Earticle

The main purpose of the study was to examine smartphone addiction level according to gender and grade and school adjustment(academic achievement, peer relationship, teacher relationship, school life) based on smartphone addiction level, gender, and grade. The subjects were 560(279 male, 281 female) students in 1st grade middle schools and 2nd grade high schools at M city in Jeonnam province. They completed Smartphone Addiction Questionnaire, and School Adjustment Questionnaire. The results were as follows: First, female students’ smartphone addiction was higher than male students’ and there was no significant difference in smartphone addiction between middle school students and high school students. Second, smartphone addiction had negative effects on school adjustment. Gender had significant effects on peer relationship and school life while grade had significant effects on teacher relationship. Interaction effect between smartphone addiction and gender had significant influence on academic achievement, peer relationship, and school life whereas interaction effect between smartphone addiction and grade had significant influence on peer relationship and school life. Limitations of the current findings as well as the suggestions for future study were also included.

본 연구의 목적은 고연진(2010)의 동적가족화 평가기준이 일반아동과 임상아동 간에 차이를 보이는가와 두 집단을 판별해주는 변인이 무엇인가를 살펴보는 것이다. 고연진(2010)의 평가기준은 Fury(1996)의 가족화 평가기준과 Burn과 Kaufman(1972)의 동적가족화 분석기준을 수정․보완하여 구성한 것이다. 연구대상은 일반 초등학교 5-6학년 아동 140명이다. 일반아동은 K-CBCL에서 문제가 없는 아동 70명이고, 임상아동은 신경정신과에서 임상진단을 받은 아동 70명이다. 수집된 자료는 t검증과 판별분석을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 일반아동과 임상아동은 동적가족화의 반응에서 유의미한 차이를 보여주었다. 일반아동이 임상아동에 비해 창조성, 행복감, 상처받음없음, 정서적거리없음, 긴장-불안없음, 역할전환없음, 이상함없음, 포괄성없음이 긍정적으로 나타났다. 둘째, 일반아동과 임상아동의 판별변인은 정서적거리없음, 포괄성없음, 행복감, 상처받음없음, 긴장-불안없음, 이상함없음, 역할전환없음 순으로 나타났다. 따라서 고연진(2010)에 의해 개발된 동적가족화의 평가기준은 두 집단을 판별하는 도구로서 객관성과 유용성이 있다고 볼 수 있다.

This study was to investigate the differences in the response pattern and the discriminative variables between normal group & clinical group on Ko's KFD rating scale(2010). Ko's rating scale based on Fury(1996)' family drawing scales & Burn and Kaufman(1972)'s kinetic family drawing scales. The subjects were 140 5-6th grade children in elementary school. The normal group were 70 children from the result of the CBCL and the clinical group were 70 childern from clinical centers. The data was analyzed by t-test & discriminant function analysis. The results of this study were as follows; First, there were significant differences between two groups in the response pattern of KFD. The normal group expressed more positively in creativity, happiness, no vulnerability, no emotional distance, no tension/anxiety, no role reversal, no abnormality, and no comprehensive pathology than clinical group did. Second, the discriminative variables for two groups were no emotional distance, no comprehensive pathology, happiness, no vulnerability, no tension/anxiety, no abnormality, and no role reversal in order. As a result, Ko's KFD rating scales is considered to be objective and useful.

본 논문은 학교 교육 체제가 어떤 시민 주체를 형성해 왔으며, 이것이 성적 차이와성평등에 대해 어떠한 인식과 실천을 독려해왔는지 살펴본다. 동시대 공교육 체제 구축의 분수령이라 일컬어지는 1990년대 중반 교육 개혁 이후 나타난 학교폭력 규율 체계의전환과 정신건강 패러다임의 도입에 주목하였다. 이 두 개의 장치는 공교육의 시장화를기반으로 바람직한 시민상을 개조하는데 중심적으로 관여한 잠재적 교육과정의 일부로서, 시장 합리성에 기초해서 경쟁력을 최고의 가치로 삼는 시민성의 규범과 실천태를 제안하고 있다. 사법담론에 기초한 학교폭력 규율 체계는 가해자-피해자라는 이분법적 도식을 기반으로 폭력의 구조적 책임과 안전의 권리를 개인화하고 있으며, 정신건강 패러다임은 정상군-관심군이라는 분류 체계를 기반으로 심신을 경쟁력 창출의 도구로 삼아, 자기관리에 매진하는 주체를 이상화하고 있다. 이러한 공교육 체제에서 성차별과 성평등의제는 개인 간 이해 및 권리 충돌의 문제로 환원되고, 성적 차이는 해부학적 차이로 협소화, 본질화되고 있다.

