Earticle

The aim of this study was to examine new materials and images in fashion collections of the 2000s to reveal the relationships between society, value, material, style and image and predict the fashion materials and images for the future from a fashion design perspective based on these analyses. Collections of the 2000s were selected from style.com. In case a new material was used for clothing, the social, fashion and value backgrounds for the new material were examined, and the intended image extracted. New fashion materials in the 2000s were found to be much lighter and softer and machine- washable. There were intellectual materials with particular functions and newly treated leather and silks. The images of the fashion collections of the 2000s can be divided into luxurious image, minimalist image, feminine image, ethnic image and futuristic image. In the future, demands for intelligent materials are expected to increase in a society of information. With globalization complete, ethnic style will only adopt traditional images but probably use new materials. Materials are expected to become even lighter and softer as technology advances and people pursue a healthy lifestyle, and with the importance of brands and designs, a variety of materials will be applied, mixed and matched in fashion.

현대미술에서 물질은 단순히 재료로서가 아닌 작품의 의미와 긴밀하게 연결되며, 물질 그 자체가 개념으로 제시되고 있다. 1960년대 물질성이 중요한 화두로서 인식되 며 신체도 물질의 범주에 포함되어 다루어진 이후, 현대미술 작가들이 그들의 작품에 서 물질을 다루는 다양한 방식들은 정의내리기 힘든 양상을 보여주고 있다. 연구자는 현대 미술에서 지속적으로 나타나고 있는 이러한 ‘불확정적(contingent)’ 양상이 작 품에서 다루어진 ‘과정(process)을 동반하는 물질성’을 통하여 드러나고 있다고 바라 보고 이를 분석한다. 이러한 ‘과정성’을 드러내는 현대미술 작품들을 통해 연구자는 신 체의 감각을 바탕으로 하는 재료로서의 물질과 신체를 물질로서 다루고 있는 현대미 술 작가인 리처드 세라와 프란시스 앨리스, 그리고 재닌 안토니의 작업을 중심으로 살 펴본다. 먼저 미술사에서 우연성 개념과 함께 중요하게 언급되는 마르셀 뒤샹 (Marcel Duchamp)의 <세 개의 표준 정지 장치(3 Standard Stoppages)>, (1914) 작업을 리처드 세라(Richard Serra)의 <1톤의 기둥(카드의 집)(One Ton Prop)>(1969) 작업과 함께 논의한다. 이는 엔트로피와 우연성 개념이 연구자가 논의 하고자 하는 논지의 바탕에 위치하고 있기 때문이다. 다음으로는 현대미술 작가 프란 시스 앨리스(Francis Alÿs)와 재닌 안토니(Janine Antoni)의 작품들을 분석한다. 세 작가들의 작업에서 각각의 개체들은 유한성을 지닌 구조에서의 긴장과 그리고 시 간의 흐름이 소멸로 이어지는 과정의 모습들을 보여준다. 이를 통해 가시적으로 과정 적인 변화가 드러나는 물질이 현대미술 작품 안에서 개념적으로 확장되어지는 의미 영역에 대하여 발견해볼 것이다.

In Contemporary Art, the material is not perceived as mere physical component but is closely connected to the concepts of the work, and the material itself can be presented as a concept. After the physical body became conceptualized as a material as the subject of “materiality” rose to prominence in the 1960s, the ways contemporary artists interact with material are becoming elusive. Such contingency is analyzed on the assumption that it is shown through “the materiality that is accompanied by the process” of the work. Through contemporary art that reveals ‘process’, the researcher focuses on the works of contemporary artists – Richard Serra, Francis Alÿs, and Janine Antoni, who deal with matter as a material based on the sense of the body and the body as matter. First, Marcel Duchamp’s <3 Standard Stoppages>(1914), one of the most prominent works in the history of art relating to “contingency”, is discussed with Richard Serra’s <One Ton Prop>(1969). The concept of entropy and contingency provides basis for the argument of this paper. Next, the works of Francis Alÿs and Janine Antoni are analyzed. The three artists explore tension within a finite structure and the lapse of ephemerality. Through this analysis, the extensibility of the materiality in contemporary art displayed through various media will be scrutinized.

