Earticle

In this paper, we aim to elucidate the meanings of Korean sentences describing directed motion involving the deictic verb ka ‘go’ and postpositions -ey ‘at’ and -lo ‘to.’ Couched in Talmy's theory of motion events, we claim that, aside from its deictic information, ka encodes Traverse, one of the three subcomponents of Vector, which is itself a component of Path. This leads us to treat ka as an atelic process verb. We also distinguish -lo from -ey by claiming that the former encodes Arrival, another component of Vector, while the latter simply marks a location, lacking any dynamic meaning. This stands in contrast with other studies which regard -lo as merely marking direction. In our approach, when ka is combined with -ey or -lo, the entire predicate denotes an accomplishment event, yielding a telic interpretation. This allows us to explain (a)telicity indicated by a number of sentences debated in the literature in a consistent and clear manner.

백본(코어) 네트워크에서 유연하고 안정적인 품질이 보장되는 서비스 제공에 대한 요구가 폭발적으로 증가하면서 이러한 요구를 수용하기 위해 제어평면의 프로토콜로 MPLS/GMPLS가 도입되었다. GMPLS 기반 제어평면에서 경로계산 및 상호연동 기능은 최적의 서비스 품질을 제공하기 위한 핵심기술 중의 하나이다. 이를 위해 IETF에서는 Path Computation Element (PCE) 구조를 제안하였다. PCE는 경로계산 전용의 네트워크 요소이며 경로계산을 요청하는Path Computation Clients (PCC) 와 경로계산을 수행하는 PCE 간의 통신은 PCE 프로토콜 (PCEP)을 이용한다. 본 논문은 PCE 기반 경로계산 구조에 대해서 살펴보고 이를 기반으로 PCEP 설계 및 구현을 위한 몇 가지 요소를 제시하였다. 우선 본 논문에서는 PCEP Finite State Machine (FSM)을 포함하여 각 상태에서 필요한 동작 요소를 정리하였다. 또한 본 논문에서는 PCEP에서 제공하는 통신 채널을 효과적으로 제어하기 위한 내부/외부 인터페이스를 더불어 제안하였다.

The increasing demand for fast, flexible and guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) in core networks has caused to deploy MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) and Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) control plane. In GMPLS control plane, path computation and cooperation processes are one of the crucial element to maintain an acceptable level of service. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has proposed the Path Computation Element (PCE)architecture. The PCE is a dedicated network element devoted to path computation process and communications between Path Computation Clients (PCC) and PCEs is realized through the PCE Protocol (PCEP). This paper examines the PCE-based path computation architecture to include the design and implementation of PCEP. The functional modules including Finite State Machine (FSM) and related key design issues of each state are presented. In particular we also discuss internal/external protocol interfaces that efficiently control the communication channels.

스마트폰 사용자 수의 급격한 증가와 더불어 스마트폰 애플리케이션의 활용 빈도수가 증가하고 있다. 스마트폰 애플리케이션 산업의 활성화로 다량의 애플리케이션이 출시되고 쉽게 업로드, 다운로드 할 수 있는 스마트폰 애플리케이션의 장점으로 손쉽게 탑재된 다종 다수의 애플리케이션은 스마트폰 인터페이스의 사용성을 저하시키는 실정에 이르렀다. 이에 본 연구자는 스마트폰 인터페이스의 사용성을 높이는 방안으로 3D GUI 디자인을 제안하였다. 제안된 3D GUI 디자인은 Path 형태의 공간으로 구성되었으며 복도를 따라 사용자가 기 명명한 방을 접근하고 애플리케이션을 선택, 사용하는 방식이다. 본 연구자가 개발한 Path 형태의 3D GUI 디자인은 기존 2D GUI에 비해 정보 접근성이 좋으며, 정보획득에 필요한 시간을 단축하고 방대한 자료를 단일 페이지에 저장할 수 있는 등의 장점 가지고 있다.

