80.6%, 일반 두부가 77.5%로써 비지 첨가 두부가 다소 높았으며 단백질의 함량은 건조비지 첨가 두부와 일반 두부 각각 38.5%, 45.8%였으며, 지질의 함량은 각각 34.3%, 26.9%로써, 단백질과 지질 함량이 낮은 건조비지 첨가로 인해 일반 두부에 비해 건조비지 첨가두부가 낮은 함량을 보였다. Trypsin inhibitor (TI) 함량은 비지의 경우 잔존량이 6.9 (mg/g시료)정도였고, 건조비지의 경우에도 거의 비슷하였다. 건조비지 첨가두부에는 원료 대두에 있었던 TI의 12% 정도만 남아있었다. 단백질의 효소소화율 (enzyme digestibility)은 비지, 건조비지 각각 87%, 86% 정도로 높았고 건조비지 첨가 두부도 일반 두부와 거의 동일한 91% 정도였다. 효소소화율은 TI함량이 저하함에 따라 역상관관계를 가지면서 상승하였다. 구성 아미노산 조성은 일반 두부와 건조비지 첨가 두부는 거의 차이가 없었으며, 총아미노산에 대한 필수 아미노산의 비율은 일반 두부가 40.4%, 비지첨가 두부가 40.6%였으며, lysine 함량이 높은 건조비지로 인하여 건조비지 첨가 두부는 lysine의 보충 효과가 있었다. 단백품질을 Computed Protein Efficiency Ratio (C-PER)로 계산할 때 일반 두부는 1.95, 비지 첨가 두부는 1.4였으나 Discriminant Computed Protein Efficiency Ratio (DC-PER)로 계산할 때는 오히려 비지 첨가 두부경우가 높았다. 여러 연구자들의 대두가공품에 대한 생체실험 결과와 비교할 때 일반 두부를 제외하고는 두유, 비지 및 비지첨가두부의 영양평가는 DC-PER 방법이 유리한 것으로 생각되었다.

The effect of dried soymilk residue (DSR) on protein quality of tofu was studied. The amount of added DSR into soybean water extract was corresponding 10% (dry basis) of soybean used in tofu manufacturing. Proximate composition and in vitro protein qualities of soybeans at different stages of the conversion into tofu have also been investigated. Partially substituted tofu with DSR (TDSR) had higher moisture content (80.6%) than that of tofu prepared in traditional manner (TT). TDSR contained lower content of protein (38.9%) and total lipid (26.9%) compared to 45.8% of protein and 34.3% of total lipid for TT. A large amount of trypsin inhibitor (TI) in raw soybeans was diminished and extracted through tofu processing, and only 10~13% of TI in raw soybean remained in both tofu products (TDSR and TT). There was not a considerable difference in amino acid profiles between TT and TDSR, but TDSR had a higher content of lysine than that in TT. in vitro studies showed that TDSR and TT were comparable in terms of both in vitro digestibilities (90% over for four-enzyme digestibility and predicted digestibility) and discriminant computed protein efficiency ratio (2.07~2.14, DC-PER). Unlike those in vitro indices for protein quality, computed protein efficiency ratio (C-PER) of TDSR was much lower (1.4) than that of TT (1.95). It was revealed that C-PERs of tofu products were not in agreement with rat-PERs (1.7~1.9) in previous reports except for TT. However, DC-PER assay was more recommendable for protein quality of tofu products than C-PER assay.

두부 제조공정 중의 부산물인 비지의 효율적인 이용을 위하여, 유기용매를 이용하여 건조시킨 비지를 원료 대두 중량의 10%가 되게 첨가하여 제조한 두부의 dietary fiber 함량과 탄수화물 소화율을 측정하였다. 또한 두부 제조 공정 각 단계별 시료의 소화율과 섬유소함량도 아울러 측정하였다. 전통적인 방법으로 제조한 두부와 비지첨가두부를 제외하고는 원료대두를 비롯한 전 시료중의 가용성 섬유 및 불용성 섬유의 비율은 1 : 3.5(w/w, 건물중량 기준)이었으며 비지제품은 각 섬유소의 함량이 상대적으로 원료 대두보다 1.5~2.5배 증가하였다. 또한 섬유소의 함량이 극히 적었던 전통두부에 건조비지를 첨가하면 불용성 및 가용성 섬유소가 각각 30%와 45%씩 증가하여 두부에서도 섬유의 영양적 효과를 기대할 수 있었다 탄수화물의 소화율은 비지의 경우 10%를 넘지 못하는 수준이었으며 전통두부 역시20% 정도였다. 비지 첨가 두부의 탄수화물 소화율도 비지의 소화율과 별차이를 보이지 않았다. (12.5%). 두부 및 관련 제품들의 탄수화물 소화율과 식이 섬유소 함량과의 상관관계가 역의 상관관계 r =-0.9243)를 보였다.

