Earticle

Studies were made to optimize the media composition in bag culture and conducted to determine the possibility of artificial cultivation of Auricularia auricula. Sawdust spawn of media composition for optimal growth were found to be oaksawdust 80%combination of 20% popla-sawdust were the best of the optimal combination. And optimal substrate combination were found to be cotton-seed meal combination of 10% wheat bran 5% mixed were the best of combination. The duration of spawn run period and primordial formation period on bag(1.2 kg) were 50 days and 7 days, respectively. The weight of fruiting body and the yield(100ea, 1.2 kg) of fresh fruit-body were 24 g and 45,000 g, respectively.

Because humans are spiritual beings, they are natural spirit communicators. Especially, mediums are believed to be able to communicate with deceased people in the spirit world or even God. If the physical structure of humans is something special that enables such spiritual communication, any spirit may be able to possess a cloned human body without its own spirit self, which allows exchanges of information between the physical and spirit worlds. Such spiritual activities in human brains can be monitored through brain waves using appropriate instruments, and possibly send signals back to the spirit world through human brains. It presupposes electromagnetic waves contain spiritual information at some frequencies or in the way they deviate from supposedly random white noise. Quantum physics introduced a new philosophy that observable phenomena can only be explained by assuming the existence of unobservable quantities expressed using imaginary numbers. Those unobservable quantities may exist in another set of dimensions exist that interact with the observable dimensions. Quantum computers utilize such quantum phenomena before they converge into macroscopic binary states. Therefore, using a quantum computer may allow interacting with the other dimensions, such as exchanging emails with deceased people in the spirit world or people who are still alive in the physical world.

현대 산업사회에 들어오면서 경제 선진국에서는 자살열풍이 불고 있다. 경제적으로는 풍 요로워지는 정신적으로 안정적인 것을 찾지 못하기 때문이다. 이런 심각한 자살 문제는 다 양한 사회적 병리 현상이 복합적으로 집약되어 나타난 결과이다. 연구자는 이런 현상의 근 본에는 근대의 정체성인 일상적인 삶의 긍정이 자리 잡고 있다고 생각한다. 아리스토텔레스 는 인간의 삶을 일상적인 삶과 좋은 삶으로 구분하고 있다. 찰스 테일러에 따르면 일상적인 삶은 노동과 생식과 관련된 삶이고 좋은 삶은 관조와 정치적 참여를 포함한다. 물론 일상적 인 삶을 유지 않고서는 좋은 삶을 추구할 수 없다. 그러나 단지 삶을 영위하는데만 관심을 가지는 존재는 인간이라고 할 수 없다. 노예와 짐승은 전적으로 삶을 영위하는데만 관심을 갖기 때문이다. 그러나 종교개혁을 통해서 이런 위계적 질서의 역전이 일어나고 일상적인 삶의 긍정이 근대를 거치면서 도덕적 선의 원천으로 기능하게 된다. 이는 모든 도덕적 선은 우리의 욕구만족에 의해서 결정된다는 결론을 함의한다. 연구자는 이런 전복이 역사적으로 어떻게 형성되었는지를 찰스 테일러의 논점을 바탕으로 요약정리하면서 이를 아리스토텔 레스의 행복 개념으로 어떻게 극복할 수 있는지에 대한 논의의 단초를 이 글에서 찾아보고 있다.

As we entered to the modern industrial society, a fever of suicide is blowing in the economically advanced countries. The reason is that they can't f ind a mentally s table thing, even though they a re economically rich . This serious problem of suicide is the result of the complex integration of various social pathological phenomena of our society. I believes that at the root of this phenomenon is the affirmation of everyday life, which is the identity of modernity. Aristotle divides human life into ordinary life(zen) and good life (eu zen). According to Charles Taylor, everyday life is a life related to work and reproduction, and a good life includes contemplation and political engagement. Of course, you cannot pursue a good life without maintaining a normal life. However, a being who is only interested in leading a biological life cannot be called a human being, since slaves and beasts are wholly interested i n m aking a l iving. H owever, t h rough t h e Reformation, t he reversal of this hierarchical order occurred, and the affirmation of everyday life functioned as a source of moral goodness through modern times. This implies the conclusion that all moral goodness is determined by the satisfaction o f o ur b iological n eeds. I a ttempt t o summarizes h ow t h is subversion has historically been formed based on Charles Taylor's thesis, and is looking for the beginning of a discussion on how to overcome it with Aristotle's concept of happiness in this article.