The frequency of smartphone Application usage has been increased with the growth of the smartphone user number. As smartphone application industry has been populated, many kinds and numbers of smartphone application, which are easy to upload and download have been a decline in the interface usability. Therefore, to improve usability of smartphone interface, Path Style 3D Environment GUI Design is proposed. The 3D GUI design consists of Path style space, in which the user navigates through Z-axis with zoom in and out, and selects a room named before to use application. Path Style 3D Environment GUI Design can be easy to approach the information, decreased time consuming, and stored much quantity of mass information in a screen than 2D GUI.

Purpose: A career refers to all the work-related activities and experiences that occur throughout anindividual's life. As healthcare technology advances, jobs become more diverse, making nursing students'careers increasingly important. However, little is known about the career decision-making processof nursing students. To address this, we investigated how nursing students decide about theircareers. This study aimed to conduct a path analysis of career decisions among nursing students basedon the social cognitive model of career self-management. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. It recruited junior and senior nursing studentsfrom 18 universities in a metropolitan area of South Korea. In total, 439 nursing students participated inthe study. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire between May 15 and June 5, 2023. Thedata were analyzed using descriptive statistics and path analysis. Results: The hypothesized model showed acceptable model fit indices. The path analysis showed thatcareer decision-making self-efficacy (β = 0.52, p < .001), career outcome expectation (β = 0.11, p = .041),and nursing competence (β = 0.11, p = .046) directly impacted career decisions. Furthermore, nursingcompetence (β = 0.29, p < .001), satisfaction with the nursing major (β = 0.13, p < .001), and the learningenvironment (β = 0.12, p < .001) indirectly influenced career decisions through the mediation of careerdecision-making self-efficacy and career outcome expectation. Conclusion: Career decision-making self-efficacy and nursing competence are crucial factors in nursingstudents' career decisions. The proposed model provides a foundation for developing strategies toenhance nursing students’ career decision-making. Nursing educators and institutions can use thismodel to design and implement a tailored career education curriculum that empowers nursing studentsto manage and advance their careers effectively.

Purpose: This study aims to construct and verify a path model for the factors affecting health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in community-dwelling vulnerable older adults with chronic diseases in Korea. Methods: The sample included 195 community-dwelling vulnerable adults aged 65 years and above with chronic diseases in Korea. Structured questionnaires were collected from April to June 2022. Data were analyzed using SPSS 28.0 and AMOS 28.0 programs. Results: The hypothesized path model significantly explained HRQoL in community-dwelling vulnerable older adults with chronic diseases, with a high explanatory power (48.0%). Self-rated health (SRH) and self-efficacy for managing chronic disease (SEMCD) had a significant direct effect on HRQoL. The number of diseases, depressive symptoms, social support, and digital literacy indirectly affected HRQoL. Conclusion: To improve HRQoL in community-dwelling vulnerable older adults with chronic diseases, integrated community health-management programs should focus on enhancing SEMCD and SRH, while incorporating depression screening, social support, and digital literacy education.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test a predictive model that could predict and explain work effectiveness among staff nurses at local hospitals. Methods: Between April 1 and May 15, 2009, 340 nurses were recruited from two hospitals (one in Ulsan and one in Yangsan). Data were collected via self-administered questionnaires and analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: A modified model was retained, as the final path model showed a very good fit with the data. Job characteristics and compensation justice were found to have direct and positive effects on empowerment. Job characteristics, transformational leadership, and empowerment were found to directly and positively affect work effectiveness. In addition, job characteristics were found to have a greater effect on empowerment and work effectiveness than other factors do. Conclusion: This structural equation model was used to test the relationships between these factors and work effectiveness. Empowerment mediated the relationship between job characteristics, transformational leadership, and work effectiveness. Findings from this study can be used to design the strategies for increasing work effectiveness in Korean nurses.