In this paper, since we found that the typical frame of reference behind the distorted perception has been accumulated through daily experiences around school, we have examined what citizen/subject the school education system has formed and what perceptions and practices this process has encouraged around sexual differences and gender equality. Schools are not only the spaces that reproduces pre-existing gender relations, but also the spaces that, interacting with the existing social structures, positively generates new gender norms. We focused on the shift in disciplinary system of school violence and the introduction of mental health paradigm, which have been emerging since the educational reform in mid-1990s. These two mechanisms are the parts of latent curriculum that, based on marketization of public education, have actively reshaped an image of desirable citizen. And they propose the norms and practices of citizenship that values most the competitiveness based on market rationality. The disciplinary system of school violence, which is based on legal discourses and binary of offender/victim, shifts the structural responsibility and the rights of safety onto each individuals, and the mental health paradigm, base on classification system of normal group/concerned group, uses body and mind for evasion of dropout or increasing competence, thus celebrating the individuals eager for self-management as an ideal. In this education system, the agenda such as sexual discrimination and gender equality are reduced to conflicts of interest and rights among individuals, and the sexual difference is narrowed and essentialized as anatomical difference.

The purpose of this study was to find the emotional responses in patients with schizophrenia using CRDI(Continuous Response Digital Interface). 59 patients with schizophrenia and 61 normal control group were recruited. This study compared the various emotional responses between two groups using CRDI. A classical piece was used for this study, 'Dichter und Bauer' Overture by Franz von Suppe, with the playing time of 9 minutes 40 seconds. This study applied for a device measuring emotional response caused by music, used CRDI enabling to measure emotional response while listening to music on a real-time basis and quantified time-series data from CRDI. For Visual analysis and statistics processing to deal with data related to study issues, independent sample t-test were employed. The results of t-test on emotional response to music of stimulative area according to the two groups were a significant difference. And no significant difference appeared in emotional response to music of sedative area. And the results of visual analysis on emotional response to music in patients with schizophrenia were very restricted. According to the results of this study, features of emotional responses of patients with schizophrenia were inadequate affect with blunted affect and restricted affect.

본 논문은 우선 문헌고찰을 통해 그간 심혈관 질환(CHD: coronary heart disease)의 성격적 위험인자로 지목되어 오던 A형 성격 및 D형 성격에 대하여 비일관된 연구 결과들이 도출된 원인 중의 하나를 생리적 지표에 대한 측정방법들 간의 이질성이나 타당성의 문제에 기인할 수 있다고 가정하였다. 이에 심혈관 질환과 밀접한 관련이 있는 생리적 지표인 혈압측정 방법의 차이에 의해 각 집단(A형, D형, 정상집단)이 구별될 수 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 148명의 남녀 대학생(남자 45%)을 대상으로 사전에 A형 성격(MMPI-2의 TPA척도)과 D형 성격(DS14) 경향을 측정하는 자기보고형 설문지를 실시하여 A형 D형, 그리고 정상집단으로 구분한 후 혈압이 측정되었다. 먼저 전통적인 혈압측정방법에 의한 혈압수치(수축기/이완기 혈압)를 통해 각 집단이 구분될 수 있는지 살펴본 결과 집단별로 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 다음 단계로, 측정된 혈압 자료에 대한 패턴분석 방법을 적용했을 때, A형과 D형 성격이 정상인들과 얼마나 잘 구별될 수 있는지 알아보았다. 측정된 혈압 자료는 컴퓨터에 입력되어 커프 압력을 통해 측정된 혈압의 진동패턴은 먼저 정규화 시키고, 이 정규화 된 개인의 혈압 패턴은 국소 퓨리에 변환(STFT)을 사용하여 세 성격 유형간의 시간영역대별 주파수 변이에 대한 특징을 추출한 후 선형판별 분석(LDA)을 통해 분석해 보았다. 그 결과 세 집단을 구별할 수 있는 인식률은 88.8%로 상당히 높은 수준을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 A형 혹은 D형 성격과 심혈관 질환과의 관계에 대한 연구 결과는 심장활동을 충실히 반영하는 다양한 측정 지표나 그 분석방법의 차이에 의해 달라질 수 있으며, 특히 수축기와 이완기 이외의 혈압 진동패턴을 고려하는 것이 더 타당한 방법일 수 있다는 점을 시사하며, 향후 이러한 방법에 의해 심혈관 질환 위험 성격의 구성개념에 대한 새로운 측면에서의 탐색가능성을 제시했다는 의의를 지닌다.