본 연구는 e스포츠 재미의 학문적 이해이다. e스포츠 재미의 이해는 e스포츠의 본질파악과 e스포츠의 학문적 내용 구성을 위한 출발점이다. 우리는 긍정적인 측면에서 e스포츠의 산업적, 경제적 측면을 생각하지만, 또 다른 부정적인 면에서는 중독, 과몰입, 시간낭비 등 부정적인 면을 언급한다. 하지만 그 해명의 출발점인 왜 e스포츠가 우리에게 재 미가 있는가에 대해서는 질문을 던지지 않는다. 사실 e스포츠 열광의 근본적인 이유가 재미에서 출발함에도 말이다. e스포츠 재미의 이해는 e스포츠가 갖는 부정과 긍정의 이중적인 면에 대해 좀 더 깊이 있는 이해를 가능하게 만들고, e스포츠가 갖는 부정적인 측면에 대한 근본적인 해결책도 찾을 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구는 e스포츠 재미의 연구를 담 론적 접근으로 진화심리학과 인지과학적 관점에서 검토하였다. 여기에서 우리는 ‘e스포츠의 재미는 죄가 없다’라고 설명하였다. 그리고 e스포츠의 재미는 경쟁이라는 수단과 매체의 특성인 복잡성의 탐색과 실패의 패러독스에서 나온 다는 사실을 검토하였다.

This study is an academic understanding of eSports fun. eSports fun is to the starting point for understanding the essence of eSports and organizing academic content of eSports. We consider the industrial and economic aspects of eSports on the positive side, but on the other negative side, we have a negative attitude such as addiction, overindulgence, and waste of time. However, we do not ask why eSports is fun as the starting point of the explanation. In fact, the fundamental reason for eSports enthusiasm and interest stems from its fun. Therefore, we need an academic understanding of eSports fun. Here we can also find a deeper understanding of the dual aspects of negativity and positivity that eSports has. In which we find the solution for negative aspects. In this study, from the perspective of evolutionary psychology and cognitive science, we explain that the fun of eSports is innocent. And the fun of eSports comes from instrument called as competition. And it shows paradox of failure having characteristics of the medium.

본 연구에 참여한 초등학교 학생들은 대부분 스타팅 블록을 사용하지 않고 단거리 스타트 학습을 받고 있다. 이에 스 타팅 블록 사용에 대한 연구 필요성을 갖고 단거리 스타트 방법을 Bunch, Medium, Free Start로 구분하여 학생선 수들에게 100m 달리기시 가속질주(30m), 전력질주(50m), 라스트 스퍼트(70m), 피니시(100m) 구간에서 속도변화에 대한 비교·분석을 통한 단거리 스타트 기술개선에 있다. 세부적으로는 주3회 2주간 육상 단거리 스타팅블록 사용 및 학습과제를 수행하고 구간속도를 측정하였다. 연구참여자는 학생선수 8명을 기록수준에 따라서 A, B그룹으로 구분하 였고, 연구결과는 두가지 측면에서 분석하였다. 첫번째는 30, 50, 70, 100m에 소요된 시간을 측정하여 평균 누적속 도를 분석하였고, 두번째는 100m 달리기를 출발후 0∼30m, 30∼50m, 50∼70m, 70∼100m의 소요된 평균속도를 분석하였다. 이러한 분석결과는 초등학교 기록 도전활동 수업에서의 단거리 스타팅블록 사용에 대한 효과적인 지도방 법에 대한 개선과 육상 100m 달리기시 구간속도에 대한 정보제공에 있다. 연구결과 스타팅블록을 사용한 스타트 방 법 Bunch, Medium Start에서 스타팅블록을 사용하지 않은 Free Start유형보다는 100m 경기의 세부 구간에서 전 체적으로 구간속도가 빠르게 나타났고 그중에서 Bunch Start가 상대적으로 속도가 빠르게 나타났다. 속도 감속율은 70m 이후 증가되었다. 기록단축을 위해서는 최고속도 발현지점과 유지구간을 향상시키고 스피드 지구력 강화훈련과 역학적인 스타팅블록 사용에 대한 수행과제 학습이 이루어진다면 기록단축이 향상될 것으로 사료된다.

