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The present study investigated the possible contribution of plays as a medium of instruction for pragmatic development through explicit and implicit instruction. To this end, 80 English-major university students formed four intact experimental groups: two literary and two nonliterary groups. One of the literary groups (Implicit Play) received typographically enhanced plays containing the speech acts of apology, request, and refusal, and the other (Explicit Play) received the same plus metapragmatic instruction on the speech acts. The medium of instruction for the nonliterary groups were dialogs containing the given functions; they were also given either enhanced input (Implicit Dialog) or input plus metapragmatic information (Explicit Dialog). All the groups took a written discourse completion test (WDCT) and a multiple-choice discourse completion test (MDCT) before and after instruction. Analysis of the groups’ performance on the WDCT pretest and posttest did not show an advantage for the literary medium, that is, there was no significant difference between literary and nonliterary groups. It was rather the mode of instruction that mattered most; explicit groups outperformed their implicit counterparts. As for the groups’ performance on the MDCT pre and posttest, analyses revealed that the groups had improved, but there was no significant difference among the groups as a result of the four teaching conditions, suggesting that pragmatic instruction regardless of the medium and mode of teaching can improve learners’ knowledge of speech acts.

The current study sought to examine the effects of the explicitness of focus-on-form instruction on grammar learning. It also investigated whether the relative difficulty level of target forms and the learners’ prior knowledge of the target forms would mediate the effects of focus-on-form instruction. To this end, 146 college students in three classes at a local university were asked to receive one of the three techniques of focus-on-form instructions differing in the degree of explicitness: explicit rule explanation, consciousness-raising task, and input enhancement. The analyses on the posttests showed that the consciousness-raising tasks were most effective in learning the two target forms. Furthermore, the learners’ prior knowledge and the relative difficulty levels of target forms also mediated the effects of focus-on-form instructions. Pedagogical implications and further research directions are discussed. (Pukyong National University)

In line with the emphasis on the importance of nature of science recently, this paper examines the degree and level at which the 2009-revised convergence science textbook, developed from the common science under the 7th curriculum in South Korea, reflected nature of science according to the development of curriculum. ‘Nature of science’ was classified according to scientific view - which represents scientists' view - and naive view - which represents general thinking and scientific error concepts. Also, ‘Nature of science’ was classified according to the explicit method and implicit method in terms of teaching method. The level of nature of science was defined using the four occasions of scientific view, naive view, explicit teaching and implicit teaching. In order to identify the components and level of nature of science reflected in the textbook, using the 10 items which refer to Lederman(2001)'s 7 definitions, NOSAT (Nature of Science Analyzing Tool) was developed and used. The results are that, since the educational curriculum is changed from common science under 7th curriculum to 2009-revised convergence science, the degree of reflection was rather a withdrawal. On parts of theories of 7th common science curriculum except research parts, it was difficult to find explicit nature of science. Also on 2009-revised curriculum, nature of science, which is seen on 2007 curriculum, disappeared. It is suggested that the future curriculum emphasizes the importance of nature of science, and bolster the reflection of nature of science according to the changing curriculum. Nature of science should not be expressed limitedly, but instead, should be more positively reflected, and the reflection method should be not implicit but explicit, allowing direct teaching. Towards that end, writers of the textbook should have an accurate understanding of nature of science. And, for the right teaching, teachers' capabilities are important and it is necessary to train teachers to understand and act for nature of science.

정서조절의 반복적인 실패는 다양한 정신병리에 영향을 미칠 수 있다고 한다. 특히 표현 억제 전략은 우울의 발병과 재발에도 관련이 있다고 보고된다. 인지적 반응성은 우울의 재발을 예측하는 변인으로, 개인마다 슬픈 기분에 다르게 반응하도록 이끄는 요인은 아직 불분명하다고 알려져 있다. 암묵적 측정의 구조는 우울의 인지이론과 부합하기 때문에, 평소 잠복상태에 있는 인지적 반응성을 측정하는 데 보다적합할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 인지적 반응성과 습관적인 정서조절 전략의 관계를 알아보기 위해 명시적 수준에서 정서조절 전략에 따른 심리적 상태가 차이를 보이는지 확인하고, 암묵적 수준에서 IRAP 프로그램을 활용하여 기분유도 전후 특질적 정서조절 전략에따른 인지적 반응성을 측정했다. 이를 위해 대학생 494명을 대상으로 실시한 정서조절 질문지를 통해 인지적 재평가 성향집단과 표현 억제성향집단으로 구분했고, 연구 참여에 동의하고 연습기준을 통과한 40명(억제 18명, 재평가 22명)을 연구 대상자로 선정했다. 연구 결과, 표현 억제 성향집단은 인지적 재평가 성향집단보다 우울, 불안, 스트레스를 더 많이 호소하고 더 높은 인지적 반응성을 보였다. 암묵적 측정에서 표현 억제 성향집단은 인지적 재평가 성향집단보다 슬픈 기분에 민감한 인지구조를 보였다. 표현 억제 성향집단은 기분유도 후 긍정적 정서반응 편향이 감소했으나 인지적 재평가 성향집단은 오히려 증가했다. 본 연구의 결과는 표현 억제 전략의 습관적인 사용이 인지적재평가보다 인지적 반응성에 영향을 줄 수 있다는 실증적인 근거를 제시한다.

