Earticle

This study aims to review the concept of criticality in order to establish designation criteria and classification frameworks for critical infrastructure in crisis and emergency management. As threats such as climate change, cyberterrorism, and large-scale disasters intensify, the study argues that undifferentiated infrastructure management weakens protection capacity and disperses limited resources. This paper positions criticality as the core theoretical lens and evaluation criterion for identifying CI. Criticality is conceptualized as a multidimensional property that goes beyond simple importance to include irreplaceability, cascading effects, vulnerability, and resilience. To operationalize this concept, the study presents three analytical categories, Significance(essentiality, impact, public confidence), Continuity(decisive point, substitutability, resilience capacity), and Conditions(vulnerability, interdependency, legal and regulatory mandates, resource dependence). Together, these elements form an integrated framework that provides a scientific and policy-oriented basis for distinguishing CI from GSI and for prioritizing protective strategies.

본 연구는 에너지 분야(전력, 가스, 석유)의 국가핵심기반 재난 발생 시 지역사회가 겪는 연쇄적 피해를 분석하기 위한 시스템 다이내믹스 모형을 개발하였다. 또한 인천광역시를 사례지역으로 설정하고, 국가 핵심기반 재난 시 시설의 기능 복구 여부와 지역의 방재자원 동원 수준을 조합한 총 12종의 시나리오를 대상으로 지역사회 피해를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 국가핵심기반 기능 간 상호연계성으로 인해 단일 기능의 국가핵심기반에서 발생한 재난이 타 기능의 시설 서비스 공급까지 영향을 미치며, 상호연계성이 클수록 지역사회 피해 규모가 증가할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 방재자원 확보 및 투입 기준을 단순히 평시 공급량 기준이 아닌 지역사회가 경험할 수 있는 최대 피해 수준에 기반하여 설정할 경우, 지역사회 피해 완화 효과가 더 크게 나타났다. 본 연구에서 개발한 시스템 다이내믹스 모형은 지방자치단체의 정책결정자가 재난 대응 전략뿐 아니라 사전 대비 및 자원 배분 전략을 수립하는데 실질적인 근거를 제공할 수 있는 분석 도구로서, 향후 효과적인 재난관리 의사결정을 지원하는데 기여할 수 있다.

This study develops a system dynamics model that analyzes cascading damage to local communities caused by disasters affecting national critical infrastructures (NCIs) in the energy sector, including electricity, gas, and oil. Using Incheon metropolitan city as a case study, the model assessed community-level damage across 12 scenarios that combine infrastructure recovery conditions with local disaster prevention resource mobilization. The results indicate that a disaster affecting a single infrastructure can propagate to others due to interdependencies among NCI functions, thereby amplifying community-level damage. Moreover, mobilization standards based on potential maximum damage, rather than normal supply capacity, yielded greater damage mitigation. The proposed system dynamics model can serve as a practical analytical tool for local policymakers by providing empirical support for both emergency response strategies and pre-disaster planning.

This study focuses on how responsibility and interdependent relationships between the individual and the community are delineated in Toni Morrison’s Beloved. Morrison persistently describes how the black community is potentially responsible for Sethe’s crime of infanticide because of their irresponsible neglect to warn her of the approaching white slave-catchers. This tragedy transforms Sethe’s house at 124 into a house haunted by the ghost of her dead baby and more symbolically into a burial site for communal trauma and rememory. This paper discusses how the haunted individual and community can be remedied by embracing their fragmented bodies which have been traumatized by the violence of slavery. When Baby Suggs in the Clearing encourages the black community to accept and love their fragmented bodies as part of the individual’s and the community’s freed subjectivities, the black fragmented bodies do not only expose individual vulnerability but also provide a foundation for communal bonding. The image of communal bonding is epitomized when a group of 30 black women claims their fragmented bodies as a site of resistance and sings a powerful requiem that grieves for the un-remembered, ignored black slaves who were denied their life’s worth under the institution of slavery.