This study compared the change of 100 m overall speed depending on the starting method of elementary school athlete students by each group, observed the starting area, accelerating run, spurt, fastest speed of each finish section, time to pass a section and speed decrease rate and found the following results. First, students of A and B groups showed faster section speed in the order of Bunch, Medium and Free Start for section speed at 30, 50, 70 and 100 m. Second, the section speed of 100 m at Bunch, Medium and Free Start was faster in the order of following sections: 30∼50 m, 50∼70 m, 70∼100 m and 0∼30 m. Third, B group showed relatively bigger decrease speed rate at the finish section. The students showed faster section speed with starting block method of Bunch and Medium Start than the Free Start method that doesn’t use starting block at 100 m sections. Bunch Start showed relatively faster speed. The speed decrease rate increased after 70 m. It is believed that improving the fastest speed area and maintaining area, speed endurance strengthening training and dynamic starting block usage could shorten the record time.

이 글은 듀이의 미학에서 형식이 갖는 역할과 의미를 고찰하는 데 목적이 있다. 듀이의 미학적 논의에서 대표적으로 언급되는 것은 경험과 표현의 문제이다. 그러나 실제적으로 경험을 ‘하나의 경험’으로 만들고, 표현을 단순한 방출과 구분해 향상된 표현으로 만드는 것은 형식이다. 형식은 경험의 완성과 향상된 표현이라는 전체적 관점 하에서 재료 또는 대상들의 관계성을 만들고 그것들을 배열, 적용, 조직화, 통합하는 역동적 역할을 수행한다. 일시적이고 공간적인 특징을 갖는 재료들은 형식에 의해 배열되고 적용되며, 방출되는 에너지 역시 형식에 의해 조직화되고, 매개체를 전체적인 관점에서 통합하는 것 역시 형식이다. 또한 형식은 감각적이고 물질적인 재료와 단절되어 그 자체로서 존재하는 본질적인 것이 아니라 오히려 재료의 특성들을 보유함으로써 객관성을 갖고, 이 객관성은 재료의 최종적인 예술작품의 특성상 공공성과도 밀접한 연관성을 갖는다. 따라서 듀이의 미학에 대한 충일한 이해를 위해서는 형식의 의미 고찰이 불가피하다.

The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the role and meaning of form in Dewey's aesthetics. The main content of Dewey's aesthetics is known as a matter of experience and expression. But actually we should find that form makes experience into an experience and expression into an enhanced expression which is widely different from mere acts of discharge. The relationship of materials or objects be made by form that is intimately related with whole standpoint including completive experience and enhanced expression. And the form performs dynamic roles that are arrangement, application, organization, integration, and so on. A material having a temporary and spatial characteristic changes into arrangement and application by the form. A discharging energy is organized by the form as well. Also the form integrates medium with a whole standpoint. The form don't exist by itself which is disconnected from the sensual and physical material. On the contrary, the form has objectivity with the nature of the material so that it discloses meaninglessness of a dichotomous way of thinking. The objectivity also has an affinity with publicity in nature of the material and a work of art. Thus Dewey's aesthetics gives us a significant account of how experience and art intersect with various functions of the form.