The objective of this study was to test the validity of two different measuring methods of discriminating between type A and type D, which were known as the psychological risk factors for coronary heart disease(CHD), from that of normal people. Before measuring blood pressure, 148 college students(male 45%) participated and were classified as type A , B, and the normal group using the TPA scale of MMPI-2 and DS14. The first analysis was conducted with the data of systolic and diastoloic blood pressure, and we found no significant differences between these three groups. Next, a newly developed analyzing method was applied to the qualitative data of the blood pressure wave to examine the possibility of discriminating between a CHD-prone personality group and those of persons in the normal group. For this analysis, the blood pressure wave was measured with a computer program through cuff pressure. Then, the pressure wave patterns were normalized and transformed by STFT(short-time Fourier transformation). Finally, the wave features of the three groups were extracted from the STFT data, and then was analyzed by using LDA(linear discriminant analysis). The recognition rate was 88.8%, which represents a fairy robust result. The results of our analysis showed the utility of qualitative data of heart functions. Our study also suggests that the relationship between a CHD-prone personality and CHD could be varied by the different aspects of biological features or analyzing method for measuring heart functions.

This study is aimed to determine the cardiovascular function response to maximal exercise of chronic low back pain patients(N=13) and normal group(N=13). by using BRUCE PROTOCOL, subjects underwent tredmill exercise test. Their cardiovascular function responses during rest and after maximal exercise were compared The responses were analyzed using t-test for SPSS 7.0 program. The Cardiovascular function variables employed at rest time(Vo2, HR. Vo2/kg, VE, Vco2.) and all out time(Vo2peak. HRpeak, Vo2peak/kg, VEpeak. Vco2peak). Result show that : 1 There was no significant difference in Vo2 between chronic low back pain patients and normal group at rest time. However significant difference in Volpeak was observed after maximal exercise( p<.05). 2. There was no significant difference in HR between chronic low back pain patients and normal group at rest time. No significant difference in HRpeak likewise observed. 3. There was no significant difference in Vo2/kg between chronic low back pain patients and normal group at rest time. However significant difference in Vo2peak/kg was observed after maximal exercise load(p<.05). 4. There was no significance in VE between chronic low bark pain patients and normal group at rest time. However significant difference in VEpeak observed after maximal exercise load(p<.05).

본 연구는 탈북 여성에서 MMPI-2의 진단적 유용성을 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구 대상은 2008년 6월부터 2009년 6월까지 하나원 정신과에서 치료를 받은 탈북 여성 210명(불안군 100명, 우울군 30명, 신체화군 80명)이었고, 연령과 교육 수준에서 대응되는 동수의 탈북 여성을 정상 대조군으로 선정하였다. 각 집단 간에 MMPI-2의 타당도 척도와 임상 척도의 T점수 평균을 비교하였고, 이들을 효과적으로 변별할 수 있는 예측 변인을 알아보기 위하여 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였으며, Receiver Operating Characteristic(ROC) 분석을 통해 최종 예측 변인의 T점수별 민감도와 특이도, 진단 효율성을 비교하였다. 분석 결과, 불안군은 Pa와 Pt 척도의 T점수가 60점 이상으로 경미하게 상승하였고, 우울군은 D, Pt, Si 척도에서 높은 점수를 보였다. 신체화군에서 60T 이상으로 상승한 임상 척도는 없었지만, D, Pt, Si 척도의 T점수가 다른 척도들에 비해 높았다. 로지스틱 회귀분석에서 불안군과 정상 대조군을 효과적으로 변별해주는 최종 예측 변인은 Hy, Hs, Sc 척도였으며, 우울군과 정상 대조군 변별에서는 D, Hs 척도, 신체화군과 정상 대조군의 변별에서는 Hs, D, Ma 척도로 나타났다. ROC 분석 결과, 불안군과 정상 대조군 변별에서 가장 효율성이 높은 것은 Hy 척도(45T)였고, 우울군과 정상 대조군에서는 D 척도(59T), 신체화군과 정상 대조군에서는 Hs 척도(50T점)였다. 끝으로 탈북 여성에 대한 치료적 개입에서 주의할 점과 임상 장면에서 MMPI-2의 활용 가능성을 논의하였고, 본 연구의 의의 및 제한점, 후속 연구의 방향에 대해 제안하였다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the diagnostic efficiency of MMPI-2 when it was applied to North Korean female refugees. The study has been conducted based on the observation of 210 female refugees who were benefited from the treatment provided by Psychiatry of Hanawon (Settlement Support Center for North Korean Refugees) from June 2008 to June 2009. The psychiatric outpatient group consists of anxiety group (100), depression group (30), somatization group (80). In comparison, the normal control group consists of 210 female refugees who were in the same age and received the same level of education with the psychiatric outpatient group. The means of T scores from validity scales and clinical scales of MMPI-2 were compared among the groups. Moreover, a series of logistic regression analysis have been conducted in order to clarify predictors of influencing on differences between groups. In addition, based on the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, and the diagnostic efficiency of predictors were compared in each T score of the final predictors. The analysis represented that the anxiety group showed mild elevation on Pa and Pt scales and the depression group had high scores on D, Pt, and Si scales. In the somatization group, there were no scales over 60T in any clinical scales, but they had relatively higher T scores in D, Pt, and Si scales than in the rest of the scales. As a result of logistic regression analysis, Hy, Hs, and Sc scales proved to be the most powerful predictors in distinguishing the anxiety group from the normal control group. D, Hs scales in the depression group; Hs and D scales in the somatization group. According to the results of the ROC analysis, Hy scale (with the diagnostic efficiency of 45T) showed the highest efficiency in distinguishing the anxiety group from the normal control group. D scale (59T) had the most effective efficiency in the depression group; Hs scale (50T) in the somatization group. Finally, the required attention in therapeutic intervention for North Korean female refugees and the possibility of applying MMPI-2 to clinical setting were discussed, and implications and limits, future study were suggested.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand sleep circadian rhythm and sleep quality between normal-weight and obese group according to Body Mass Index to develop education and nursing intervention programs for the obese. Methods: This study involved 186 subjects who visited at S hospital obesity clinic, K province. They were divided into 2 groups: normal-weight group 91 and obese group 95. Data were collected from October 18th to November 12th in 2013. Data were analyzed with frequency, percentage, χ2-test, Mann-Whitney U test, ANCOVA, t-test and ANOVA with using SPSS version 20.0. Results: The results showed that morning type 1.1%, middle type 91.2% and evening type 7.7% of sleep circadian rhythm in normal-weight group and middle type 92.6% and evening type 7.4% of sleep circadian rhythm in obese group. There were statistically significant results on sleep quality with covariance sex and stress, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency and sleep disturbance between normal-weight and obese group. There were statistically significant results on sleep quality, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency and sleep disturbance in middle type of sleep circadian rhythm between normal-weight and obese group. Conclusion: Therefore, it is necessary to consider subject’s sleep pattern to develop education and nursing intervention programs for the obese.