위탁자가 주택을 임대한 후 임차인이 대항력을 취득한 상태에서 위탁자 가 임대주택을 신탁한 경우에 수탁자가 주택임대차보호법 제3조 제4항의 양수인에 해당하므로 임차인은 양수인인 신탁자에게 임대차보증금의 반환 등을 주장할 수 있으며 대항력 및 우선변제권을 주장할 수 있다. 신탁재산에 대해 수탁자가 대내외적 소유권을 취득하므로 임차인이 수 탁자와 임대차 계약을 체결하고 전입신고 및 확정일자를 받았다면, 임차 인은 대항력 및 우선변제권을 취득한다. 소유권이 없는 위탁자가 적법한 임대권한 없이 임대한 후 신탁계약의 종료 등에 의해 위탁자가 소유권을 취득하였다면 그 임차인은 주택의 새 로운 양수인에게 임차권으로 대항할 수 있다. 한편 대법원 2022. 2. 17. 선고 2019다300095 판결에 의하면 신탁 후 위 탁자가 수탁자의 동의를 얻어 임대차계약을 체결하였는데 신탁원부에 공 시된 신탁계약서에서“신탁기간 중 임대차 계약기간의 만료 또는 임대차계 약의 해지 등으로 인하여 임대인 명의를 위탁자로 하는 새로운 임대차계 약을 체결하는 경우 제9조 제2항에 따라 수탁자의 사전승낙을 득하여야 한다. 이 경우 수탁자는 임대차계약과 관련하여 권리의무를 부담하지 않 으며, 제18조의 경우에 임차인에 대한 인도청구 등 수탁자의 조치사항을 임대차계약서에 명기하여야 한다.”고 규정하고 있다면 임차인은 수탁자 및 수탁자로부터 소유권을 넘겨 받은 제3자에게 임차권으로 대항할 수 없 다. 그러나 신탁법상의 신탁원부에 의한 대항력이 임차인을 보호하기 위 해 형성된 모든 법리를 예외 없이 무너뜨릴 만큼의 힘을 가지고 있는 것 인지에 대해서는 재평가가 필요하다. 특히 주임법상의 대항력이 가지는 실 질적 기능과 보증금반환채무를 부담하는 자와 대항력을 일치시키기 위한 주택임대차보호법 제3조 제4항의 입법적인 취지 및 다른 판결과의 정합성 등을 종합적으로 고려하며면 대법원 2022. 2. 17. 선고 2019다300095 판결 은 타당하지 않다. 신탁원부에 의해 공시된 신탁계약의 조항이 제3자를 구 속하는 효력의 존부 및 범위에 관하여는 개별사안별로 신중히 검토할 필 요가 있다. 현재와 같이 신탁원부에 신탁계약서를 첨부하는 방식으로 공시 를 인정하고 그 공시에 의한 대항력을 매우 넓게 인정하면 종국적으로 신 탁재산의 거래당사자는 첨부된 신탁계약서의 내용을 면밀하게 조사하고 분석해야 하는 부담을 안게 된다. 이는 모두 거래당사자의 비용부담으로 이어지고 종국적으로 신탁제도의 활성화의 장애요인이 될 수 있다. 신탁부동산에 근저당권이나 전세권을 설정할 때, 저당권 및 전세권 설정 행위는 처분행위에 해당하므로 처분권한 있는 자의 설정행위가 아니면 무 효가 된다. 신탁의 경우에 목적부동산에 대한 처분권한은 수탁자가 가지므 로 당연히 수탁자가 근저당권설정자나 전세권설정자가 되어야 한다. 만약 채무자이자 저당권설정자인 수탁자와 저당권자가 수탁자가 피담보채무를 부담하지 않기로 하는 합의를 하였다면, 수탁자의 채무는 자연채무가 되므 로 저당권자는 수탁자에게 소구할 수는 없으나 담보권인 저당권은 소멸되 지 않기 때문에 신탁재산에 대해 담보권 실행을 할 수 있을 것이다.

