Earticle

This paper is aimed at analysing some parametric variation involved in impersonal-il extraposition constructions in French. These French constructions, generally considered as corresponding to English counterparts that weren't taken care of here, manifest a wider variety of parametric variation in their syntactic operations. We verified that this kind of variation in French is based on the distinct morpho-lexical features of expletive-il, thus having [3rdpers, masc, sing, nom] features. In addition, the pronominal feature of French expletive-il has to be checked through the agreement with the following verb. This fact means that French expletive-il cannot be placed in the real (semantic) subject positions in infinitival and gerundival constructions

This paper is aimed at analysing the Locative Inversion(LI) Constructions in Old French from modern syntactic point of view. For this purpose, we adopt the feature inheritance proposal of Chomsky (2008) and its revised and reinterpreted version of Goto(2008), which will be slightly modified for our analysis. The problems we have to solve are summarized by the following three questions. First, what can be an attractor triggering the finite-verb movement? Second, what will move a locative phrase to the position of Spec-CP? Third, can LI with null subject and LI with lexical subject have the same syntactic procedures or do they have to be distinguished from each other? After analyzing these problems with above-mentioned proposals, we conclude that they can be addressed by the parallel movement and our revised version of feature inheritance system. Finally, we make a comparative list of Old French LI Constructions in order to observe differences in parametric variation. (Youngsan University)

This paper is aimed at analysing the interrogative constructions in Old French from modern syntactic point of view. For this purpose, we adopt the feature inheritance proposal of Chomsky(2008) and its revised and reinterpreted version of Goto(2008), which will be slightly modified for our analysis. The problems we have to solve are summarized by the following three questions. First, what can be an attractor triggering the finite-verb movement? Second, what will move a wh-phrase to the position of Spec-CP? Third, how can the distinction between a nominal subject movement and a clitic subject movement be accounted for in inverted interrogatives? After analyzing these problems with above-mentioned proposals, we conclude that they can be addressed by the parallel movement and our revised version of feature inheritance system. Finally, we make a comparative list of Old French interrogatives in order to observe differences in parametric variation

The purpose of this study is to verify parametric variations in syntactic operations between Modern(MF) and Old French(OF) movement verb constructions. The OF word-order has been considered as having verb-second properties with some different opinions in regard to structural differences between root and embedded sentences. The study of OF infinitival constructions was done by Pearce(1990), who distinguished causative from non-causative structure in a comprehensive manner, yet the movement verb constructions were not profoundly taken care of. we will therefore focus on a comparative study of OF movement verb constructions with MF counterparts, extracting these constructions and observing their syntactic phenomena. In particular, our study does not concentrate on the verb second properties of OF, but does pay attention to the internal structure of movement verb constructions. Finally, we will make a comparative list of OF movement verb constructions in order to verify an assortment of parametric variants.

This study is aimed at proposing the following two possibilities and analyzing them in connection with the positions of objects in Old French(OF) (11c-12c): i) Can objects move to the left position of a clause by means of Object Shift? and ii) Does the object raising comply with the feature inheritance theory proposed by Chomsky(2008) in order to realize the V2-structure of OF constructions? Although these two syntactic operations have quite close relations, we will verify which parameter can apply to them in OF considering that they operate in a different manner among languages. Consequently, we will observe and analyze the following subjects: i) The trigger in C is a tense feature which causes a finite verb to raise to C; ii) What moves an object to Spec-CP is an edge feature in C?; iii) How is the OF object raising different from the object shift?; iv) How can the status of lexical or null subject be determined during the OF object raising/shift?; v) Is the object raising/shift derived from the verb movement and the feature inheritance in OF? Shedding light on these tasks, we will clarify that the object raising/shift can be verified by the verb movement and feature inheritance in the object raising constructions observed in La Chanson de Roland(1090) and Le Chevalier de la Charrete(1179-81).

This study aims at analyzing the quotative inversion constructions(QIC) in Old/Medieval/Modern French, and verifying their parametric variations from the syntactic, semantic and pragmatical point of view. Although the QICs in Old French are somewhat rare in their frequency, we will compare them with the Medieval French counterparts. Following the analytical results derived from the rules and constraints in Modern French QICs, we will apply them to those in Old/Medieval French. Consequently, we will observe and deal with the following parametric variations: First, why does the finite verb raise to C, and what is its trigger? Second, what are the syntactic factors that move the quotes(direct speech complements) to SPEC-CP? Third, how can the syntactic properties of subject DP(of main clause) and quotes be explained in Old/Medieval QICs? and what is different from those in ModF? Fourth, are the quotes controlled by V2 as an element of main clause, or do they constitute an independent clause? Finally, are the QICs in Old/Medieval excluded from the parallel movement applied in ModF? The texts adopted in this study are La Chanson de Roland(11-12c, OF), Le Chevalier de la Charette(12-13c, OF), and La Vie de Saint Louis(14c, MF), Les Quinze Joies du Mariage(15c, MF)