재료의 융합을 통한 현대도예의 창작 가능성 실험연구, 현대 사회에서는 융합을 통한 새로운 가치의 창출이 새로운 흐름으로 대두되고 있다. 현대 도예가들 또한 다양한 재료와 타 매체와의 결합을 통해 새로운 예술개념의 확장을 시도하는 추세이다. 공예의 다양한 요소 중에서 재료는 필수 요소이자 가장 근간이 되는 표현요소이기에, 다양한 융합의 관점 가운데 재료 간의 융합에 대한 의의를 탐구하고자 한다. 또한 그중 가장 변형의 가능성이 높은 흙과 종이의 결합인 페이퍼클레이에 주목하여 직접적인 실험을 통해 재료와 작품제작 과정에서 창작 가능성을 탐구한다. 2장에서는 융합과 재료에 대한 개념과 의의를 제시하고 현대 도예에서 활용되고 있는 융합의 경향과 재료표현의 작품사례를 소개한다. 3장과 4장에선 앞선 분석의 구조 기반으로 페이퍼클레이 제작 및 시현을 통해 특성과 가능성을 살펴본다. 결과적으로 재료 간의 결합과 같은 융합 현상을 통해 현대도예가 추구해야 할 방향을 제시하고 발전을 위한 잠재적 가능성을 탐색 하고자 한다.

The Possibility of contemporary ceramics creation through the convergence of materials In modern society, the creation of new values through convergence is emerging as a new trend. Modern potters are also trying to expand a new concept of art by combining various materials with other media. In craft, materials are essential and the most fundamental elements of expression. Therefore, from the viewpoints of various fusions, the significance of the fusion between materials will be explored. Also, focusing on paperclay, which is the most likely to be transformed material, we explore creative possibilities in the process of producing materials and works. Chapter 2 presents the concept and significance of fusion and material properties, and introduce the trend of fusion used in contemporary ceramics as material expression. In Chapters 3 and 4, characteristics and possibilities are examined through paper clay production and presentation based on the structure of the previous analysis. As a result, it is intended to present the direction that modern ceramics should pursue through a fusion phenomenon such as bonding between materials in the future and to explore potential possibilities for development.

본 연구는 현대 패션에서 디자이너들의 감성과 주제를 표현하는 창의적인 매체로서 사용되는 스트링에관한 논문이다. 이 연구의 목적은 오늘날 패션에서 스트링이 어떻게 사용되고 있는지에 대해 유형 분석을통해 알아보고 이를 토대로 패션에서의 스트링의 미적 특성을 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구의 범위는 2000년 이후 현대 패션에서 사용된 스트링을 패션관련 서적과 패션전시 및 패션 퍼포먼스 영상 그리고 세계 4대 패션컬렉션에서 자료를 수집하여 활용하였다. 현대 패션에 나타난 스트링의 유형분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 기능을 위한 스트링으로 옷을 입고 벗기 편하게 하는 개폐 기능, 착용자의 움직임을 용이하게 하는 고정기능, 그리고 치수 변화에 따라 다양하게 착용 가능한 사이즈 조절 기능이 있었다. 둘째, 장식을 위한 스트링으로다양한 크기와 방향 그리고 색채와 결합되어 시선을 집중시키는 디자인 디테일 요소, 형태 변화를 통해 입체미를 표현한 실루엣 변형 요소 그리고 새로운 소재를 형성시켜주는 텍스쳐 구성 요소가 있었다. 셋째, 퍼포먼스 연출을 위한 스트링으로 빛을 활용한 발광 효과, 움직임에 의해 원근감을 형성하는 공간 확장 효과, 그리고 미디어와 결합하여 디자이너의 콘셉트를 표현하는 영상을 통한 효과가 있었다. 다음으로 스트링의 유형분석을 바탕으로 미적 특성을 살펴 본 결과, 스트링은 움직임으로 의상의 크기를 확장시켜 시각적인 개방감을느낄 수 있게 하였다. 또한 스트링의 유연한 성질은 새로운 질감을 형성시키고 독창적인 형태를 창출해내고있었다. 뿐만 아니라, 새로운 매체들과의 결합을 통해 작가가 전달하고자 하는 감성적 메시지를 예술적으로표현하고 있었다. 이 연구를 통해 현대 패션에서 스트링이 디자이너의 감성을 전달하는 표현 도구로써 사용되고 있으며 새로운 기술과 매체와의 결합을 통해 그 영역이 확장되고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