본 연구는 부모로부터 학대를 경험한 피학대 위험군 아동의 사회적 탄력성에 영향을 미치는 보호요인을 파악하고 이를 기초로 학대를 경험한 아동의 사회적 탄력성을 제고하기 위한 효과적 개입 방향성을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 부산광역시에 거주하며 사회복지기관(종합사회복지관 및 지역아동센터)의 서비스를 이용하고 있는 초등학교 4-6학년 아동의 응답 중 총 692부를 분석에 사용하였다. 심각한 학대를 경험한 아동을 피학대 위험군 아동(397명)이라 명명하고, 학대를 경험하지 않은 일반군 아동(207명)과 비교하여 사회적 탄력성에 영향을 미치는 보호요인을 파악하였다. 선행연구에 기초하여 보호요인으로는 개인 내재적 차원의 보호요인(자아존중감, 책임감, 자아효능감)과, 가족 및 사회환경적 차원의 보호요인(가족지지, 교사지지, 친구지지, 다른 성인의 지지, 참여활동 정도)으로 설정하였다. 그 결과, 피학대 위험군 아동의 경우 사회적 탄력성에 영향을 미치는 보호요인은 모두 p<.001의 수준에서 자아효능감, 책임감, 교사지지, 친구지지의 순으로 나타났고, 일반군 아동의 경우는 친구지지와 자아효능감만이 유의미한 영향력을 보였다. 두 집단 모두에서 개인 내재적 차원의 자아효능감, 가족 및 사회환경적 차원의 친구지지 요인이 사회적 탄력성에 영향을 미치는 공통 보호요인임이 밝혀졌다. 덧붙여, 상대적 영향력을 비교해보았을 때, 피학대 위험군 아동의 경우 개인 내재적 차원의 보호요인(자아효능감, 책임감)이 가족 및 사회환경적 차원의 보호요인(교사지지, 친구지지) 보다 더 큰 영향력을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 기반으로 피학대 위험군 아동의 사회적 탄력성을 제고하기 위한 효과적인 개입 방향성을 제시하였다.

This study aims to find the protective factors which can influence in social resilience of abused children from their parents. The children seem to belong to high risk group because of their abused experiences. And the second aim is to suggest the way of helping the children in terms of social resilience. Children who are receiving social services(i.e. social welfare centers or children's centers) from 4th grade to 6th grade from primary schools in Busan were surveyed in total 692. This research separated children according to their abused experiences, and were compared abused children (397) with children who never experienced abused (207). And were analyzed protective factors for social resilience. On the basis of literature review, this paper found that there were two kinds of protective factors. The first one is personal and inner protective factor(self-esteem, responsibility, self-efficacy), and the second one is social and environmental protective factors(family support, teacher support, friend support, support from adults and participation)As a result, the research found that self-efficacy, responsibility, teacher and friend support are the protective factors for social resilience(p<.001) of risk group of abused children. The friend support and self-efficacy was protective factors for the children who had not experience abused children. This research was find that self-efficacy and friend support were protective factor for social resilience to two groups. Further, was find that personal and inner protective factors has the greater influence than social and environmental protective factors for risk groups of abused children. In the conclusion, this research suggested how to develop the social resilience for risk groups of abused children.