日本語の自動詞には,「させる」を選擇できるか否かによる2種類が存在する.たとえば,「笑う」「吹く」「凍る」は「させる」とだけ對應し,「沸く」「乾く」「溶ける」は「させる」とは對應せず,他動詞(語彙的使役)とだけ對應する. 本硏究では,前者の3つが「させる」によってカテゴリ－化されるのはなぜか,という点を明らかにして,「させる」の選擇を左右するパうメ－タを提示することを目的とする.これによると,日本語の生産的使役「させる」は意志性をもつ人間の行爲動詞を典型とし,自動詞の主語が自力でその事態を引き起こしうる潛在的能力をもつ序在物として見なされる場合には,無生のモノでも生産的使役が選擇されうる,という광장の一般的傾向を示すことかできる.つまり,有生のヒトと潛在的能力をもつモノ(animate & potent)のパラメ－タの値が與えられる. このようなもパラメ－タの提出け,日本語の自動詞には「させる」を選擇できるか否かによる2種類が存在し.それが統語的な基準でなく意味的な基準によって區別される,という意義をもつ.

The past tense markers cannot appear in the temporal adjuncts of Korean, while they can in those of English. This fact is surprising since it has been argued in the literatures that the so called SOT rule, which deletes past tense at LF, applies to English but not to Korean. I argue in the paper that, interestingly, the missing Tense variation in temporal adjuncts can be captured exactly by the solution for the SOT variation, i.e., Stowell’s (2005) claim that English morphological past ?ed is a non-local PAST polarity item (PPI) but Japanese one (and Korean ?ess, too, I claim) is a local PPI. The true semantic PAST tense, as a polarity licenser for a morphological past, cannot occur within the temporal adjuncts since its PRO reference time argument cannot be controlled due to the intervening temporal argument. This leads to the result that local PPIs, which need to be licensed by the true semantic PAST within temporal adjuncts, cannot appear in temporal adjuncts. On the other hand, non-local PPIs can appear in temporal adjuncts since they can be licensed by the true semantic PAST outside the temporal adjuncts.

The major part of the set of assumptions adopted for the purpose of discussion in this article largely consists of those concerned with the following three important issues/concepts in recent minimalist theorizing: i.e., (i) the strong minimalist thesis (SMT) in the sense of Chomsky (2000, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2007); (ii) the concept of a UG residue in the sense of Chomsky (2007) and of Suzuki (2007a, 2007b, 2007c, forthcoming); and (iii) the notion of abductive parametric change in the sense of Roberts (2007). Note first of all that “abductive NS (narrow syntactic) variation” should be strictly within the scope allowed for by the binarity of human language parameters of variation. And by far the strongest claim I make in this paper is that all human/natural language parameters of variation originate from CI-related UG residues in the sense of Suzuki (2007b, forthcoming). One of the two categories of a UG residue (originating from Chomsky 2007) consists of FLN entities not properly interface-realized. Specifically relevant here are those FLN resources that have an imperfect many-to-one correspondence with the CI-interface/module. Quite generally, when it comes to binary parameters (one at a time), there should always exist an imperfect two-to-one correspondence between FLN (i.e., NS structures) and their single/common CI-interpretation both across grammars and perhaps, grammar-internally. When it comes to human/natural languages themselves, there should arise an extremely imperfect many-to-one correspondence (many = the number of all human languages) between NS structures in all languages and their single/common CI-interpretation.

One of the fundamental assumptions in formal linguistics is that a noun phrase in a clause is licensed only when its reference is identified and it is case-marked for thematic role assignment. However, languages differ in respect of whether a sentence requires an explicit, as opposed to implicit or understood, subject. In the literature, two methods of licensing such null subjects have been discussed; they tend to occur in languages with rich subject-verb agreement morphology like Italian and in so-called topic-prominent languages like Korean. The purpose of this study is to critically review some of the influential accounts of this peculiar variation among languages and provides a synthetic conclusion such that licensing null subjects is an arbitrary property to a large extent. There is no systematic way to predict whether or not a particular language permits null subjects on the mere basis of the morphosyntactic characteristics of the language.