If the trustee leases a house and the tenant acquires a defense setting up against a third party, and the trustee trusts the leased house, the tenant can claim the return of the rental deposit from the trustee, who is the transferee of Article 3, paragraph 4 of the Housing Lease Protection Act, and can claim the right of opposing power and preferential right of satisfaction. If the trustee leased the property without a valid lease while the trustee was not in possession and the trustee subsequently acquired possession, such as by termination of the trust, the tenant claim a defense setting up against the new transferee of the property. Meanwhile, according to the Supreme Court Decision2019Da300095 delivered on February 17, 2022, courts recognize the trust registration has a priority to a wide range f trust agreements attached to the trust ledger. This means that the trust agreement between the trustor and the trustee has a binding effect even to a third party. However, it is simple and desirable for transaction safety to say that the effect of rust registration only extends to the fact that the relevant real estate belongs to the rust property, and that other trust-related matters cannot be asserted against third parties. In the case of a trust, the trustee has the ownership, so naturally, the trustee must be the mortgagee. If the trustee incurs a debt and mortgages the trust property, and the creditor and the trustee agree that the trustee will not incur the debt, the trustee's obligation will not be extinguished but will be converted into a natural obligation.

본논문은한·일·중3국간수출입의동태적상호의존구조를분석하였다.이를위해 2000년 1월부터2019년9월까지의한·일·중3국간 수출입월별통계를 활용하였으며,벡터오차수정모 형과그래프이론이실증분석에활용되었다.분석결과,동시적인과구조에서한국의대중국수출 이한국의대일본수출, 일본의대중국수출, 일본의대한국수출에정보를전달하는중간매개 기능을수행하며중요한중간전달자로서의역할을수행하고있는것으로나타났다.또한예측오차 분산분해및충격반응함수의결과에있어서도한국의대중국수출이중요한설명력과영향력을 가진것으로분석되어중장기적으로도3국간수출입매트릭스에있어중요한변수인것으로나타났다.

In this paper, a vector error correction model (VECM) and directed acyclic graph(DAG)were used to investigate the dynamic structure of interdependency of international trade amongKorea, China and Japan. The data that utilized in the analysis aremonthly fromJanuary 1, 2000 to September, 2019. The export fromKorea toChina is playing a key role in exportmatrix among three countries in both contemporaneous time,mediumand long-run period fromthe results of the analysis of DAG, forecast error variance decomposition and impulse response functions.

본 연구는 미국을 포함한 동아시아 국가 주식시장의 상호의존성 변화에 대하여 벡터오차수정모형(VECM)과 그래프(DAG)이론을 이용하여 실증 분석하였다. 분석은 2007년 글로벌 금융위기를 전후한 두 기간, 즉 2001년 1월부터 2007년 3월, 2007년 4월부터 2017년 6월 기간을 대상으로 실시하였다. 분석결과에 따르면 미국 주식시장의 동아시아 국가 주식시장에 대한 영향력이 2007년 금융위기 이후 다소 약화된 것으로 나타났다. 또한 금융위기 이후 주식시장 간 장기적인 상호의존성은 약화된 반면, 동시적 주식시장 간 상관관계는 다소 높아진 것으로 나타났다.

In this paper, we use a vector error correction model (VECM) and directed acyclic graphs (DAG) to investigate the change of interdependency structure of East Asian stock Markets including U.S. Market. Our data runs from January 1, 2001 to March 31, 2007 and from April 1, 2007 to June 30, 2017, which are composed of two periods such as pre- and post-financial crisis in 2007. We find that the influence of U.S. stock market on East Asian stock market weakened after global financial crisis in 2007. In contemporaneous time, the correlation relationship among stock markets became a little stronger than pre-financial crisis period while the interdependency of stock markets in the long run became weaker.