본 연구는 집단미술치료가 장애아동을 둔 비장애형제의 우울성향 감소에 영향을 미치는지 그 효과를 검증하고 우울그림검사인 Draw-a-Story에서도 변화를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구대상은 S시소재 특수학급의 비장애형제들 중 사전우울점수가 14점 이상으로 나온 아동을 대상으로 실험집단 7명과 통제집단 7명으로 무작위 구성하였다. 실험집단은 집단미술치료 프로그램을 2007년 9월 7일부터 11월 30일까지 주 1회, 100분씩, 총 10회기 실시하였다. 집단미술치료 프로그램의 효과를 검증하기위해서 아동용 우울척도 CDI와 Silver의 Draw-a-Story그림검사기법을 사용하여 사전. 사후의 변화를 비교하였다. 통계처리로는 SPSS12.0프로그램을 이용하였으며, 빈도분석, 신뢰도 분석, 대응표본 t-test, 독립표본 t-test를 실행하였다. 연구결과 장애아동을 둔 비장애형제의 전체 우울점수는 현저하게 감소하여(p<0.01) 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 있었다. 우울척도의 하위영역별 결과를 보면, 자기비하, 신체증상, 우울정서, 흥미상실에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으나, 행동문제에서는 통제집단과의 비교에서 통계적으로 유의하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. DAS에서는 정서적 내용, 자기상, 자기보고, 공간사용, 유머로 나누어본 척도에서 서전. 사후에 점수의 차이가 있어 우울성향이 감소하였음을 보였다. 이와 같은 결과를 통해 집단미술치료 프로그램이 장애아동을 둔 비장애형제의 우울 성향 감소에 효과가 있었음을 알 수 있다.

This study was carried out to find out whether group arts therapy can help to reduce the depression tendency of normal siblings of disabled children by verifying its effects and to identify the changes it can make to Draw-a-Story test ? a test method for depression. The test subjects were selected from the siblings of the children who attend special schools for disabled children in the city S ? among those who scored higher than 14 points in depression tests that were carried out in prior. The 7 children of test group and 14 children of control group were freely chosen. From 7th Sep. 2007 to 30th Nov. 2007, group arts therapy was carried out for the test group?10 times in total, once a week and 100 minutes per session. In order to verify the effects of the program, depression scale CDI for children and Silver’s Draw-a-Story test method were used and changes from before and after the test were evaluated. As for statistical analysis, SPSS version 12.0 was used, and frequency analysis, reliability analysis, paired sample t-test, and t-test were carried out. The result showed that the overall depression for those siblings of disabled children significantly reduced(p<0.01) with meaningful statistical difference. The results of the lower category of depression scale are as the following. Low self-esteem, physical disability, depressive attitude, and loss of interest with meaningful statistical difference. And behavior was no statistical difference with the control group. With DAS, there was distinct difference in scores from before and after in terms of emotion, self- image, self report and humor, indicating that depressive tendency had reduced. Such results demonstrated that the group arts therapy does have positive impacts for depressive tendency of those children who are siblings of disabled children.

본 연구에서는 마음상태분석 모형(SOM model: States Of Mind model)을 통해, 부정적 자동적 사고와 긍정적 자동적 사고를 중심으로 학교 적응에 영향을 미치는 경조성 집단과 우울성향 집단, 통제 집단을 비교하였다. 561명의 여자고등학생을 중심으로 MMPI-A, 경조성 성격척도와 우울척도(BDI)를 실시하여 최종적으로 123명을 선별하였고, 경조성 집단, 우울성향 집단, 통제 집단으로 구성하였다. 이들 세 집단을 대상으로 학교적응척도와 역기능적 신념척도(SDBT), 청소년용 긍정적 자동적 사고 질문지(ATQ-P)와 부정적 자동적 사고 질문지(ATQ-N)검사를 실시하였다. 연구 결과로 첫째, 우울성향 집단이 다른 집단에 비해 학교 적응은 유의미하게 낮은 평균을 보여 부적응 수준이 높고, 역기능적 신념 척도에서 유의미하게 높은 평균으로 부적응을 시사하였다. 둘째, 학교 적응 하위 척도인 교우관계와 교사관계, 학교 적응 총점에서 경조성 집단과 통제 집단은 적응적이나, 우울성향 집단이 유의하게 부적응적이었다. 셋째, 마음상태분석(SOM) 모형의 범주에 따라 집단별로 보면, 경조성 집단과 통제 집단은 적응적인 ‘긍정적 대화(PD)’의 범주에 속했으며, 우울성향 집단은 ‘부정적 대화(ND)’의 범주에 해당되었다. 마지막으로 마음상태분석 비(SOM ratio)와 학교적응척도는 정적 상관을 보였고, 역기능적 신념은 부적 상관을 보였고, 논의 에서는 인지행동 치료적 관점에서 향후 연구과제에 대해 고찰하였다.