Dietary fiber content and carbohydrate digestibility of dried soymilk residue (DSR) and tofu containing DSR were evaluated. Insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) content was 37.4 and 49.8% (%, moisture free basis) for common soymilk residue and DSR, respectively. Both soymilk residues contained 12.5% of soluble dietary fiber (SDF, dry basis). Tofu containing DSR, which is partially substituted with DSR corresponding to 10% weight of soybean used, had higher dietary fiber content (30% more for RDF and 45% more for SDF) than tofu manufactured in traditional manner. Carbohydrate digestibility was much lower in all tofu products ranging from 11% to 21%, and there was a negative correlation( r = -0.9243) between carbohydrate digestibility and total dietary fiber content.

Objectives: The Yongpung reservoir in Korea is a crucial facility that supplies water to farms in its surrounding $2km^2$ area. However, its water quality is not suited to the needs of current residents who wish for the availability of environmentally friendly agricultural products and desire to use the waterfront area. The aim of this research was to evaluate the reservoir's fish and benthic macroinvertebrate distributions and determine its water quality and the heavy metal content in its sediment. This basic data can be used to establish environmentally protective plans for the Yongpung reservoir. Methods: Six sites were selected for analysis in this investigation. Three points (YP-1, YP-2, and YP-3) were evaluated for water quality and metal content in sediments; they were located upstream, midstream, and downstream of the reservoir. Samplings of the fish and benthic macroinvertebrate populations were performed at three other sites: St. 1, St. 2, and St. 3. Results: Based on chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (T-N) data, the quality of the Yongpung reservoir water corresponds to Class VI (very poor) according to Korea's lake environmental standards. The lead levels measured in the sediment at the midstream and downstream points of the reservoir were 76.7 and 72.7 mg/kg, respectively, while 8 orders, 15 families, and 16 species of benthic macroinvertebrates were identified in the reservoir. The ecological score of the benthic macroinvertebrate community (ESB) was between 8 and 23, denoting poor to very poor environmental conditions. Further, 4 families and 7 species of fish were identified in the reservoir, with Cyprinidae accounting for 94.3% of all observed freshwater fish. Conclusion: Based on these findings, we conclude that management plans, including the removal of lead from the sediment, are necessary to improve the quality of the agricultural water in this reservoir. The T. japonica, which cover almost 30% of the water area, must also be removed.

This study aimed to confirm the applicability of the new nitrogen (N2) gas stunning method in the broiler slaughtering process by comparing the meat and small intestine quality following different stunning methods (electrical, carbon dioxide (CO2), N2, and halal). Four treatments were compared: (i) electrical stunning (Elec), (ii) 80% CO2 gas stunning (CO2-gas), (iii) 98% N2 gas stunning (N2-gas), and (iv) the non-stunning method (halal). N2 gas stunning (98%) and the halal method were conducted at the pilot plant abattoir of the national institute of animal science, Korea, and electrical and 80% CO2 stunning were performed on the nearest commercial slaughter house. Meat pH24h, color (lightness, redness and yellowness), proximate composition, water holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss, and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) were measured, and in the small intestine, pH24h, color, thickness, and WBSF were measured. The Elec treatment showed high lightness, yellowness, and low redness in both meat and the small intestine, indicated by a pale color; the CO2-gas treatment showed high redness, low lightness, and low yellowness, and the coloration of meat from the N2-gas treatment was intermediate between Elec and CO2-gas. For other quality traits, the N2-gas showed good results and was between Elec and CO2-gas. Additionally, severe stress (low pH in both meats), low WHC in meat, and cracked small intestine with numerous apertures were observed in the CO2-gas, and pale colored hemorrhagic breast meat was found in the Elec. Therefore, in view of animal welfare and quality traits of meat and the small intestine, 98% N2 gas can be considered in broiler stunning.