Many historical research and facet about modern art in Indonesia which formulating background of contemporary Indonesian Art. Indonesian art critic Sanento Yuliman states that Modern art has been rapidly developing in Indonesia since the Indonesian Independence in 1945. Modern Art is a part of the super culture of the Indonesian metropolitan and is closely related to the contact between the Indonesian and Western Cultures. Its birth was part of the nationalism project, when the Indonesian people consists of various ethnics were determined to become a new nation, the Indonesian nation, and they wished for a new culture, and therefore, a new art . The period 1960s, which was the beginning of the creation and development of the painters and the painters associations, was the first stage of the development of modern art in Indonesia. The second stage showed the important role of the higher education institutes for art. These institutes have developed since the 1950s and in the 1970s they were the main education institutes for painters and other artists. The artists awareness of the medium, forms or the organization of shapes were encouraged more intensely and these encouraged the exploring and experimental attitudes. Meanwhile, the information about the world's modern art, particularly Western Art; was widely and rapidly spread. The 1960s and 1970s were marked by the development of various abstractions and abstract art and the great number of explorations in various new media, like the experiment with collage, assemblage, mixed media. The works of the Neo Art Movement-group in the second half of the 1970s and in the 1980s shows environmental art and installations, influenced by the elements of popular art, from the commercial world and mass media, as well as the involvement of art in the social and environmental affairs. The issues about the environment, frequently launched by the intellectuals in the period of economic development starting in the 1970s, echoed among the artists, and they were widened in the social, art and cultural circles. The Indonesian economic development following the important change in the 1970s has caused a change in the life of the middle and upper class society, as has the change in various aspects of a big city, particularly Jakarta. The new genre emerged in 1975 which indicates contemporary art in Indonesia, when a group of young artists organized a movement, which was widely known as the Indonesian New Art Movement. This movement criticized international style, universalism and the long standing debate on an east-west-dichotomy. As far as the actual practice of the arts was concerned the movement criticized the domination of the art of painting and saw this as a sign of stagnation in Indonesian art development. Based on this criticism ‘the movement’ introduced ready-mades and installations (Jim Supangkat) . Takes almost two decades that the New Art Movement activists were establishing Indonesian Installation art genre as contemporary paradigm and influenced the 1980's generation like, FX Harsono, Dadang Christanto, Arahmaiani, Tisna Sanjaya, Diyanto, Andarmanik, entering the 1990's decade as “rebellion period”; reject towards established aesthetic mainstream i.e. painting, sculpture, graphic art which are insufficient to express “new language” and artistic needs especially to mediate social politic and cultural situation. Installation Art which contains open possibilities of creation become a vehicle for aesthetic establishment rejection and social politics stagnant expression in 1990s. Installation art accommodates two major field; first, the rejection of aesthetic establishment has a consequences an artists quest for medium; deconstruction models and cross disciplines into multi and intermedia i.e. performance, music, video etc. Second aspect is artists' social politic intention for changes, both conclude as characteristics of Indonesian Installation Art and establishing the freedom of expression in contemporary Indonesian Art until today.

이 글은 클레멘트 그린버그의 형식주의 미술비평의 근거와 그것이 내포하고 있는 문제점을 파악하기 위한 것이다. 그러나 이 글은 그린버그 자신의 형식주의 비평에 관한 기본 텍스트들을 정밀하게 분석한 체계적인 논문이라고 하기보다는 몇 가지 선행하는 연구 업적을 모델로 하여 그의 형식주의 미술비평의 윤곽을 나름대로 파악해 본 것으로서 탐색의 성격을 띤 글이라 할 수 있다. 모더니즘에 대한 그린버그의 견해가 가장 잘 나타나 있는 것으로 알려진 그의 에세이 ｢모더니즘 회화｣를 중심으로 하여 본론에서 확인된 사항을 정리한다면, 다음과 같다. ⑴ ｢모더니즘 회화｣(1965년)에서, 그린버그는 모더니즘의 본질이 “어떤 규준 자체를 비판하기 위하여-그것을 파기하기 위해서가 아니라, 그 권능이 미치는 영역 내에서, 그것을 공고하게 확립하기 위하여-그 규율에 독자적인 방법을 적용하는 데에 있다”고 했다. 그는 칸트를 모델로 하여 모더니즘을 “내부로부터 즉 비판되고 있는 것의 절차 자체를 통하여 비판하는 것”이라 하여 모더니즘을 ‘자기비판’으로 규정한다. 따라서 예술의 모더니즘도 이러한 ‘자기비판’으로서 규정된다. 요컨대 예술의 자기비판성은 평면성으로의 환원과 내재적으로 결부한다는 것이 그린버그의 모더니즘론의 요체이다. 모더니즘 회화는 자기비판의 결과 평면적이고 추상적인 것이 되어간다. 그리고 그린버그는 그것을 역사적으로 실증하는 데서 추상예술의 등장을 필연적인 것이라 보고 그것을 옹호했다. ⑵ 그린버그는 ｢모더니즘 회화｣에서 칸트를 ‘최초의 진정한 모더니스트’라 하여 ‘모더니즘 회화의 자기비판’의 모델이자 보증인으로 삼고자 하는 의도를 드러내고 있다. 이로써 칸트의 미학은 그린버그의 형식주의 비평의 기반으로서 밀접한 관계를 가진다. ⑶ 그린버그의 형식주의 미술비평의 기반이 칸트에 있기 때문에, 그린버그의 미술비평의 취약점 역시 칸트 미학의 취약점을 공유하지 않을 수 없다는 것이 확인된다. 또한 그린버그 자신에 의해 표명된 칸트 미학과의 관계가, 미술비평과 미학이라는 차원에서 근본적으로 연구되어야 할 필연성이 제기된다.