The present study examined, in the context of SOM(State Of Mind) model, the influence of balance between negative and positive automatic thoughts on school adjustment among high-school girls. 561 high-school girls were surveyed and 123 girls among them were screened by MMPI-A, hypomanic personality scale & Beck’s BDI. As a result, they were classified into hypomania, depressd, and normal group. The 3 groups who took school adjustment scale, the dysfunctional belief test, ATQ-P, and ATQ-N were participated in this study. The results were as follows: First, the significant difference was found in depression group than in hypomania and normal groups in school maladjustment and dysfunctional belief. Second, the total scores of school maladjustment as well as the score of relationships with teachers and peers in the subscales of school maladjustment were significantly higher in depressed group than in hypomania and control groups. Third, the SOM ratio of hypomania group and normal group were in range of ‘Positive Dialog’ and the SOM ratio of depressed group was in a range of ‘Negative Dialog’. Finally, The balance of automatic thinking played a significant role in school adjustment by showing significantly correlation between that dysfunctional belief, school adjustment scale, and SOM ratio. From the cognitive-behavior therapy view, the implication were suggested for the direction of further research.

본 연구의 목적은 정상군과 주요 우울 장애 환자군 및 제 1 형 양극성 장애 환자군의 외현적 자존감 수준과 Implicit Association Test(IAT)에 의해 측정된 내현적 자존감 수준을 비교하는 것이었다. 외현적 자존감 수준의 비교에 있어서는 정상인 113명, 관해기의 주요 우울장애 환자 30명, 역시 관해기의 양극성 장애 환자 32명을 대상으로 외현적 자존감 척도가 실시되었다. 암묵적 자존감 수준의 비교에 있어서는 정상인 20명, 주요 우울장애 환자 20명, 양극성 장애 환자 21명을 대상으로 자존감을 측정하는 암묵적 연합 검사를 받았다. 자존감 수준의 비교를 위해 일련의 변량분석과 사후검증을 진행하였다. 연구결과 정상군이 주요 우울장애군과 양극성 장애군에 모두에 비해 외현적 자존감 수준이 높은 것으로 나타났으며 암묵적 자존감 수준의 경우 정상군에 비해 양극성 장애군의 자존감 수준만 유의하게 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 의식적인 영향을 적게 받는 자존감 수준에 있어서는 양극성 장애군의 자존감이 정상군에 비해 낮을 가능성이 시사된다.

The aim of this study was to compare explicit self-esteem levels, measured by Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale(RSES), and implicit self-esteem levels, measured by the Implicit Association Test(IAT), between a control group, a major depressive disorder (MDD) group, and a bipolar I disorder (BD) group. Study participants completing the RSES included 113 normal control subjects, 30 patients with MDD in remission, 32 patients with BD in remission. An additional 20 normal control subjects, 20 MDD patients in remission, and 21 BD patients in remission completed the IAT. A series of ANOVAs and post hoc analyses were used to compare self-esteem levels among the groups. Results indicated that the normal control group reported higher explicit self-esteem than both the MDD and BD groups. Implicit self-esteem levels in the BD group were lower than those of the normal control. These results suggest that implicit self-esteem level, less impacted by self-consciousness than explicit one, in the patients with BD in remission may be lower than in control group subjects.

본 연구의 목적은 콜라주를 활용한 집단미술치료 프로그램이 통합어린이집 일반유아의 장애인식 및 수용에 미치 는 효과를 검증하는 데 있다. 연구대상은 경기도 소재 통합어린이집에 다니고 있는 만 5, 6세 유아들로, S 통합어 린이집 일반유아 10명, 장애유아 3명을 실험집단으로, Y 통합어린이집의 일반유아 10명, 장애유아 3명을 통제집 단으로 최종 선정하여 구성하였다. 본 연구의 목적을 위해 유아의 장애인식 및 수용에 관한 선행연구를 토대로 콜라주를 활용한 집단미술치료 프로그램을 계획하고, 내용타당도를 검증하여 실험집단에게 10회기의 프로그램을 실시하였다. 프로그램 효과 검증을 위하여 연구 대상에게 유아용 장애 인식 및 수용 척도를 실시하였고, SPSS 28.0 통계 프로그램을 이용하여 반복측정 분산분석(repeated measures ANOVA)으로 결과를 비교, 분석하였 다. 그리고, 양적분석 결과의 타당성을 보완하기 위해 관찰 및 기록을 바탕으로 집단미술치료 과정에서 나타난 장애인식 및 수용의 변화를 기술하였다. 본 연구의 결과, 콜라주를 활용한 집단미술치료 실시 후, 통제집단과 비교하여 실험집단의 일반유아의 장애인식과 장애수용도가 유의미하게 증가하였으며, 장애수용의 하위범주별 요인인 사회적 접촉에 대한 의지, 편견에 찬 대응 행동, 장애인에 대한 실제적인 접촉 행동에서 유의한 긍정적 효과가 나타났다. 본 연구 결과는 콜라주를 활용한 집단미술치료 프로그램이 통합환경 내 유아의 장애인식과 장애수용을 촉진할 수 있는 접근임을 보여주며, 일반유아의 올바른 장애인식과 장애 유아 수용도를 높이는 효과적 프로그램을 제시하여 통합교육의 기초 자료를 마련하였다는 데 본 연구의 의의가 있다.