In the modern fashion, strings became creative mediums to reflect designers’ artistic subjects. The purpose of this study is to find out how strings are being used by analyzing types of strings and by looking into artistic features that strings have. The study looked into strings used after year 2000 and all of materials and references were collected from books, exhibitions, and fashion shows. Strings have three characters – the functional features, ornamental purposes and the one to body out artistic concepts that designers want to reflect. First, strings have a function of open and close. Second is known as the ‘fix and hold’. Third, it adjusts size of clothes. Strings are used to decorate clothes. First, it has design details which visually attract people’s eyes as string can be combined with lines, facets and colors. Second, strings can transform shapes of clothes by adjusting overall silhouettes. Third, strings sometimes become a new material visually as it can be mixed with other materials. Strings also reflect designers’ artistic concepts. First, designers make luminous effect by using strings with an optical fiber in a work to show future images of the fashion. Second, strings create stereoscopic spaces as strings move. Third, strings maximize designers’ identity by combining with visual sources produced by the mass media. The ductility of strings creates new textures and also transform into completely new shapes as strings can be tangled with each other. It also expresses designers’ emotional messages, meaning that strings are tools to reflect designers’ sensitivities. Likewise, the range of use for strings is consistently extending.

이 연구는 ‘환경과 나눔의 생활용품 만들기’단원의 대바늘뜨기, 코바늘뜨기, 십자수 의 재료, 용구, 기법을 연구 범위에 두고, 제1차 교육과정부터 현행 2009개정 교육과정의 실과교과서 및 전문서적에서 사용한 용어들을 비교･분석하여 표준 용어 기준안을 제안함으로써 실과교육 및 실과교과서 집필에 도움을 줄 수 있는 기초자료를 마련하는데 연구의 목적을 두고 수행되었다. 연구결과, 첫째 제1차 교육과정부터 2009개정 교육과정의 실과교과서에 사용된 대바늘, 코바늘, 십자수와 관련된 용어들이 매우 다양하게 혼용되어 있어 표준안의 필요성을 확인할 수 있었다. 둘째, 전문서적들에 사용된 대바늘, 코바늘, 십자수와 관련된 용어들은 대바늘, 코바늘, 십자수 용어가 통일되었고 교과서에 비해 재료나 다루는 기법이 더 구체적이었으나 십자수의 경우 외래어를 사용 정도가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 제시된 표준용어 기준안은 사용빈도, 학습자수준, 한글표기를 고려하여 대바늘뜨기 8 개, 코바늘뜨기 9개, 십자수 15개의 용어를 재료, 용구, 기법으로 분류하여 제안하였다. 이 연구의 결과를 토대로 후속 연구와 실천을 위한 제언을 하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 이 연구의 결과에서 제시된 용어들이 실과교육에 적용될 뿐만 아니라 특히 2015 실과교과서 개발을 진행하고 있는 교과서 개발위원들이 교과서 집필에 반영할 것을 제안한다. 둘째, 이 연구는 5,6학년 실과교과서 여러 단원 중 하나의 중단원만 분석하였다. 따라서 여타 단원에서의 용어표준화에 대한 분석이 후속적으로 이루어져 실과교육 전반에 사용되는 용어들이 표준화되어 2015 교육과정에 기반을 둔 교과서의 집필에 기여할 수 있기를 바란다.