This study works on basis of formalistic art criticism in Clement Greenberg and related problems. Greenberg's view on Modernism is considered to be best reflected in his essay, 'Modernist Painting(1965)'. Here are main points of Greenberg's view on Modernism, focusing on 'Modernist Painting': 1) In 'Modernist Painting', Greenberg see the essence of Modernism' lies in the use of characteristic methods of a discipline to criticize the discipline itself not in order to subvert it but in order to entrench it more firmly in its area of competence.' He defines Modernism as 'self-criticism' which 'criticizes from the inside, through the procedures themselves of that which is being criticized.' He defines thus art as 'self-criticism', too. The essence of Greenberg's Modernism lies in the fact that 'self-criticism' of art is closely related to the return to the plane or two-dimension. In other words, Modernist paintings ended up to be plane and abstract as the result of 'self-criticism'. Greenberg supports abstract art, considering the advent of it as inevitable in the process of history. 2) In 'Modernist Paintings', Greenberg heralded Immanuel Kant as 'the first real modernist' and tried to find basis of 'self-criticism of Modernism' in his theories. With this, Kantian aesthetics began to be involved with Greenberg's formalistic art criticism. 3) The fact that Greenberg's formalistic art criticism is based on Kant's theory indicate its limits and weak points are necessarily attributed to those of Kant's. All these points lead to the necessity to study the co-relation of the two theories at the level of art criticism and aesthetics in principal.

Wireless sensor networks consist of sensor nodes which are expected to be battery-powered and are hard to replace or recharge. Thus, reducing the energy consumption of sensor nodes is an important design consideration in wireless sensor networks. For the implementation of an energy-efficient MAC protocol, a Sensor-MAC based on the IEEE 802.11 protocol, which has energy efficient scheduling, has been proposed. In this paper, we propose a Dynamic S-MAC that adapts dynamically to the network-traffic state. The dynamic S-MAC protocol improves the energy consumption of the S-MAC by changing the frame length according to the network-traffic state. Using an NS-2 Simulator, we compare the performance of the Dynamic S-MAC with that of the S-MAC protocol.

Intravenous lipid emulsion is used extensively as a major component of parenteral nutrition for patients in the surgical intensive care unit. Abnormal cardiovascular function related to lipid infusion has been reported although conflicting results exist. In the present study, we investigated the effects of intravenous emulsions of long-chain triglyceride (LCT) and medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) on myocardial ischemia/ reperfusion injury and on platelet aggregation in rat. There was no difference between LCT and MCT considering the effects on left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and coronary flow rate (CFR) before and after ischemia/reperfusion in isolated rat heart. On the other hand, a difference was found between LCT and MCT with regard to their effects on heart rate (HR) and end diastolic pressure (EDP) after ischemia/reperfusion. After ischemia/reperfusion, HR was significantly (P<0.05) reduced and EDP significantly (P<0.05) inc.eased by LCT (18$\pm$2.0% and 42.8$\pm$8.9%, respectively), but not by MCT Ex vivo platelet aggregation induced by collagen was reduced by LCT infusion, but not by MCT These findings suggest that MCT may have slightly more favorable effect than LCT on the myocardial function after ischemia/reperfusion in rat.