인터넷 상의 사용자가 목적지 시스템으로 정보를 전송할 수 있도록 라우팅 정보를 서로 교환하여 라우팅 테이블을 생성하 고 변화된 정보를 업데이트 해주는 라우팅 프로토콜 중 가장 중요한 프로토콜이 BGP 이다. 본 논문은 현재 사용되고 있는 BGPv4의 취약성을 이용하여 악의적인 공격과 네트워크 관리자의 실수로 발생할 수 있는 문제점을 사전에 차단하는 방법과 BGP의 대표적인 보안 취약점에 대한 공격기법인 AS-PATH 공격에 대한 실제 공격실험을 수행하여 공격기법들을 분석하고, AS-PATH 공격을 식별하는 알고리즘을 제안하였다

BGP is the most important protocol among routing protocols that exchange routing information to create routing tables and update changed information so that users on the Internet can send information to destination systems. This paper analyzes how to prevent malicious attacks and problems caused by network administrator's mistakes by using vulnerabilities in BGPv4 that are currently used. We analyzed the attack methods by performing the actual attack experiment on the AS-PATH attack, which is the attack method for BGP's representative security vulnerability, and proposed the algorithm to identify the AS-PATH attack.

아리스토텔레스는 『명제론』 1장에서 의식내용들이 현실존재의 유사물이라고 주장한다. 이 의식내용들이 무엇인지와 관련하여 기존 연구자들 사이에 논쟁이 있다. 개념이 현실 존재와 유사한(즉 일치하는) 의식내용인지가 쟁점이다. 전통적인 연구가들은 감각표상, 심상뿐만 아니라 개념도 현실존재와 일치하는 의식내용이라고 주장하지만, 다른 한편 크레쯔만 등은 문제의 문단에서 의식내용이 애매하며 감각표상과 심상만이 현실 존재와 일치하는 의식내용이고 개념은 현실 존재와 일치하는 의식내용에 포함되지 않는다고 주장한다. 이에 논자가 생각하기엔, 감각표상과 심상뿐만 아니라 개념과 판단도 현실 존재와 일치하는 의식내용에 포함된다는 것이 아리스토텔레스의 입장임이 분명하다. 그 근거는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 아리스토텔레스에 따르면, 감각작용은 감각대상(즉 개별 속성과 개체)에 영향 받아 감각적 형상을 수용하여 감각기관이 그 대상과 같아지는 작용이며, 감각은 이 수용된 감각적 형상을 파악함으로써 감각표상을 형성한다. 따라서 감각표상이 그 대상인 개별존재와 일치하는 것으로 보인다. 둘째, 사고 작용은 사고대상, 즉 형상을 수용･파악하여 개념을 형성하는 것이고, 이때 수용된 형상은 외부 개체에 내재하는 형상과 같은 것이고, 이 형상은 보편이다. 따라서 개념은 보편존재와 일치하는 의식내용이라고 하겠다. 셋째, 판단(즉 감각표상, 심상, 개념의 다양한 결합)은 개별존재들과 보편존재들의 다양한 결합인 사태와의 일치여부에 따라 참 또는 거짓이 된다. 판단이 거짓일 수도 있지만 참된 판단은 사태나 사실과 일치한다.

Aristotle says in his De Interpretatione that affections of soul are likeness of actual things and these matters have been discussed in the work on the soul.The question is whether noēmata are included in affections that are likeness of actual things or not. In my understanding Aristotle thinks that not only aisthēmata or phantasmata but also noēmata or dianoiai are included in those affections. The grounds for my understanding are as follows: (1) According to Aristotle, sensation consists in being affected by object of sense, sense is that which is receptive of the form of sensible objects without the matter. During the process of being acted upon the sentient subject(i.e. the individual) is unlike, but at the end of the process it has become like that object, and shares its quality. Sensation can discern sensible objects, and so percept(aisthēma) can be produced in the soul. Thus percepts has become like the individuals. (2) Thought(nous) must be same as the object of thought, because thought must be receptive of the object of thought, i.e. form or essence. This is the universal. The soul knows noēma with nous. Thus noēma is held to be same as the universal. (3) He who thinks that what is divided is divided, or that what is united is united, is right; while he whose thought is contrary to the real condition of the objects is in error. If a thought that divides or unites percepts, images, or noēmata corresponds to the state of things or facts, the thought is true. Thus the true thoughts are held to be like the state of things or facts

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In this paper, we present an optimal flying path for unmanned aerial vehicle-assisted internet of things sensor networks using a location aware multi-layer information map considering different utility functions based on the sensor density, energy consumption, flight time, and flying risk level. The overall weighted sum of multi-objective utility functions is maximized using the genetic algorithm. The simulation results verify that the optimum solution points can be obtained by adjusting the weights while satisfying the required constraints.