The purpose of this study is to verify the effects of the group art therapy program using collage on the children’s recognition and acceptance towards disabilities in normal children at an integrated dayca re center. The subjects of the study were children aged 5 and 6 attending an integrated daycare center in Gyeonggi-do, 10 normal infants and 3 disabled children at S integrated daycare center as the experi mental group, and 10 normal children and 3 disabled children at Y integrated-preschool as the control group. For the purpose of this study, a group art therapy program using collage was planned based on previous studies on children's awareness and acceptance towards disability. 10 sessions were cond ucted to the experimental group by verifying the validity of the content. To verify the effectiveness of the program, the Children’s Disability Awareness and Acceptance Scale was administered to the study subjects, and the results were compared and analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA using the SPSS 28.0 statistical program. In addition, in order to supplement the validity of the quantitative analysis results, changes in awareness and acceptance towards disabilities that appeared in the group art therapy process were described based on observations and records. As a result of this study, after group art therapy using collage, the experimental group’s normal children awareness and accepta nce towards disability increased significantly compared to the control group. The significant positive effects were found in the willingness to social interactions, prejudiced response behaviors, and actual contact behaviors with the disabled, which are subcategories of acceptance towards disability. The results of this study show that the group art therapy program using collage is an approach that can promote awareness and acceptance towards disability on children in an integrated environment. also, it is significant that it provides basic data for integrated education by suggesting effective programs to increase the correct awareness and acceptance towards disabilities on normal children.

본 연구는 코로나 19 상황 속에서 미국의 선교적 교회의 사역에 대한 연구, 특히 새들백교회의 온라인 소그룹 사역을 중심으로 살펴본 것이다. 코로나19 상황 속에서 한국의 많은 교회들은 온라인 사역을 감당할 수 밖에 없는 상황속에 처하게 되었다. 그러나 사역의 방향성이나 사역을 위한 준비를 어떻게 해야 할지 몰라 어려움을 겪기 도 했다. 온라인 예배는 그나마 신경을 써서 감당을 했으나, 온라인 소그룹은 어떻게 인도하고 진행할지 몰라서 코로나 상황이 지나가기만을 기다리는 교회가 많았다. 그 러한 시행착오를 경험하면서 한국교회는 온라인 공간도 하나의 선교지가 될 수 있다 는 생각을 가지게 되었다. 온라인 사역에 대해서 좋은 모범을 보여주는 교회 중 하나 가 미국 캘리포니아에 있는 새들백교회(Saddleback Church)이다. 새들백교회는 500여 개가 넘는 사역을 모두 온라인으로 전환하면서 코로나 상황 속에서도 24,000명이 넘 는 세례자가 생겼다. 새들백교회는 제자도와 온라인 소그룹 사역에 탁월함을 보여주 고 있다. 이 논문은 새들백교회의 온라인 소그룹의 노하우를 살펴봄으로 디지털 미션필드 사역을 감당할 때 필요한 사역의 방향성과 실제에 대해서 나눠볼 것이다. 한국 사회의 교회에 대한 인식 변화를 살펴봄으로 앞으로 앞으로 선교의 방향성에 대한 고 민을 통해서 온라인 사역의 출발은 교인과 지역사회의 필요(felt-need)에서 출발해야 함을 살펴볼 것이다. 그러한 사역이 일회성의 사역이 아니라 앞으로 지향해야 할 방 향성이라는 생각으로 계속해서 사용할 수 있는 사역 커리큘럼의 온 디맨드(on-demand) 화 할 필요가 있다.

This study focuses on the work of missional churches in the United States amid the Covid-19 situation, especially the online small group of Saddleback Church. Amid the Covid-19 situation, many churches in Korea are forced to start online ministry. However, church also had difficulties because church did not know the direction of the ministry or how to prepare for the ministry. Online worship was handled with care, but there were many churches waiting for the Covid situation to pass because they did not know how to start and proceed with online small groups. Experiencing such trial and error, I came to think that online space could be a missional site. One of the churches that sets a good example of online ministry is Saddleback Church in California, USA. Saddleback Church has converted all more than 500 ministries online from offline, creating more than 24,000 baptists despite the Corona situation. Saddleback Church shows excellence in discipleship and online small group ministry. This research will examine the know-how of the online small group of Saddleback Church and share the direction and practice of the ministry necessary to handle the digital mission field. By looking at the change in the perception of the church in Korean society, we will consider the direction of missional work in the future and see that the start of online ministry should start with felt-need of believers and communities. It is necessary to on-demand the ministry curriculum, which can continue to be used with the idea that such a ministry is not a solution but a direction in the future.