이 글에서는 1980년대 제주 방언의 채록 자료에서 관찰되는 인용 구문과 유사 구문들을 놓고서 담화 전개의 토대 위에서 일관된 해석이 이뤄짐을 보여 주고자 하였다. 형태소 분석에서 ‘-이엔 말#ᄒᆞ다’의 형상을 지닌 구문과 ‘-고 말하다’의 형상을 지닌 구문이 관찰되었는데, 각각 계사의 속성에 근거하여 내포 의미를 가리키는 간접 인용으로, 묘사동사의 속성에 근거하여 외연 의미를 가리키는 직접 인용으로 상정할 수 있었다. 동시에 변동이 관찰되는 두 구문이 격식성ㆍ공식성을 반영하는 말투 변이일 가능성을 추구하였다. 직접 인용이든 간접 인용이든 간에 의성어ㆍ의태어를 비롯, 본디 발화의 억양을 담고 있는 사례에서부터 시작하여, 강조 구문을 거쳐, 자기 자신의 마음속 생각을 표현하거나 남의 마음가짐이나 의도까지 간접 증거로써 추정하는 경우에도 인용 구문 형식이 그대로 쓰였다. 이를 해석하기 위하여 밑바닥에서 작동하는 담화 전개 전략을 상정함으로써, 여러 가지 거시구조를 드러내기 위하여 인용 구문이든 유사 구문이든 서로 공모해야 함을 지적했고, 이런 측면에서 전형적 인용 구문의 확장이 불가피함을 설명할 수 있었다.

Folk narrative scripts, compiled in the early 1980s, exhibit the two quotation forms used in Jeju Korean: direct quotation, denoted by “?ko h?ta,” and also used in standard Korean, and indirect quotation, denoted by “-yen mal # h?ta.” The latter form should be represented as the conjugation of the copula “ita” followed by the adjectival ending “-n” to modify the following head noun, “mal” or speech. In part, these forms maintain a register variation that can be adjusted according to the listener’s social status, but such adjustment was not particularly consistent. They also extend their function to include unquoted speech, such as expressions of emphasis, the speaker’s internally oriented thoughts, and conjecture about the listener’s intentions. The functional expansion of this form can be explained in terms of an overall discoursal macrostructure that creates justifications to focus the listener’s attention.

일반적으로 시스템을 강성체로 설계할 경우 시스템의 구조적 안정성을 확보할 수 있으나 유리잔을 잡거나 작은 수술용 도구로 사용하는 등의 사용용도에 따라 활용성이 제한될 수 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 유연한 재질을 사용하여 강성조절이 가능한 메커니즘에 대한 연구가 다양하게 이루어져 왔다. 기존에 연구했던 강성체와 연성체의 연속구조로 이루어진 모델에 텐던을 삽입한 구조를 이용한 가변강성 메커니즘을 통하여 가변강성 구조체에 대한 가능성을 확인하였다. 그러나 필요로 하는 가변강성을 충족하기 위한 구조체의 설계 변수에 대한 연구가 필요하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 가변강성 메커니즘의 다양한 변수 변화에 따른 강성변화 실험을 통해 강성의 경향성을 파악하고자 하였다. 실험 결과 지름이 클수록 강성은 증가하며 강성의 증가폭 또한 늘어난다. 또한 연성체 길이가 짧을수록 강성이 증가하며 텐던을 당겨 연성체를 압착할 경우 강성값은 비선형적으로 증가하였다. 동일 조건에서 연성체 길이변화에 따른 강성 증가폭과 강성체의 길이 변화에 따른 강성 증가폭을 비교하였을 때 연성체 길이 변화가 강성체 길이 변화 보다 강성값 변화에 영향을 미친다는 것을 확인하였다. 또한, 해석값이 실험값에 비하여 정확성은 낮지만, 가변강성의 경향성을 확인하기 위하여 해석적인 방법을 통한 강성을 예측해보았다. 이러한 변수변화 실험 결과는 필요로 하는 강성값을 충족하는 가변강성 메커니즘 설계에 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

In general, a system can be stable when it is designed with a rigid material. However, the use of a rigid system can be limited, such as grasping a glass or using a small surgical instrument. To resolve this limitation, a variable stiffness mechanism was developed using a flexible material. Previous research verified the variable stiffness mechanism where flexible segments and rigid segments were connected alternately in series. However, research into the design parameters of the variable stiffness structure is needed to satisfy the desired stiffness. Therefore, a variable stiffness structure was tested by varying the design parameters to confirm the trend of the stiffness variation. When the radius of the structure becomes larger, the stiffness increases. The stiffness increased with decreasing length of the flexible segments. Under the same design parameters, the length of the flexible segments had a greater effect on the stiffness than the length of the rigid segments. In addition, the stiffness was estimated using the pseudo rigid body model and was compared with the experimental results. This parametric study can be used as a design guideline for designing the variable stiffness mechanism to satisfy the desired stiffness.

