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It is well established that David Foster Wallace, the contemporary American writer known for his short stories and essays but probably best known for his 1996 magnum opus, Infinite Jest (1996), had serious and abiding interests in academic philosophy. To date, The Broom of the System (1987) remains one of the less examined works in Wallace’s oeuvre. The novel experiments with form and narrative, both showcasing Wallace’s heteroglossic skill and explorin non-traditional narrative techniques. As post-postmodernist writer, many critics point out that The Broom of the System is influenced by the Ludwig Wittgensteinian theories of language and communication. This essay will analyze The Broom of the System, in terms of the postmodern aesthetic, especially its concern for, and crisis about language, reality and self towards Wallace’s engagement with Wittgenstein’s theory to consider the relationship between functionality and identity. This essay will delineate not only how the distinction and tension between self and other pervades The Broom of the System and but also how (unsuccessful) attempts to construct a stable self rather displays the state of constant anxiety about language, self, and functionality in The Broom of the System.

미국은 디자인 특허 등록의 소극적 요건으로서의 기능성 법리를 판례법을 통하여 가장 먼저 도입하였고 이후 유럽 등 다른 나라의 디자인권 법제에도 영향을 끼쳤다. 근래의 의료기기 디자인 사건에서 미국 연방순회항소법원은 기능성의 징표로서 동일한 기능을 달성하는 대체 가능한 디자인의 존부가 무엇보다 우선시됨을 확인하였다. 또한 디자인 특허의 권리범위 해석시에는 기능적 요소를 제한해야 하는데, 그 방법은 종전처럼 기능적 구성요소를 전부 제거하는 방식이 아니라 그 보호 범위를 좁히는 방식이 되어야 한다고 판시하였다. 다만, 미국에서 조차 디자인 특허의 맥락에서 기능성 요건은 어떤 역할을 해야 하는지, 그리고 그런 역할을 발휘하기 위하여 기능성을 어떤 기준으로 판단해야 하는지가 아직도 상당히 혼란스러운 상태인 점이 대상판결 및 그 후속판결을 통해 목격되고 있다. 이는 디자인권에서의 기능성 요건의 역할이 확고하게 고정된 것이 아니라 재음미와 재해석이 가능한 부분임을 의미하므로, 우리도 우리 디자인보호법 제33조 제4호 소정의 기능성에 부여할 정책적 목표를 먼저 구체화하고 다음으로 해당 정책목표를 충실하게 이행할 수 있는 해석론을 발전시켜 나가야 할 것이다. 그 정책목표로는 상표법상 기능성 원리에 부여된 것과 마찬가지로 특허와의 충돌방지와 자유경쟁의 부당한 제한방지라는 두 가지 목표를 생각할 수 있다. 다만, 독점기간이 반영구적인 상표와는 달리 디자인권은 등록이 되더라도 존속기간이 유한하다는 차이가 있으므로, 그 점이 디자인보호법상 기능성 요건 적용시 고려가 될 필요가 있고, 자유경쟁의 부당한 제한방지라는 정책목표에 충실하기 위하여는 기능성 요건의 판단시 대체가능한 디자인 이외의 요소들도 고려대상에 충분히 포함시킬 필요가 있다.

The functionality doctrine that the United States adopted through case law has since influenced other countries, including Europe and Korea. In Ethicon Endo–Surgery, Inc. v. Covidien, Inc., a recent medical device design case, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit held that the availability of alternative design is the most important factor in evaluating the functionality of a design. For the purpose of claim construction, the Federal Circuit held that the scope of a functional claim must be limited to the ornamental aspects of the design, and would not extend to ‘‘the broader general design concept.’’ The role that the functionality doctrine should play, as well as the test to be used, still remain partly unclear from this case and the subsequent Federal Circuit cases. Korea should re-examine its functionality requirement under Article 3 Item 4 of the Design Protection Act as well. First and foremost, the policy objectives for the functionality requirement should be clarified, as construction of a statute naturally flows from its objective. The two policy objectives that are offered for the functionality doctrine under trademark law would be relevant for design protection as well, with modification – namely, prevention of “backdoor patenting” and anti-competitive practice. Prevention of “backdoor patenting“ should factor in the fact that, unlike trademark with infinite term, design right has finite duration. Prevention of anti-competitive behavior would also require consideration of factors other than the availability of alternative design.