This study was performed to compare the performance of Sanita-Kun dry medium culture plate with those of traditional culture medium and Petrifilm dry medium culture plate for the enumeration of the mesophilic aerobic bacteria in milk, ice cream, ham, and codfish fillet. Mesophilic aerobic bacteria were comparatively evaluated in milk, ice cream, ham, and codfish fillet using Sanita-Kun aerobic count (SAC), Petrifilm aerobic count (PAC), and traditional plate count agar (PCA) media. According to the results, all methods showed high correlations of 0.989~1.000 and no significant differences were observed for enumerating the mesophilic aerobic bacteria in the tested food products. SAC method was easier to perform and count colonies efficiently as compared to the PCA and PAC methods. Therefore, we concluded that the SAC method offers an acceptable alternative to the PCA and PAC methods for counting the mesophilic aerobic bacteria in milk, ice cream, ham, and codfish fillet products.

Over the past decades, in vitro culture media have been developed to successfully support IVF embryo growth in a variety of species. Advanced reproductive technologies, such as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), challenge us with a new type of embryo, with special nutritional requirements and altered physiology under in vitro conditions. Numerous studies have successfully reconstructed cloned embryos of domestic animals for biomedical research and livestock production. However, studies evaluating suitable culture conditions for SCNT embryos in wildlife species are scarce (for both intra- and interspecies SCNT). Most of the existing studies derive from previous IVF work done in conventional domestic species. Extrapolation to non-domestic species presents significant challenges since we lack information on reproductive processes and embryo development in most wildlife species. Given the challenges in adapting culture media and conditions from IVF to SCNT embryos, developmental competence of SCNT embryos remains low. This review summarizes research efforts to tailor culture media to SCNT embryos and explore the different outcomes in diverse species. It will also consider how these culture media protocols have been extrapolated to wildlife species, most particularly using SCNT as a cutting-edge technical resource to assist in the preservation of endangered species.

The addition of growth factors and cytokines to in vitro culture (IVC) media could affect embryo development and the quality of the resulting blastocysts. The present study was performed to investigate the effect of porcine induced pluripotent stem cell (piPSC)-culture conditioned medium (CM) on the in vitro maturation (IVM) and development of parthenogentic embryos (parthenotes) in pigs. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) or activated oocytes were cultured in IVM or IVC medium supplemented with 0 (control), 25, or 50% of stem cell medium (SM) or CM, respectively. The maturation rate of CM-25% group was significantly improved when compared with control group (p<0.05), but that was not different among SM or CM groups. Blastocyst formation rate was significantly higher in CM-25% group (29.2%) than that of control (20.7%), SM-50% (19.6%) and CM-50% (23.66%, p<0.05). Cell number and the apoptotic cell index in blastocysts was significantly lower in SM-25% than in CM-25% group (p<0.05). The embryo quality related genes, OCT4, KLF4, TERT and ZFP42, were significantly increased in CM-25% group compared with control (p<0.05). In conclusion, the addition of 25% of CM to IVM and IVC medium positively influences not only the developmental potential also quality of parthenotes in pig.

This research improved the growth potential of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis strain JNU306, a commercial medium that is appropriate for large-scale production, in yeast extract, soy peptone, glucose, L-cysteine, and ferrous sulfate. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the components of this medium, using a central composite design and subsequent analyses. A second-order polynomial regression model, which was fitted to the data at first, significantly lacked fitness. Thus, through further analyses, the model with linear and quadratic terms plus two-way, three-way, and four-way interactions was selected as the final model. Through this model, the optimized medium composition was found as 2.8791% yeast extract, 2.8030% peptone soy, 0.6196% glucose, 0.2823% L-cysteine, and 0.0055% ferrous sulfate, w/v. This optimized medium ensured that the maximum biomass was no lower than the biomass from the commonly used blood-liver (BL) medium. The application of RSM improved the biomass production of this strain in a more cost-effective way by creating an optimum medium. This result shows that B. animalis subsp lactis JNU306 may be used as a commercial starter culture in manufacturing probiotics, including dairy products.