This study was carried out for the purpose to provide criterion for standardized terminologies for materials, tools and techniques of knitting with bamboo needle, crochet needle, cross-stitch found in 'Environment and Sharing of Life Supplies Making' chapter, by comparing and analyzing terms used in Practical Arts textbooks and technical books published from 1st Curriculum to current 2009 revised Practical Arts curriculum. The conclusion obtained from this study were as follows. First, the usage of related terms of bamboo needle, crochet needle, cross-stitch in Practical Arts textbook published from 1st Curriculum to current 2009 revised Practical Arts curriculum. was mixed, hence proposition of standardized terminology is confirmed to be adequate. Second, related terms of bamboo needle, crochet needle, cross-stitch in technical books are unified and treatment of materials and techniques is more detailed compared to that of textbooks, but in case of cross-stitch, foreign word usage is found to be frequent. Third, the proposed criterion for standardized terminology includes eight knitting with bamboo needle, nine knitting with crochet needle, fifteen cross-stitch terms and is categorized by material, tool, technique while considering frequency of usage, learner ability and Korean transcription. Based on the results of this study proposition for future research and applications are as follows. First, proposed terminology in this study are applied in Practical Arts eduction and committee for 2015 Practical Arts textbook development should be encouraged to use it. Second, this study focuses on one of many chapters in 5th and 6th grade elementary school practical arts textbook. Hence, future efforts on standardization of terminology in other chapters and contribution to the authorship of textbook based on 2015 curriculum are strongly encouraged.

본 연구는 현대 건축에서 재현되고 있는 이미지에 대한 문제를 대지와 공간과의 관계에서 의미를 되새겨보는 것을 중심으로, 그것이 지니고 있는 본질적인 문제에 대해서 접근한다. 특히 본 연구는 2000년 이후 현대 건축에서 많이 적용되고 있는 ‘디지털 건축(Digital Architecture)’을 통해서 물질의 시각적인 측면이 가져 온 결과를 비평적인 측면에서 논의를 전개하고, 그것을 바탕으로 대지와 공간과의 관계를 통하여 가상이 아닌, 실상의 이미지가 공간과 얽힘의 변증법으로 장소의 의미를 재조명하는 것을 연구의 목적으로 한다. 이를 위하여 본 연구는 실존적인 관점에서 가상공간이 지니고 있는 문제점에 대해서 접근하며, 관찰자의 체험과 연계된 공간의 이미지가 생성되어야 함을 논의함과 동시에 이에 대한 구체적인 건축적 사례를 살펴보는 것으로 한다.

This study is to review the issues associated with the images that are reappeared in the modern architecture from the perspective of relationships between the space and site, ultimately, approaching its fundamental issues. Especially this study focused on the ‘Digital Architecture’ that is tended to commonly apply in contemporary architecture since 2000 to discuss the results from the visual aspects of materials from the critical aspect. Based upon this, the purpose of this study, therefore, is to relight the meaning of space from the dialectics of a real image tangled up with the space, rather than the virtual image, through the relationship between the space and site. To do this, this study is to approach the issues associated with the virtual space from the existential perspective and to discuss the necessity of creating a space related to observer’s experiences, as well as examining the architectural cases in detail.

Language is human life beyond communication. The purpose of teaching language culture is to acquire and aware the target language culture as way of life. The contents of teaching language culture is classified in four domains; knowledge, experience, performance, and attitude. And the learning-teaching process of teaching language culture is performed in four constituents: aim, material, instruction, and evaluation. Knowledge is structural and propositional, so the learning-teaching process put the focus on the comprehension by explanation. Experience comes through meaning of reality, therefore, the process of learningteaching for experience should intend to spread the meaning of the way of Korean language life at various language activities. Performance needs the ability of practice in real language life, for that reason, learning-teaching process of Korean language culure have to emphasize the context of language activities. Attitude is formed by the identity of individuals, accordingly the learning teaching process must note the procedural rationality. The study of teaching Korean language culture must consider the organic connections of the rationales, the contents, and the methods for the education. The theories of literature are helpful for the awareness and explanation of Korean language culture, and the language of Korean literary works are useful for the acquisition and exercise the Korean language culture as proto-typal one.