Repeated failure in emotion regulation could lead to various psychopathologies. It has been reported that the expression inhibition strategy is related to the occurrence and relapse of depression. Although cognitive reactivity is the factor that predicts the relapse of depression, the reason for individual differences in reacting to sad mood is unclear. Congruent with the cognitive theory of depression, implicit measures often assess cognitive reactivity, which is usually hidden. To identify the relationship between cognitive reactivity and trait emotion regulation, the present study verified if trait emotion regulation strategies lead to differences in psychological states in the explicit level. Additionally, it measured cognitive reactivity using the IRAP program before/after mood induction at an implicit level. In the first phase, 494 undergraduate students completed the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire(ERQ), Beck's Depression Inventory(BDI), Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-Korean(DASSK), and Korean Leiden Depression Sensitivity-Revised(K-LEIDS-R). In the second phase, participants who agreed to participate and passed the practice criterion were divided into the cognitive reappraisal tendency group (N=22) and expression inhibition tendency group (N=18). Findings revealed that the inhibition group exhibit more depression, anxiety, stress, and cognitive reactivity than the reappraisal group did. In the implicit measure, the inhibition group exhibited a more sensitive cognitive structure to sad mood than the reappraisal group did. While the reappraisal group reacted positively to the negative situation, the inhibition group reacted negatively to the negative situation. Critically, the inhibition group exhibited lower positive emotional reaction bias, but the reappraisal group exhibited higher positive emotional reaction bias after mood induction. These results suggest that the habitual use of the expression inhibition strategy contributes more to reactivity to sad mood than the cognitive reappraisal strategy does.

We examined joint influences of Implicit Motivation to Control Prejudice (IMCP) and exposure to counterstereotypic stimuli on spontaneous racial bias. Participants performed a Shooter Task (Correll, Park, Judd, & Wittenbrink, 2002) wherein the ratios of stereotypic (i.e., armed Black) and counterstereotypic targets were manipulated. Then all participants performed the standard Shooter Task with equal ratios of targets. Those higher in IMCP showed less bias, as did participants in the Counterstereotypic condition. The pattern of results also suggests that the counterstereotypic exemplar effect on Shooter Bias was larger for those relatively high in IMCP.

Although previous studies have investigated the dissociation approach of different types of motives, exploring the reasons behind the dissociation between implicit and explicit motives for aggression are still lacking. The present study reviews different (social) cognitions that influence implicit (Conditional Reasoning Test for Aggression, CRT-A) and explicit measures of aggression (Aggression Questionnaire, AQ). The CRT-A assesses individuals’ aggressive tendencies through an inductive reasoning process that uses an individual’s implicit motives, selective attention, and confirming biases, whereas, the self-reported measures of aggression investigate aggressiveness through a decision making process based on implicit comparison and self-perception. Furthermore, this review suggests possible antecedents of implicit and explicit aggression, such as low versus unstable self-esteem, and social exclusion versus social learning. The implications and future direction of the implicit and explicit measures of personality are also discussed.

The two main aims of this study were to determine if country-of-origin information would influence implicit beliefs and attitudes of consumers about a product and to explore if the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task(EAST), one of the modified versions of the Implicit Associate Test(IAT), could be applied to the study of consumer attitudes as a useful measurement method. Thirty-six students at Bangor University took part in this experiment. As target concepts measured, three imaginary company names, having different country-of-origin were used to test the impact of country-of-origin, and two existing company names were presented to examine the application of the EAST to real consumer attitudes and beliefs. Respective implicit beliefs and attitudes toward target concepts were measured by the EAST. In the EAST, participants saw white words that needed to be classified on the basis of stimulus valence(good or bad) and colored words that were to be classified on the basis of color(blue or green). Results showed that when the colored words referred to a target name having a positive country-of-origin(i.e., an imaginary Japanese company name) and the existing company name(i.e., SONY) which is believed to have positive images, the reaction time was faster when these words shared the same key orientation with positive white words. These findings indicate that country-of-origin could be a crucial factor which could influence the implicit evaluation of a product and the EAST could successfully be used as a useful method for measuring the implicit attitudes and beliefs of consumers.