본 연구의 목적은 투자자의 은퇴 시점뿐만 아니라 시장의 예측 변동성을 동시에 고려하여 Target Date Fund의 위험자산 편입 비율을 동적으로 조정하는 새로운 Glide Path를 제안하고, 은퇴 시점만 고려하여 위험자산 편입 비율이 정해지는 전통적 Glide Path와 투자 성과를 비교 분석하는 것이다. 시장 변동성의 예측치로는 역사적 변동성, 시계열모형인 GARCH 변동성, 그리고 변동성지수인 VKOSPI를 활용하였으며, 2003년부터 2020년까지 의 분석 기간에서 변동성을 고려하는 새로운 동적 Glide Path의 투자 성과가 우수함을 보여주었다. 3가지 변동성 예측모형 모두에서 은퇴 시점만을 고려하는 Glide Path보다 수익률은 더 높고 위험은 더 낮아지면서 투자 성과 지표인 Sharpe Ratio가 개선되었다. 실증 분석 결과는 은퇴예정자뿐만 아니라 Target Date Fund 운용업계에 새로운 Glide Path의 활용 가능성을 제시하고 있다.

The objective of this study is to propose a new Glide Path that dynamically adjusts the risky asset inclusion ratio of the Target Date Fund by simultaneously considering the market’s forecast volatility as well as the time of investor retirement, and to compare the investment performance with the traditional Target Date Fund. Forecasts of market volatility utilize historical volatility, time series model GARCH volatility, and the volatility index VKOSPI. The investment performance of the new dynamic Glide Path, which considers stock market volatility has been shown to be excellent during the analysis period from 2003 to 2020. In all three volatility prediction models, Sharpe Ratio, an investment performance indicator, is improved with higher returns and lower risks than traditional static Glide Path, which considers only retirement date. The empirical results of this study present the potential for the utilization of the suggested Glide Path in the Target Date Fund management industry as well as retirees.

정보통신 환경의 급변과 더불어 정보 사회의 기반이 되는 네트워크도 다양한 기술의 발전과 더불어 기존의 고정된형태에서 벗어나 대용량의 다양한 데이터를 유연하게 전송할 수 있는 능동 가변형으로 진화하고 있다. 더불어 다양한사용자들의 요구사항을 반영하기 위해 차세대 전달망은 DWDM 전송 시스템과 OXC 로 재구성이 쉬운 동적인 망을 형성하고, 이후에 ROADM/PXC를 기반으로 하는 동적으로 망을 관리하고 제어할 수 있는 GMPLS 기술을 도입하여 망을운용하는 형태로 발전하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 차세대 네트워크에서 경로계산을 위해 IETF 제안한 PathComputation Element (PCE) 프로토콜을 구현하기 위한 전체 S/W 구성 및 기능 블록들을 제안하였고, 상위 계층에서PCE 프로토콜을 사용할 때 필요한 API를 제안하였다.

With the rapidly changing information communication environment and development of technologies, the information networks are evolved from traditional fixed form to an active variable network that flexible large variety of datacan be transferred. To reflect the needs of users, the next generation using DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) transmission system and OXC (Optical Cross Connect) form a dynamic network. After that GMPLS (Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching) can be introduced to dynamically manage and control the ReconfigurableOptical Add-drop Multiplexer (ROADM)/Photonic Cross Connect (PXC) based network. This paper propose a software architecture of Path Computation Element (PCE) protocol that has proposed by Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF) to path computation. The functional blocks and Application Programming Interface (API) of the PCE protocol implementation are also presented.