On the purpose of accomplishing Sustainable development, economic sectors concern that they should mutually make every effort with not domestic but international view. This paper presents the importance of Material Flow Accounts (MFA), micro MFA and macro MFA, MFA index for sound material-cycle society and surveys about some developed countries conducting MFA as one of Environmental Resource Account. Because the MFA informs relation between resources and production activities, the MFA is a raw data of analysis for using, controlling and circulating many resources effectively, that is, those activities promotes more reasonable using of limited resources. MFA will be contained in Material Management System (MMS) that will contribute to introduce advance technology and construct sound material-cycle society producing some commodities with reasonable quantities of raw material and energy. Therefore the MFA is the one of important basic data for completing the MMS.

이 논문에서는 하이브리드 시뮬레이션 방법인 Material Point Method에서 초탄성체의 파괴를 현실적으로 모 델링하기 위한 항복 조건 적용 방법을 제안한다. 이 시뮬레이션 방법에서는 물체에 외력이 작용하면 내 부 응력이 발생하며, 응력이 높아지면 물체의 형태가 변화하고 파괴가 발생한다. 그러나 기존의 Material Point Method에서는 파괴가 발생하는 기준이 존재하지 않아 초탄성체의 변형을 적절하게 처리할 수 없는 문제가 있다. 이에 대한 해결책으로 초탄성체를 이루고 있는 입자의 부피에 따른 항복 조건을 적용하여 초탄성체가 외력에 의해 파괴되는 과정을 현실감 있게 표현하였다.

The current study investigated the impact of using iron and plastic crates during summer transportation on production, physiological characteristics, and welfare of broiler chickens. A total of 160 Ross 308 male broilers were randomly selected from a battery-caged house at 35 days of age. Their average body weight was 1,866.62 ± 36.048 g (mean ± SEM). Broilers were crated into fixed iron crates with 1.00 m (length) × 0.78 m (width) × 0.26 m (height) and plastic crates with 0.82 m (length) × 0.57 m (width) × 0.29 m (height) dimensions at 173 cm2/kg densities. Afterward, they were transported in the early morning at an average speed of 30?50 km/h for 40 minutes under 30℃ and 40% relative humidity, completing a total distance of 20 km. Body weights were recorded before and after completing the journey. Following the weighing of birds, blood samples were collected for blood metabolite (cortisol, glucose, and lactate) analysis. Cervical dislocation was performed to euthanize broilers followed by breast and drumstick collection. Dressing, drumstick, and breast meat were calculated as percentages whereas respiratory frequencies were measured as the number of breaths per minute. Collected breast meat samples were utilized to analyze physiochemical parameters such as pH, color (CIE L*, a*, b*), water holding capacity, and cooking loss. Results from skin temperature assessments showed higher temperatures (p < 0.05) in broilers that were loaded into iron crates, both before (iron, 41.23 ± 0.610℃; plastic, 39.25 ± 0.065℃) and after (iron, 43.53 ± 0.723℃, and plastic, 41.63 ± 0.132℃) completing the journey. However, total skin temperature change was not significantly affected. Importantly, stress-indicating blood metabolite analysis revealed that glucose and lactate levels were lower (p < 0.05) in broilers transported in plastic crates. Nevertheless, cortisol levels remained unaffected by crate materials. Furthermore, transit losses, carcass characteristics, and physiochemical properties were also unaffected despite the dissimilar crate types. In conclusion, the study revealed that plastic is the more advantageous crating material compared to iron. Besides, plastic crates ensure meat quality and animal welfare, as evidenced by blood metabolite levels and skin temperature after transit.