This research examines the use of the ellipsis in 30 telephone conversations and shows the reason for the use of the ellipsis in aspects of functionality in the area of study of Korean and Japanese. It also demonstrates if the supplementary of utterance has which type of format at each functionality and if there are the format of the supplementary of utterance repeated. The results below are described in detail 1. The functionality of the ellipsis at the end of sentence in both languages (1) Demanding Behavior: request, recommendation, proposition, (2) Demanding Information: question, confirmation request, (3) Providing Information: self-information, the third person, reason, conveying a story to the others, and (4) Expressing will: revision/ evaluation, self-behavior in future, compliance/support, apology, greeting. 2. The format of the supplementary of utterance of the ellipsis at the end of sentence in both languages. In regard of the format of the supplementary of utterance, Korean has the connection formats, which are「－고」「－ㄴ데」「－니까」and so on, Japanese has「－けど」「－から」「て」「って」and the like. The study shows that formats repeated are existed in the ellipsis at the end of the sentences in both languages.

The main function of trademarks is to identify the goods or services' sources and to distinguish them from others. In this sense, the question wheather a mark is qualified as a trademark wholly depends on the realities and practices of the business society. The boundary of trademarks has expanded along with the changes of the technical, economic and cultural climate in the society. All marks, however, are not to be automatically protected as trademarks: there must be a standard to distinguish a protectable marks from a non-desirable marks. For example, a product's trade dress becomes sufficiently distinctive to qualify for protection under the Lanham Act if it is either inherently distinctive or if it is acquires secondary meaning. Furthermore, to acquire a 'secondary meaning' in the minds of the buying public, for purpose of trade dress protection, an article of merchandise must proclaim its identification with its source, and not simply stimulate inquiry about it. An important doctrine, drawn from the common law, that serves as a limiting principle in trade dress cases is the doctrine of functionality. Although it now ha a statutory pedigree, by virtue of the 1998 Trademark Amendments, the doctrine of functionality has a long history in the common law of trademarks. According to the Supreme Court, in order for trademarks or trade dress to be protected under the Lanham Act, it mustnot be functional; moreover, the functionality doctrine prevents trademark law, which seeks to promote competition by protecting a firm's reputation, from instead inhibiting legitimate competition by allowing a producer to control a useful product feature. These general principles are largely undisputed, however, their application to the trade dress area is the subject of considerable debate. This article is dedicated to examine the requirement of distinctiveness and the doctrine of functionality in light of the American case law, which will serve as useful reference for future operation of the non- conventional trademarks in Korea. Doctrinal developments and legislative trends in the advanced countries also should be followed up.