본 연구에서는 변단면을 갖는 FCM(Free Cantilever Method) 교량의 설계 단계에서 교각 위치 변경에 따른 경간장 변화와 그로 인한 박스 거더의 형상을 자동 조정하여 설계단계에서의 효율성 향상을 위해 3차원 파라메트릭 모델링 방법을 적용하였다. 이를 위해 FCM 교량 설계 지침서를 분석하여 경간장 변화와 관련된 매개변수들을 추출하고 이들의 관계를 구속조건으로 정의하였다. 또한, 정의한 구속조건의 적용을 통해 대상교량의 파라메트릭 모델링을 수행하여 그 적용 가능성을 검증했으며 결과로 생성된 교량 모델의 물량산출을 수행하여 모델의 정확성을 검증했다.

In this paper, we propose a systematic hull form variation technique which automatically satisfies the displacement constraint and guarantees a high level of fairness. This method is possible through multiple parameter correction curves. The present method is to improve the hull form variation method based on parametric modification function and consists of two sub-categories: SAC variation and section lines modification. For SAC variation, the utilization of two B-Spline curves satisfying GC¹ condition led to the satisfaction of displacement constraint and high level of fairness at the same time. Section lines modification methods involves in using two fuctions: the first is the waterplane modification function combining two cubic splines. the other function is the sectional area modification function consisting of 2nd order polynomial over the DLWL(Design Load Waterline) and 3rd order polynomial below the DLWL, This function enables not only the fundamental U-V section shape variation but also systematically modified section lines. The present method is expected to be more useful in the hull form optimization process using CFD compared to the existing method.

In this paper, we propose a systematic hull form variation technique which automatically satisfies the displacement constraint and guarantees a high level of fairness. This method is possible through multiple parameter correction curves. The present method is to improve the hull form variation method based on parametric modification function and consists of two sub-categories: SAC variation and section lines modification. For SAC variation, the utilization of two B-Spline curves satisfying GC1 condition led to the satisfaction of displacement constraint and high level of fairness at the same time. Section lines modification methods involves in using two fuctions: the first is the waterplane modification function combining two cubic splines. the other function is the sectional area modification function consisting of 2nd order polynomial over the DLWL(Design Load Waterline) and 3rd order polynomial below the DLWL, This function enables not only the fundamental U-V section shape variation but also systematically modified section lines. The present method is expected to be more useful in the hull form optimization process using CFD compared to the existing method.

In this study, a Volterra system for the variations of metacentric height (GM) in waves is employed to simulate the parametric roll phenomena of ships in head sea condition. Using the present Volterra system, the transfer function of each harmonic component in the GM variation is computed for different ship models, including mathematical models and a real containership, and the results are validated through the comparison with the values obtained using the direct calculations based on a weakly nonlinear time-domain method. Then, a semi-analytic approach employing a 1-degree of freedom equation for roll motion is developed to simulate the parametric roll motions in irregular waves. In the derived approach, the nonlinear and time-varying restoring forces in the waves are approximated using the Volterra system. Through simulations of the parametric roll for different sea states, the effects of the 1st and 2nd-order harmonic components of the variations in the occurrence and amplitude of the parametric roll motions are investigated. Because of the strong nonlinearities in the phenomena, a stochastic analysis is conducted to examine the statistical properties of the roll motions in consideration of the sensitivities and uncertainties in the computations.

In this study, a Volterra system for the variations of metacentric height (GM) in waves is employed to simulate the parametric roll phenomena of ships in head sea condition. Using the present Volterra system, the transfer function of each harmonic component in the GM variation is computed for different ship models, including mathematical models and a real containership, and the results are validated through the comparison with the values obtained using the direct calculations based on a weakly nonlinear time-domain method. Then, a semi-analytic approach employing a 1-degree of freedom equation for roll motion is developed to simulate the parametric roll motions in irregular waves. In the derived approach, the nonlinear and time-varying restoring forces in the waves are approximated using the Volterra system. Through simulations of the parametric roll for different sea states, the effects of the 1st and 2nd-order harmonic components of the variations in the occurrence and amplitude of the parametric roll motions are investigated. Because of the strong nonlinearities in the phenomena, a stochastic analysis is conducted to examine the statistical properties of the roll motions in consideration of the sensitivities and uncertainties in the computations.