Neurogenic bladder is common in most spinal cord injury patients. Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) is recommended in these patients to detect urinary tract complications. However, rare but serious complications may occur during VCUG, although VCUG is generally safe. There are several case reports of bladder rupture occurring in pediatric patients. Here, we report the first case of iatrogenic bladder rupture in an adult spinal cord injury patient in Korea. Particularly, extravasation of contrast without manual instillation has hardly ever been reported. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of bladder rupture without manual instillation during VCUG. We report a case of a 59-year-old female with paraplegia due to tuberculous spondylitis who underwent VCUG as a part of routine evaluation of neurogenic bladder. Extravasation of the contrast media during VCUG developed as a complication and the patient recovered spontaneously without any intervention. Therefore, VCUG should be performed properly in chronic spinal cord injury patients.

Purpose: To create and validate educational material for patients undergoing orthognathic surgery. Methods: The design included five phases: (a) a review of the literature regarding surgical complications; (b) gathering information on the needs of patients through blogs and virtual communities; (c) evaluating patient perceptions of the post-operative period through a focus group; (d) obtaining information through specialists using the Delphi technique and validation by judges; and (e) validation by patients in terms of understanding the exhibited material. Results: The first three phases of the study and the first round of the Delphi technique assisted in generating the perioperative patient booklet. The following rounds of the Delphi technique introduced modifications to improve the material, with the judges agreeing on the final material to be validated by patients. Conclusion: Creating a booklet involves more than simply writing summarized ideas on a paper and handing it to the patient. One must understand the population, involve the relevant professionals, and obtain high-quality graphic aids for this type of educational material.

The effect of different commercially available bedding materials on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of ducks for 42 days was investigated. 336 one-day-old White-Pekin ducklings (60.48 ± 0.16 g) were randomly allocated into 24-floor pens with one of the three beddings namely i) coco peat, ii) rice husks, or iii) sawdust. 14 ducklings per pen and 8 replicate pens per bedding material were used. Birds were fed a starter diet from days 1?21 and a grower diet from days 22?42. Weekly growth performance evaluation was conducted for the average body weight, weight gains, daily feed intake, and feed conversion efficiency. One bird per pen was sacrificed on day 42 for the evaluation of carcass characteristics including the carcass, breast, and leg muscle percentages. Breast and leg muscle samples were then collected and analyzed for their proximate and pH values. Higher body weights (p < 0.05) were noticed with rice husks on day 42 only. Improved daily gains (p < 0.05) were also noticed for birds raised with rice husks over the entire period (days 1?42). Concerning feed intake, higher values (p < 0.05) were similarly noted with rice husks for the grower phase (days 22?42), and the entire experimental period (days 1?42). Marginally improved feed intake values were also noted with the use of rice husks as the bedding materials on day 42 (p = 0.092). Improved feed efficiency (p < 0.05) was noticed with rice husks on day 35, the grower period, and the entire 42-day period. However, no significant differences were noticed for most of the carcass characteristics that were evaluated. Nevertheless, higher (p < 0.05) pH values for the breast muscle were noticed with the use of coco peat and sawdust as the bedding. Conclusively, the bedding type could have a significant impact on the growth performance of ducks without adverse effects on carcass characteristics. The use of rice husks as bedding might be advantageous and is therefore recommended.

This paper introduces several waste material processing by means of fine grinding followed by chemical and/or physical operation or reaction: The first example consists of grinding the dust produced in a power station using a heavy oil as a fuel, following water rinsing to extract V from the electric precipitation (EP) dust. The second is to extract indium (In) from ITO scrap produced by a sand-blasting using Al2O3 powder, followed by grinding by a planetary mill in air. The third is to extract rare earths (Y, Eu, La, Ce and Tb) from fluorescent lamp wastes which contain Y, Eu, La, Ce and Tb-compounds. Leaching the fluorescent powder using 1N HCl solution at room temperature after grinding of the powder in air using a planetary ball mill was conducted. The fourth example is to dechlorinate polyvinyl-chloride (PVC) and defluorination of PVDF. The final example is to recover the energy in biomass in form of hydrogen by solid-state reaction of cellulose with hydroxide additives with aid of MC treatment.