A hierarchical time division multiple access (HTDMA) medium access control (MAC) protocol is proposed for clustered mobile underwater acoustic networks. HTDMA consists of two TDMA scheduling protocols (i.e., TDMA1 and TDMA2) in order to accommodate mobile underwater nodes (UNs). TDMA1 is executed among surface stations (e.g., buoys) using terrestrial wireless communication in order to share mobility information obtained from UNs which move cluster to cluster. TDMA2 is executed among UNs, which send data to their surface station as a cluster head in one cluster. By sharing mobility information, a surface station can instantaneously determine the number of time slots in a TDMA2 frame up to as many as the number of UNs which is currently residing in its cluster. This can enhance delay and channel utilization performance by avoiding the occurrence of idle time slots. We analytically investigate the delay of HTDMA, and compare it with that of wellknown contention-free and contention-based MAC protocols, which are TDMA and Slotted-ALOHA, respectively. It is shown that HTDMA remarkably decreases delay, compared with TDMA and Slotted-ALOHA.

Purpose: An emerging trend in Asian higher education is English-medium instruction (EMI), which uses English as the primary instructional language. EMI prepares domestic students for international leadership; however, students report difficulty in learning, and educators have raised questions concerning the effectiveness of EMI. The flipped learning model (FLM), in which lecture and homework activities for a course are reversed, was applied to an English-medium course offered by a college of nursing in Korea. The aims of this study were to: 1) revise an existing English-medium nursing course using the FLM; 2) explore students' learning experiences and their acceptance of the FLM; and 3) identify key factors in the success of FLM. Methods: We used a descriptive, cross-sectional, mixed-methods design and the participants were students at one nursing school in Korea. A series of course development meetings with faculties from the nursing school and the center for teaching and learning were used to develop the course format and content. We conducted course evaluations using the Flipped Course Evaluation Questionnaire with open-ended questions and focus group interviews. Results: Students (N=75) in a 15-week nursing course responded to a survey after completing the course. Among them, seven students participated in one of two focus groups. Overall, students accepted and favored the flipped learning strategy, and indicated that the method enhanced lecture content and their understanding of it. Factors associated with effective instruction included structured monitoring systems and motivational environments. Conclusion: The FLM requires sufficient preparation to facilitate student motivation and maximize learning outcomes.

This study investigated the effect of a synergistic blend of free and buffered organic acid (FMP) on the performance of piglets born to sows supplemented with a blend of short- and medium- chain organic acids (SGG) during the late gestation and lactation period. A total of 150 multiparous sows (n = 50/treatment, Landrace × Yorkshire) were blocked (2.4 parity) and assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments: CON - corn-soybean meal-based basal diet, SGG-Low ? CON+ 1.5 kg/ton SGG, and SGG-High ? CON + 3kg/ton SGG. During weaning, 600 piglets (6.72 ± 0.5kg) which weaned from sows supplemented with 3 levels of SGG were allocated to 2 weaner diets (Control and FMP - 3kg/ton) following 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. Supplemental effects on performance were measured at d0?d21 and d 21?42, and the entire period. Pigs fed with FMP and born to sows supplemented with SGG-High gained more weight and ate more (p < 0.05) compared with those in the CON group in both phases, and with SGGLow in the second phase. Over the entire post-weaning period, piglets born to sows supplemented with SGG-Low and SGG-High had a higher average daily gain (ADG) and body weight (BW) (p < 0.05). Regardless of sow treatment, pigs fed with an FMP diet had higher ADG (p < 0.001), BW (p = 0.045), and a lower feed conversion ratio (p = 0.033). Also, feeding FMP diets reduced the fecal Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens counts at d42. The current study indicates that sows fed SGG supplement had a positive carry-over effect on the post-weaning growth rate, and FMP supplement enhances the growth performance and reduced the number of C. perfringens and E. coli. Thus, the application of 3 kg/ton of SGG in sows’ diet and subsequent feeding of piglets with FMP would be an effective strategy to improve growth rate and reduce pathogenic bacteria in post-weaned piglets.