In this paper, we will discuss on the above problem for the case that .upsilon. is a Riemannian foliation. If .upsilon. is a Riemannian foliation on (M, g), we derive some basic relations between the curvature $R^{D}$ of the normal connection D and the curvature R of the Levi-Civita connection .del. on (M, g) (see Lemma 1).).

The present paper extends the idea of tightened-normal-tightened sampling scheme to group acceptance sampling plans under the time truncated life tests. We consider three famous distributions that are widely used in the area of reliability such as the generalized exponential distribution, the Weibull distribution, and the Birnbaum-Saunders distribution in the proposed sampling plan. The plan parameters are determined such that the producer's risk and the consumer's risk are satisfied at the specified median life. Extensive tables showing plan parameters are provided at various values of the experiment time and the consumer's risk for each of three distributions for the practical use. Some examples are given to illustrate the procedure of the proposed plan.

Since there is evidence that human papillomavirus (HPV) may play some role in oral carcinogenesis, we investigated the presence of HPV in a group of Pakistani subjects with normal oral cavity using real-time PCR analysis. Two-hundred patients attending the Dental Department, Sandaman Provincial Hospital, Balochistan, Pakistan, were recruited. After interview, oral epithelial cells were collected by scraping and subjected to DNA extraction. The HPV-positive DNA samples were further analyzed using primer sets specific for HPV-16 and -18. It was found that out of 200 DNA samples, 192 were PCR-positive for the ${\beta}$-globin gene and these were subsequently examined for the presence of HPV DNA. Among these, 47 (24.5%) were HPV-positive with the virus copy number ranged between 0.43-32 copies per 1 ${\mu}g$ of total DNA (9-99 copies per PCR reaction). There were 4 and 11 samples containing HPV-16 and -18, respectively. Additionally, one sample harbored both types of HPV. Among the investigated clinical parameters, smoking habit was associated with the presence of HPV (p = 0.001) while others indicated no significant association. The prevalence of HPV in normal oral cavity in our Pakistani subjects appears to be comparable to other studies. However, the association between the presence of HPV and smoking warrants further investigations whether both of these factors can cooperate in inducing oral cancer in this group of patients.

This study sought to compare intake levels of major dish items and food groups between normal and obese Korean children in order to understand obesity-related eating behaviors. The study was also conducted to apply the information on the differences in major dish items and food groups found in this study to development of a brief food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for children's obesity-related eating behaviors. Finally, the developed FFQ was evaluated for reliability. A total of 290, 24-hour dietary recall data from 9-11 year-old normal or obese participants in the 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were reviewed to identity dish items and food groups showing outstanding differences between the normal and obese groups. Based on the level of intake amount between the two groups, a total of 7 items, including ddeokbokggi, spaghetti, ham roast, pork cutlet, dairy products & ices, kimchi, and fruits, were selected to be included in the FFQ. The former 5 items were seen to be consumed more in the obese group, while the latter 2 items were so in the normal group. The questionnaire was formatted into a frequency response section of a seven-category option and reference period of the last 7 days. Test-retest reliability of the developed FFQ was examined by administering it to 153, 9-11 year-old children at a public elementary school in Seoul twice at a month interval. The level of reliability was found to be reasonably high. In conclusion, this study suggests that high consumption of several high-calorie dish items and low consumption of kimchi and fruits may be important eating behaviors in relation to obesity risk among 9-11 year-old children who need nutrition educators' attention. The current study also implies that a simple FFQ can be utilized to reliably assess 9-11 year-old children's diets.

With comparison of maximum vertical reaction force and lower limb on drop landing between normal and flat foot group, this study is to provide fundamental data of the prevention of injury and the treatment of exercise which are frequently occurred on flat foot group's drop landing. The surface electrodes were sticked on lateral gastrocnemius muscle, medial gastrocnemius muscle, tibialis anterior and the drop landing on a force plate of 40cm was performed with a normal group who had no musculoskeletal disease and a flat foot group of 9 people who had feet examinations. Vertical reaction force were significantly statistically different between two groups(p<.001). Muscle activity of lower limbs in all three parts were not statistically different but showed high tendency on average in the flat foot group. The flat foot group had difficulties in diversification of impact burden and high muscle activity. Therefore, it was suggested that muscular strengthening of knee joints and plantar flexions of foot joints which were highly affected in impact absorption will be required.