도심지에서 발생하는 생활폐기물들은 재활용 가능한 목재나 iron 등을 분리시킨 후 소각장으로 보내지기 때문에 자기류나 유리류 그리고 가장 많은 양을 차지하고 있는 가연성 물질로 존재하게 된다. 하지만 소각 전 분리 공정에도 불구하고 생활폐기물에서의 iron의 함유량은 약 3~11%에 달하고 있다. 이러한 iron은 소각로에서 소각 처리될 경우 약 1000oC의 온도(로의 내부 온도)에서 산화반응에 의해 표면에 산화물 층을 형성하게 된다. 소각된 바닥재는 water-cooling 냉각 처리를 통해 냉각되며 물과 접촉한 iron 표면의 산화물 층은 심한 붕괴가 일어나 부식작용이 더욱 활발히 일어나며 많은 양의 ferrous material(Fe3O4, Fe2O3, FeS2)을 생성하게 된다. 이러한 iron과 ferrous material은 산화·환원 작용에 의해 부피변화를 일으키기 때문에 시멘트 골재 등으로의 재활용 시 많은 문제점을 일으킬 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 소각 바닥재를 이용하여 각 입도별 자력선별에 따른 ferrous material의 분리특성에 대해 연구하였다. 그 결과 전체 바닥재의 약 18.7%(ferrous product; Fe3O4, Fe2O3, FeS2, iron)가 자력선별(자력세기:3800gauss)에 의해 분리 되었으며 1.18mm이상의 입도에서 전체 ferrous product의 87.7%가 분포하였다. iron의 경우 전체 바닥재의 약 3.8%의 함유량을 보였으며 1.18mm이상의 입도에서 전체 iron의 99%이상이 존재하였다.

The bottom ash of municipal solid waste incineration generated during incineration of municipal solid waste in metropolitan area consists of ceramics, glasses, ferrous materials, combustible materials and food waste and so on. Although the ferrous material was separated by the magnetic separation before the incineration process, of which content accounts for about 3~11% in bottom ash. The formation of a Fe3O4-Fe2O3 double layer (similar to pure Fe) on the iron surface was found during air-annealing in the incinerator at 1000oC. A strong thermal shock, such as that takes place during water-cooling of bottom ash, leads to the breakdown of this oxidation layer, facilitating the degradation of ferrous metals and the formation of corrosion products and it existed as Fe2O3, Fe3O4 and FeS2. So, many problems could occur in the use of bottom ash as an aggregate substitutes in construction field. Therefore, in this study, the separation of ferrous materials from municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash was investigated. In the result, the ferrous product(such as Fe2O3, Fe3O4, FeS2 and iron) by magnetic separator at 3800gauss per total bottom ash (w/w.%) accounted for about 18.7%, and 87.7% of the ferrous product was in the size over 1.18mm. Also the iron per total bottom ash accounted for about 3.8% and the majority of it was in the size over 1.18mm.

Purpose: This study investigates the prevalence and factors associated with the consumption of sexually explicit Internet material (SEIM) among adolescents and young adults in Cambodia. Methods: Utilizing a cross-sectional study design, data were collected through a survey administered to 1,271 participants. The survey focused on measuring SEIM consumption, sexual sensation seeking, perceived reality of SEIM, and sexual attitudes. Findings: The study revealed a SEIM prevalence of 27.2%, with notably higher rates among males (35.5%) than females (18.6%). Significant predictors of SEIM consumption included being male, having a father with a middle-level education, engaging in alcohol or substance consumption, spending more than five hours daily on electronic devices, having friends with sexual experience, frequent thoughts about sex, a heightened interest in sex compared to peers, perceiving SEIM as realistic, and maintaining a permissive attitude towards sex. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of implementing education programs to address SEIM consumption and its potential risk factors. Such initiatives are crucial for preventing the use of SEIM among Cambodian youth, promoting a healthier understanding of sexuality, and fostering responsible online behavior.