The purpose of this study is to confirm whether the task and system development process makes a significant influence on the system performance. The task is defined as a interdependency and system development process is defined as analysis, user participation and executive support. Field research was employed to empirically investigate the relationship among the variables. The finding of the study can be summarized as follows. The strict analysis under the task of high interdependency has a significant effect on the system performance. And high executive support is needed for the system performance under any level of interdependency.

오늘날 많은 조직과 기업들은 팀 체계를 통해 업무를 수행하고 있으며, 이에 따라 팀 의 효율성과 그것을 향상하기 위한 방안에도 많은 이목이 집중되고 있다. 팀의 목표 수 행과정에 영향을 미치는 여러 가지 요인들 가운데 본 연구는 팀 구성원들의 집단주의적 성향과 업무의 상호의존성에 주목하였으며 이들 요인이 업무 수행과정에서의 커뮤니케 이션 만족도에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 138명의 대학생들을 대상으로 단일사례 표본 연구를 수행한 결과, 팀 구성원의 집단주의 성향은 커뮤니케이션 만족도에 유의미한 효 과를 미치며, 팀 구성원이 인식한 팀 전체의 집단주의적 성향에 대한 인식, 그리고 주어 진 업무의 상호의존도에 대한 인식은 개인의 집단주의 성향과 커뮤니케이션 만족도를 이중 부분매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 팀 체계의 효율성을 증대시키고 조직 구성원들의 업무 수행과정에서의 커뮤니케이션 만족도를 증가시킬 수 있는 실무 적인 함의를 제공하리라 기대된다.

With the prevalence of teams, organizations and relevant scholars have paid significant attention on increasing effectiveness of teamwork. Among the factors that influence teamwork efficiency, the current study focused on team members’ individualism and collectivism (I-C) and task interdependency. Specifically, individuals’ perceptions on collective I-C of other team members and perceived task interdependency in relation to communication satisfaction were examined through a one-shot case study. After the completion of a three-week team presentation project, 138 college students participated in a survey that asked for their perception about teamwork and communication satisfaction during the period. Results indicated that the degree of individual team member’s collectivism has a direct effect to his or her communication satisfaction. In addition, collective team’s I-C and task interdependency double-mediate the effect between the two main variables. From the results, a serial mediation model was identified. The results of the current study may provide further understandings about increasing teamwork and team members’ work and communication satisfaction.

A long term isolation and distrust existed between the community of faith and the community of theology has been a major source of great loss and even tragedy for both communities. In 1983 Edward Farley named the 'loss of theological unity in theology' as the prime root of tragic isolation between the two. a restortation of "theologia" based on both personal faith and ecclesiality is strongly advocated to be a solution for connecting the two communities.

Danger to export-oriented East Asia and Latin America lurked closer in the form of “global imbalances.” East Asia and Latin America are at crossroads in global financial crisis. The common experiences of serious global imbalances and the financial and real sector challenges from imminent rebalancing let them reflect on their macroeconomic soundness and new trade trend between the two regions. Despite the dynamism of interregional trade in recent years, intra-industrial trade pattern has not evolved much throughout the past 20 years, which implies the level of integration between the two regions. There are several policy initiatives to accelerate the institutionalization of trade interdependency in the form of FTAs, but financial and monetary sector cooperation has ended up as symbolic and rhetoric stage by far, or falls short of rigorous development with intensive attention.

The purpose of this paper is to reexamine the financial crisis in Korea and its post-crisis macroeconomic adjustment reviewing changing structure of interdependency in East Asia and to make a critical assessment on its post-crisis reform programs. The painful experience of Korea's post-crisis macroeconomic adjustment and structural reforms seem to have received both positive and mixed evaluations. The overall macro economic environment in the post-crisis period has been stabilized. The Korean economy seems to have recovered some of its growth potentials and competitiveness. The movement in the overall productivity indicators such as labor productivity and total factor productivity seem to validate this judgment even though there was a structural break in 1997-8. However, it has long way to go because both financial sector reforms and corporate restructuring are far from being completed.