In this paper, a new Complete Coverage Path Planning (CCPP) scheme is proposed which combines path planning and dynamic tracking for robot operating system-based robots. For the path planning, firstly a sub-area division algorithm is considered to decompose the occupancy map according to the wall or obstacle position after simultaneous localization and mapping process. For each sub-area, an “S” shape path planning is employed, and then a Bidirectional A-star connects them. Additionally, the dynamic tracking ensures that the robot moves continuously. Simulation results show that the coverage ratio of the planning path is improved as 98% by the proposed scheme.

The vision of space exploration includes missions to deep space that produce significant amounts of video data and require reliable video streaming back to the Earth. The Internet of Deep Space Things (IoDST) is envisioned to provide communication services for video data streaming for the mission spacecrafts. Ensuring reliable communications in IoDST requires Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) layer functionalities. However, current TCP Congestion Control (CC) protocols provide poor performance in IoDST communications primarily owing to the dependence on pre-defined rules to determine the transmission rate in a single path TCP flow. This paper proposes a Multi-Path TCP (MPTCP) CC design for data streaming transmission in IoDST. We utilized Scalable Video Coding (SVC)-based streaming to overcome the Head-of-Line (HoL) blocking and proposed an intelligent CC scheme based on Q-learning and Deep Q-Network (DQN) to solve the problems of challenging link conditions in IoDST. Our proposed CC scheme determines the optimal congestion window for data transmission in IoDST communications to maximize the TCP throughput performance and streaming data playback. Simulation results show that our proposed CC scheme achieves TCP throughput performance by up to approximately 257.14% and 73.08% compared to TCP CUBIC and TCP Westwood. In addition, video streaming playback by up to approximately 164.86%, 104.17%, 75%, 157.89% and 66% compared to TCP CUBIC, TCP BBR, TCP Westwood, DRL-TCP and QLE-DS, respectively. Finally the total streaming data transfer time by up to approximately 61%, 20%, 63%, 21% and 19% compared to TCP CUBIC, TCP BBR, TCP Westwood, DRL-TCP and QLE-DS, respectively.

한 나라의 경제가 발전함에 따라 국가 및 기업의 소유특유의 우위 요소와 내부화 우위요소 그리고 입지 우위요소가 변화하게 되고 이러한 변화를 통해 해외직접투자의 유출과 유입이 일정한 패턴을 보이게 된다는 투자발전경로 이론 (Investment Development Path)은 세계경영환경의 변화에 따라 패턴의 변화가 예상되었다. Dunning & Narula (1996)는 과거 풍부한 자원 및 저렴한 생산비용과 낮은 임금을 제공하여 매력적인 투자대상국으로 인식되었던 국가들의 입지우위가 생산비용의 상승 등으로 인해 입지우위가 떨어져 유입되는 해외직접투자가 줄어들게 되고, 개발도상국 기업들은 시장 및 지식을 습득하기 위한 전략적자산추구형의 해외직접투자가 증가하게 되어, 개발도상국들의 해외직접투자 순유입과 선진국들의 해외직접투자 순유출이 감소할 것으로 예상했다. 하지만, 본 연구에 의하면 개발도상국들의 해외직접투자 순유입과 선진국들의 해외직접투자 순유출이 증가 되었다. 이는 1990년 중반 이후부터 더욱 심화해 가는 선진국 간의 지역경제통합으로 인한 선진국 간의 해외직접투자 (North to North FDI)를 증가, 신흥개발도상국들의 다국적기업들의 경제수준이 비슷한 주변국으로의 투자 (South to South FDI)의 증가, 선진국에서 개발도상국으로의 (North to South) 시장 또는 효율성 추구형 해외직접투자의 지속으로 설명되어질 수 있다.

Investment Development Path Theory, which explains the systematic relationships between the outward and inward direct investment position of a country and its economic development, could be reconsidered according to the changes of global business environments. Dunning & Narula (1996) expects that the negative amounts of net outward investment (NOI) of countries at stage 1, 2, 3 and the positive amounts of net outward investment (NOI) of countries at stage 4, 5 will be decreased because of mainly strategic asset seeking FDI from developing to developed countries. However, the results of this study based on the data from 1980 to 2006, are the opposite. This results can be explained by more closed economic relations among developed countries (North to North FDI), more foreign direct investments by multinational enterprises from developing in similar economic level countries (South to South FDI), sustained foreign direct investment from developed to developing countries (North to South FDI) after the middle of 1990s.