Background: A nondestructive test is commonly used to inspect the surface defects and internal structure of an object without any physical damage. X-rays generated from an electron accelerator or a tube are one of the methods used for nondestructive testing. The high penetration of X-rays through materials with low atomic numbers makes it difficult to discriminate between these materials using X-ray imaging. The interaction characteristics of neutrons with materials can supplement the limitations of X-ray imaging in material discrimination. Materials and Methods: The radiation image acquisition process for air-cargo security inspection equipment using X-rays and neutrons was simulated using a GEometry ANd Tracking (Geant4) simulation toolkit. Radiation images of phantoms composed of 13 materials were obtained, and the R-value, representing the attenuation ratio of neutrons and gamma rays in a material, was calculated from these images. Results and Discussion: The R-values were calculated from the simulated X-ray and neutron images for each phantom and compared with those obtained in the experiments. The R-values obtained from the experiments were higher than those obtained from the simulations. The difference can be due to the following two causes. The first reason is that there are various facilities or equipment in the experimental environment that scatter neutrons, unlike the simulation. The other is the difference in the neutron signal processing. In the simulation, the neutron signal is the sum of the number of neutrons entering the detector. However, in the experiment, the neutron signal was obtained by superimposing the intensities of the neutron signals. Neutron detectors also detect gamma rays, and the neutron signal cannot be clearly distinguished in the process of separating the two types of radiation. Despite these differences, the two results showed similar trends and the viability of using simulation-based radiation images, particularly in the field of security screening. With further research, the simulation-based radiation images can replace ones from experiments and be used in the related fields. Conclusion: The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute has developed air-cargo security inspection equipment using neutrons and X-rays. Using this equipment, radiation images and Rvalues for various materials were obtained. The equipment was reconstructed, and the R-values were obtained for 13 materials using the Geant4 simulation toolkit. The R-values calculated by experiment and simulation show similar trends. Therefore, we confirmed the feasibility of using the simulation-based radiation image.

Physical and chemical investigations were conducted on lime sample from Anak Tomb No.3 to determine the properties of the plaster material. The morphological and physical characteristics of the specimens were analyzed using both a microscope and a polarizing microscope. The constituent materials were identified through X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer, and the qualities of the mixed material were established through thermal analysis. Additionally, micro-computed tomography was used to non-destructively confirm the internal structure and density characteristics. The lime sample was recognized as a lime plaster material with two unique layers. Each layer shows variations in material properties. It is speculated that this lime specimen was used to finish the edges of the authentic wall within Anak Tomb No.3. Through the synthesis of various morphological attributes and physical properties; the whiteness, durability, thinness, and repetition of the layers, as well as smoothness of the lime plaster used for Anak Tomb No. 3 indicate that a high level of lime wall plastering technique was used in Goguryeo Tomb. It was possible to evaluate the refined level of lime wall manufacturing technology in the Goguryeo era.

This study examined the production technique of bracket murals in Daeungjeon Hall, Gaeamsa Temple by conducting a analysis of their wall structure, material characteristics, and painting layers. Wall was a single-branch structure with support layer, middle layer, finishing layer, and painting layer. The support layer, middle layer and finishing layer, were produced by mixing sand (quartz, feldspars etc.), and loess. The ratio of above medium sand to below fine sand was approximately 0.7 : 9.3 in the support layer, 4 : 6 in the middle layer and 6 : 4 in the finishing layer, which had a more percentage of above medium sand than the support layer. The analysis of the painting layer showed that natural soil pigment was used to establish a relatively ground layer of up to 50 μm, and pigments such as Lead sulfate, atacamite and mercury sulfide were painted on top of the layer. This study’s results confirmed that the bracket mural paintings in Gaeamsa Temple are within the category of the production style of murals during the Joseon period. However, the points that the middle layer was formed several times, the significant difference in particle size distribution between the wall, and the absence of chopped straw in the support layer are a feature of bracket mural paintings in Gaeamsa Temple. These properties of murals as material and structure may be viewed for correlation with the degree of damage to wall structure of mural painting and would serve as an important reference to diagnosis the conservation conditions of murals or prepare conservation treatments.