The objective of this study was to assess the external and internal quality traits of eggs in wholesale egg market in Colombo, Sri Lanka and the effect of storage period in egg quality traits in the same market after receiving the eggs. First, a total of 482 fresh eggs were randomly collected from the above market and external egg quality traits were determined and recorded according to the definitions given in the Specification for Chicken Egg SLS 959:1992. After that, a total of 288 fresh eggs were randomly collected and various external and internal egg quality traits were measured and recorded according to the standard procedures over a storage period of 1, 3 and 5d after receiving the fresh eggs to the wholesale market. Information about the shops was also collected using a pretested questionnaire. Using the recorded data, shape index, Haugh unit, albumen index and yolk index were calculated for each egg. Average weight, width, length and shape index of the eggs in the sample was 59.96g, 4.33cm, 5.78 cm and 75.03, respectively. Average shape index value was much closer to the standard value of 74. From the total sample 80.5% eggs had a normal and sound shape. However only 60.37% of the eggs are in the desirable quality range specified in SLS 959:1992, when the overall shell quality of the sample is considered based on shell cleanliness, defects and shape. The results of the current study indicated that eggs had significant(p<0.05) deterioration of all internal quality parameters tested with increasing storage time. However the effect was not significant(p>0.05) between the storage periods of 3 and 5 d after receiving eggs except for yolk color and yolk height. Desirable category of eggs had reduced and rejections had increased with the storage period. Main problems associated with the particular market were less space availability, higher percentages of dirty eggs, unavailability of proper packaging materials, no standard packaging system for eggs, and not implementing a standard grading system for eggs. Therefore the results of this study suggest that proper egg handling and storage conditions such as low temperature storage may be implemented to increase the proportion of desirable quality eggs in the above market.

Research performance evaluation in Korean universities follows strict guidelines that specify scoring systems for publication venue categories and formulas for co-authorship credit allocation. To find out how the standards differ across universities and how they differ from bibliometric research evaluation measures, this study analyzed 25 standards from major Korean universities and rankings produced by applying standards and bibliometric measures such as publication and citation counts, normalized impact score, and h-index to the publication data of 195 tenure-track professors of library and information science departments in 35 Korean universities. The study also introduced a novel impact score normalization method to refine the methodology from prior studies. The results showed the university standards to be mostly similar to one another but quite different from citation-driven measures, which suggests the standards are not quite successful in quantifying the quality of research as originally intended.

Machine learning models were developed to predict the degree of microbial quality of beef by a non-destructive method using a near-infrared hyperspectral imaging system. Beef was stored under aerobic conditions at different temperature scenarios (refrigerated, thawed after freezing, or left at room temperature) for a period of 15 days to induce freshness change and microbial growth. Hyperspectral data cubes were obtained from a data acquisition system in a darkroom environment. The total aerobic bacteria (TAB) experiment was performed in the established meat science manner to provide reference values for the microbial contamination level of the sample. The region of interest designated as the red meat region was selected for spectral extraction. Regression models were developed to predict the TAB value from the extracted data. Partial least squares regression, support vector machine, artificial neural network, and one-dimensional convolutional neural network methods were employed to construct TAB prediction models. Chemical maps were also created for each developed model to visualize the performance of the model. The model development process concluded with the iteration of all previous steps at completely different times and with different beef samples, generating the data for verification and applying it to the developed model to evaluate its versatility. As a result of the development, it was confirmed that the microbial quality of beef can be predicted by models generated from hyperspectral data (Best validation R2 = 0.8593, RMSE = 0.6947). Accurate quality prediction helps livestock breeders develop and apply better husbandry practices, which ultimately leads to higher quality beef production.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the feasibility of outsourcing test/inspection activity in construction work. This research conducted a questionnaire of interested parties as well as a survey by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with experts on quality control. For the evaluation by AHP, five criteria were adopted and a number of pair-wise comparisons were conducted through two stages. Finally, the weighting coefficient to approve the outsourcing was calculated at 0.606 and it therefore appeared more reasonable to permit rather than prohibit outsourcing. According to the AHP result, it was found that outsourcing would be necessary to enhance the objectivity and specialties of quality testing and inspection, even though somewhat undesirable in terms of enhancing a sense of responsibility and systemically conducting the testing and inspection.