In the aftermath of the economic crisis of 1997-98 South Korea undertook a number of reforms in financial supervision. Questions have been raised, however, as to whether Korea has in fact succeeded in creating a system of financial supervision capable of dealing with certain risk and responding to new challenges. This paper examines Koreas recent experience in financial instability resulting from misconduct by credit-card companies as a case in point and argues that the post-crisis reform in financial supervision was limited to changing formal institutions for financial supervision and further reforms will have to be undertaken in other related institutions if Korea is to improve its financial supervision

The primary purpose of this study is to prove the needs of a new statistical boundary system for planning and policy purpose by showing a strong spatial interdependency between the central city and suburbs through three indices. For this purpose, this study examines the functional relationship between a large city and its peripheries through three spatial indexes ? job dependency ratio, job occupancy ratio, and the volume of exchange index. The Daegu metropolitan area, central place of Southeastern parts of Korea, was selected as a case study area. This study uses the 1990 and 2000 Population and Housing Census Reports released by the Census Bureau of Korean government as main source of data. The origin?destination matrix of the study area is constructed by adjusting the data showing commuting patterns (survey data with 2% sample size). The main findings of this study are as follows: First, a large number of residents who live in suburban jurisdictions rely their employment opportunities on the central city. Second, high ratios of jobs available in the suburban areas are occupied by the central city’s residents. Finally, the suburban areas, in general, show that the JOR is much higher than the JDR. These indicate that the contributions of the central city toward employment opportunities on the suburbs are significant.

Danger to export-oriented East Asia and Latin America lurked closer in the form of “global imbalances.” East Asia and Latin America are at crossroads in global financial crisis. The common experiences of serious global imbalances and the financial and real sector challenges from imminent rebalancing let them reflect on their macroeconomic soundness and new trade trend between the two regions. Despite the dynamism of interregional trade in recent years, intra-industrial trade pattern has not evolved much throughout the past 20 years, which implies the level of integration between the two regions. There are several policy initiatives to accelerate the institutionalization of trade interdependency in the form of FTAs, but financial and monetary sector cooperation has ended up as symbolic and rhetoric stage by far, or falls short of rigorous development with intensive attention.

기존연구는 기업의 재무구조결정과 배당결정 및 소유구조결정이 각각 독립적으로 이루어진다는 방법론을 이용하였으나, 생존경쟁이 치열한 현실세계에서 기업들은 위 3개의 정책들을 동시에 수행하고 있다. 이 경우 각 정책들은 다른 정책에 영향을 미치는 소위 상호의존관계에 있기 때문에, 3단계 최소자승법(3SLS) 등을 사용하여 내생성문제를 해결해야 한다.1997년～2002년의 6년에 걸쳐 102개 상장기업에 대하여 실증 분석한 결과, 레버리지와 배당 및 소유지분의 세 정책변수들이 서로 영향을 미치면서 결정되는 것을 발견하였다. 즉 레버리지는 배당과 통계적으로 유의한 양(+), 소유구조와 유의적인 음(-)의 관계에 있음을 보여주었다. 배당은 레버리지와 소유구조 모두에 유의적인 양(+)의 관계를 나타내었다. 마지막으로 소유구조는 레버리지와 통계적으로 유의한 음(-), 배당과 유의적인 양(+)의 관계에 있음을 보여주었다.동일한 자료를 이용하여 기존방법인 OLS 결과를 얻은 후 3SLS와 비교해 보았더니, 두 실증결과의 차이는 극명하게 존재하였다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과로 볼 때, OLS를 이용한 기존연구에 의문을 제기하지 않을 수 없다.

This paper examines the relation among leverage, dividend and ownership decisions. I examine the determination of the three decisions within a system of equations. In this paper, not only convergence of interest but also entrenchment was considered in the agency theory.The empirical results of 3SLS suggest that dividend has positive effects and ownership has negative effects on leverage decision. Further, both leverage and ownership have positive impacts on dividend decision. Finally, leverage has negative effect and dividend has positive effects on ownership decision. These findings raise questions regarding existing empirical results which used OLS method.