The purpose of this study is to verify whether it is possible for participants to discriminate between innocent and guilty suspects when they are exposed to criminal information utilizing an autobiographical implicit association test (aIAT). A total of 49 college students were randomly assigned to guilty group, innocent-aware group, or innocent-unaware group. Participants performed an aIAT to detect suspects after performing either mock crime or control task. It was verified that innocent suspect and guilty suspect exposed with crime information could be distinguished through D-score and reaction time, converted to symbolize strength of the association between guilty sentences, innocent sentences, and truth sentences. As a result of the analysis, guilty group showed significantly higher D-score than both innocent-aware group and innocent-unaware group. guilty group also showed faster response time in true-guilty condition than true-innocent condition. This shows that the association of true-guilty conditions is stronger than that of true-innocent conditions. On the other hand, the innocent-aware group showed a faster response time in the true-innocent condition than the true-guilty condition, and innocent-unaware group showed no significant difference between the two conditions. Through this, it was confirmed that innocent suspects exposed to criminal information can be discriminated according to the aIAT pattern, which has a faster reaction rate to the truth and innocence union than the guilty group. This study confirmed that suspects exposed to criminal information can be effectively discriminated using aIAT, and further suggests the usefulness and potential of aIAT in the field of lie detection.

Previous studies have reported that emotional expression carries different meanings for different people depending on eth- nicity and the context of measuring emotional expressiveness. This study examined the effects of ethnicity, implicit audience, and ethnic identity on emotional expressiveness. We collected data from 136 female undergraduate students (68 East Asian Americans and 68 European Americans). Self-disclosure, emotional expressivity, and ethnic identity were also assessed. The participants were asked to write an essay about their traumatic experiences. For half of the participants, their ethnic identity was primed before writing the essays. Within each of the two conditions, half of the participants were asked to imagine that their own ethnic group would read their narratives, whereas the other half were asked to imagine that another ethnic group would read theirs. A multivariate analysis of covariance was conducted. Contrary to expectations, Asian Americans expressed more pride and sad words in their narratives, and more sadness in the ingroup condition than European Americans. Across both ethnic groups, participants with higher ethnic identity expressed less affect and positive emotions. Ethnic identity prim- ing did not affect emotional expressiveness. The findings indicate that cultural differences in emotional expressiveness are complex, with ethnic identity, participants’ ethnicity, and ethnicity of the implicit audience assuming significant roles.

The recent #MeToo Movement has triggered controversies in South Korea, where gender parity has not been entirely achieved. Recently, it has brought about subtle and implicit forms of discrimination in the workplace, one of which is the so-called “Pence Rule” behavior, that is, the deliberate avoidance of female workers for fear of being accused of sexual misconduct. An experiment was conducted wherein participants who are undergraduate students (i.e., future would-be workers) were asked to work with a hypothetical woman whose opinion (i.e., textual cue) and physical appearance (i.e., visual cue) were differently manipulated, either consistently or inconsistently, with widespread stereotypical views of feminists. The results show that the Pence Rule behavior is the behavioral realization of a stereotypical perception of feminists, and this effect is augmented among participants showing higher propensity for social dominance orientation (SDO), i.e., belief in existing intergroup inequality and hierarchy. Interestingly, there is a positive relationship between SDO and propensity for subtle discriminatory behaviors toward a hypothetical woman who has feminist opinions or physical appearance, among both, male and female participants alike. The theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed with potential limitations and a commentary on the future of gender equality in the workplace.

This study investigated the effectiveness of message framing in anti-binge drinking Public Service Announcements (PSAs) targeting college students. Explicit attitudes toward PSAs and implicit attitudes toward drinking behavior were examined with a 2 (gain/loss) × 4 (message repetition) mixed model repeated measures design. Results demonstrated that participants had more positive explicit attitudes toward gain-framed PSAs than loss-framed PSAs. Additionally, results from implicit measures revealed that participants in the loss framing condition maintained more favorable attitudes toward drinking behavior. The findings contribute to advancing research on message framing and providing practical recommendations for creating effective public health campaign strategies.