With the growing interest in both public and private 5G services based on millimeter wave (mmWave) communication for indoor usage scenarios such as smart factories, site design specialists are seeking sophisticated methods and tools for simulating indoor radio coverage based on highly accurate path loss prediction models. Although machine learning approaches can be used in path loss modeling thanks to the highly accurate prediction capability, their performance can be limited by the size of available measurement data set used for training. In this paper, we propose new approaches to train path loss models in the few-shot learning scenarios of smart factories. The proposed approaches are based on meta-learning with slight modifications to perform fine-tuning over an entire train data set rather than a meta-test data set. It is shown that the indoor path loss models based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained by meta-learning based on three different meta-train task assignment schemes outperform both a conventional CNN model and an empirical model.

아리스토텔레스에서 pathē라는 말은 여러 작품들 속에서 다양한 의미를 갖는다. 이 글에서 필자가 관심을 갖는 것은 감정의 의미로서의 파테 개념이다. 문제는 파테의 수동적인 의미에서 연유하는 감정의 비자발성과 이성의 방해요소라는 부정적 평가이다. 이 글에서 나는 감정이 우리의 사고와 행동, 더 나아가 인간의 행복한 삶에 능동적 역할을 할 수 있는 요소로 재평가될 필요가 있음을 강조한다. 이를 위해 먼저 감정의 인식론적 위상과 관련하여 감정이 감각과 의견(doxa) 그리고 판타시아(phantasia)와 갖는 관계성을 살펴본다. 이러한 작업을 통해 나는 감정이 믿음이나 감각보다는 판타시아의 관점에서 접근되어야 함을 주장한다. 감정을 판타시아적 관점에서 보는 것이 기본적으로 아리스토텔레스의 질료･ 형상론(hylomorphism)적 관점에 부합할 뿐 만 아니라, 감정의 능동적 역할까지 담보할 수 있는 가능성이 확보될 수 있기 때문이다. 이것은 감정이 쾌락과 고통과 갖는 관련성에 관한 논의를 통해 보다 분명해진다. 결론부분에선 판단(krisis)과 덕(aretē) 행위에서 감정이 수행하는 능동적 역할이 제시된다.

In Aristotle’s works, pathē have a wide variety of meanings. This article concerns pathē as emotions. The problem is concerned with the involuntariness and irrationality of emotions that come from its passivity. In this article I emphasize that emotions have a active role in our judgement and action, so that it could contribute human being’s happiness. In order to achieve this end, I examine emotions’ epistemological position in comparison with sensation, belief and phantasia. I argue that for Aristotle emotions belong to the faculty of imagination(phantasia), not belief(doxa) or senasation, and are best characterized as pleasurable or painful images, which are inherently evaluative, non-propositional cognitive appraisals. In conclusion I demonstrate an emotion’s active role in relation to judgement(krisis) and virtuous action.

In this paper, a routing method based on reinforcement learning (RL) under software-defined networks (SDN), namely the Q-learning widest-path routing algorithm (Q-WPRA), is proposed. This algorithm processes the reward function according to the link bandwidth in the execution environment to find the optimal (i.e., widest) transmission path with the maximum bandwidth between the source and the destination through RL. The experimental results reveal that the Q-WPRA is outperformance than Dijkstra’s algorithm and Dijkstra’s widest-path algorithm to find the widest transmission path in SDN environment under different bandwidths, loss rates, and background traffic.

In this paper, we propose a soft actor?critic (SAC) algorithm with hindsight experience replay (HER), called SACHER, which is a class of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm. SAC is an off-policy model-free DRL algorithm that outperforms earlier DRL algorithms in terms of exploration and robustness. However, in SAC, maximizing the entropy-augmented objective degrades the optimality of learning outcomes. We propose SACHER to improve the learning performance of SAC. We apply SACHER to the path planning and collision avoidance control of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). We demonstrate the effectiveness of SACHER in terms of the success rate, learning speed, and collision avoidance performance of UAV operation.