본 연구에서는 인공지능 기반의 음성 합성 기술에 이미지 생성의 접근법을 적용하여 부드러운 음성 합성 방법을 제 안한다. 이미지 생성 모델 중 Implicit Generative Model에서 잠재 공간 내 두 잠재 벡터를 보간한 보간 벡터로 이미지를 생성할 때 두 잠재 벡터의 이미지 사이에서 부드러운 전환이 일어나는 특징을 두 음성 합성에 활용하였다. 음성 데이터는 푸리에 전환(Fourier Transform) 등 전처리를 하지 않고 이미지 형태로 재구성하여 사용하여 정보 손실을 줄이고 생성 성능을 높였다. 모델은 Implicit Generative Model 중 DCGAN(Deep Convolution Generative Adversarial Nets)과 DDIM(Denoising Diffusion Implicit Model) 을 학습시켰으며 선형 보간 법, 구형 보간법을 활용하여 생성한 두 음성 사이의 부드러운 전환 효과를 실험하여, 부드러운 음성 전환을 목적으 로 하는 효과적인 모델과 보간 방법을 찾고자 한다. 실험 결과, DCGAN은 다양한 보간법으로 부드러운 음성 전환 이 확인되었지만, 음성 품질 면에서 떨어졌다. 반면 DDIM은 생성된 음성의 품질은 우수하였으나 구형 보간법에서 만 성공적인 전환이 이루어짐을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 영상을 활용한 부드러운 음성 전환에 DDIM과 구형 보간 법 조합이 최적의 음성 합성 효과임을 보여주었다.

This paper proposes a soft audio synthesis method by applying an approach of image generation to audio synthesis technology. Using the Implicit Generative Model among the image generation models, we utilized the feature where a smooth transition occurs between the images of the two latent vectors when generating an image with the interpolated vector interpolated between two latent vectors in the latent space. Audio data was reconstructed and used in image form without preprocessing such as Fourier Transform to reduce information loss and increase generation performance. The models trained were DCGAN(Deep Convolution Generative Adversarial Nets) and DDIM(Denoising Diffusion Implicit Model). By experimenting with the smooth transition effects created using linear interpolation and spherical interpolation between the two audios, we aim to find an effective model and interpolation method for smooth audio transitions. As a result of the experiment, DCGAN confirmed a smooth audio transition with various interpolation methods, but fell in terms of audio quality. On the other hand, DDIM confirmed that the quality of the generated voice was excellent, but that the conversion was successful only in the spherical interpolation method. This study concluded that the combination of DDIM and spherical interpolation resulted in the optimal audio synthesis effect.

Recently new materials and technologies for construction industry have been introduced. So, existing fire safety technology can no longer handle the current situation effectively. Developed countries have already adopted performance-based approaches to structural fire safety. Prior to the introduction of performance-based design, studies many variables have to be conducted. Among these, the heat flow is directly related to fire behavior and affects direction in spread of fire. In addition, heat flow is largely affected by the factors such as location and size of openings. This paper aims to evaluate the applicability of moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method for heat flow analysis. In this paper, a heat flow analysis program is designed adding the energy equations and buoyancy term in the algorithm that Koshizuka originally developed. In addition a numerical analysis and experiment had been conducted and compared through temperature distributions to verify the reliability of the program. Experiment shows very close result as what is analyzed by the program, confirming the applicability of MPS method for heat flow analysis.

One important goal of economy management is the pursuit of economic growth with price stabilization through monetary policy and fiscal policy. However, the interactive coordination of monetary and fiscal policies by central authorities remains controversial. This paper results were as follows. although no explicit causal relations were identified between the individual policy instrument variables and GDP, an implicit policy coordination of these instrument variables and GDP was found when using co-integration and VECM. This study is to introduce and demonstrate the concept of implicit coordination to describe the combined impact of policy instrument variables on GDP, especially in the absence of any explicit causal relations: The results indicate an implicit complementarity of fiscal and monetary policy, instead of the traditional substitutability. It is also important to note that the monetary policies responded slowly to GDP and the monetary variables – interest rate and money supply – switched roles as the time horizon spread over future periods.

The study addresses the issue of language instruction and aims to examine the facilitative effects of different types of instruction, i.e., implicit and explicit, on the acquisition of English present perfect tenses. The 83 university students who participated in the study were assigned to three groups: 28 students in the implicit group, 29 in the explicit group, and 26 in the control group. The two experimental groups received grammar instruction with different conditions: the implicit group was provided with input enhancement, clarification requests and recasts, and the explicit group received language instruction with metalinguistic explanation feedback while completing rule-search tasks. The results indicated that the explicit group outperformed the implicit group in both awareness and production post-tests. Based on the results, insight into form-related pedagogical implications is provided along with the limitations of the study.