본 연구는 해외 패션잡지의 온라인 기사를 중심으로 최근 3년간의 가방 디자인을 분석하였다. 선행연구들 은 소비자 입장에서 가방의 선호도와 구매행동에 대한 연구가 대부분이었으나, 본 연구는 디자이너 입장에서 가방의 디자인 기획과 제품개발의 관점에서 연구하였다. 연구목적은 패션잡지를 이용한 실증적 연구를 통해 현재 유행하는 가방 디자인을 분석하였다. 연구방법으로는, 선행연구와 참고문헌을 통해 가방 디자인의 분석 기준을 가방의 착용법과 구조형태, 크기, 소재의 종류와 텍스처 기법, 가방의 디테일로 선정하였다. 대중적으 로 잘 알려진 글로벌 패션잡지인 보그, 엘르, 하퍼스 바자, 마리 끌레르 등을 중심으로, 2020년부터 2022년까 지 29개의 온라인 기사를 수집하고, 온라인 기사의 소제목에 언급된 단어와 어구들을 분류하여 빈도와 내용 을 분석하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 최근 3년간의 가방 디자인은 클래식하고 레트로한 감성이 강하게 나타났다. 형태는 각진 사각 형태가 가장 많았으며 퀼팅과 모노그램 기법을 활용한 자카드 기법, 프레 임과 손잡이, 다양한 체인 장식이 두드러진 특징으로 나타났다. 둘째, 최근 가방 디자인은 무엇보다 기능이 중요해졌다. 손을 사용하지 않고 허리, 몸, 어깨에 맬 수 있는 디자인이 많아지고 하나의 가방에 여러 수납공 간이 가능한 디자인이 등장하였으며, 아주 크거나 아주 작은 가방 크기의 양극화 현상이 두드러졌다. 셋째, 최근 가방 디자인은 지속가능성을 강조하였다. 착용하는 방식에 따라 가방의 형태가 변하고, 천연가죽의 대 체재로서 인조가죽, 재생가죽, 방수와 세탁이 용이한 고무 등이 다양하게 개발되어 가방 디자인에 적용되었 다. 넷째, 가방의 형태가 단순해지는 반면에 디테일에 있어서 스터드 장식이나 버클, 체인 등 금속 부속품들 이 강조된 디자인이 증가하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 가방 디자인 개발이라는 관점에서 디자인의 기초자료를 제공하고, 국내 가방브랜드의 제품개발에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

This study analyzed bag designs using overseas online fashion magazine articles. While most of the preceding studies focused on consumers’ preferences for and behaviors in purchasing bags, this study emphasizes the design planning and product development of bags from the perspective of designers. The study aimed to analyze the current trending bag designs through an empirical study using fashion magazines. As a research method, based on previous studies and references, the criteria for analyzing bag designs were established, including the wearing method, structural form, size, material, texture techniques, and bag details. Focusing on popular global fashion magazines including Vogue, Elle, Harper’s Bazaar, and Marie Claire, 29 online articles published from 2020 through 2022 were collected. The study categorized the words and phrases mentioned in the subheadings of the online articles and analyzed their frequency and content. Firstly, bag designs have been characterized by a strong classic and retro sensibility. The most common shapes were angular and square, featuring quilting techniques, monogrammed jacquard techniques, frames, handles, and various chain embellishments. Secondly, bag designs have become more functional, featuring designs that can be worn around the waist, body, or shoulder without the use of hands, designs with multiple compartments in a single bag, and a polarization of bag sizes between very large and very small. Thirdly, recent bag designs have emphasized sustainability. The bag’s shape changes depending on wearing methods and various materials such as artificial and recycled leather were used; waterproof washable rubber has been developed as an alternative to natural leather. Fourthly, while the shape of the bag became simpler, the design emphasized metal accessories such as studs, buckles, and chains in the details. The results of this study are expected to provide foundational data for bag design development and to assist bag brands in their product development.

유럽의 등록공동체디자인 보호 제도에서, “물품 외관의 특징들이 기술적 기능에 의해서만 결정된 경우”에, 당해 등록디자인은 보호 요건을 갖추지 못한 것이 된다. 여기에서 “물품 외관의 특징들이 기술적 기능에 의해서만 결정”된 것인지의 판단 기준과 관련하여, 유럽 내에서 두 가지 대립되는 의견이 존재하고 있었다. 하나는 대체 디자인 테스트이고 다른 하나는 비 심미적 고려 테스트이다. 유럽 내에서, 위 두 가지 접근법이 모두 사용되고 있었기 때문에, 어느 하나의 접근법으로 통일되어야 한다는 필요성이 계속하여 제기되고 있었다. 2018. 3. 유럽연합법원은 독일 뒤셀도르프 고등법원의 질의에 답하면서, 위 두 가지 접근법 중 비 심미적 고려 테스트가 타당하다는 결정을 하였다. 대체 디자인 테스트는, 대체 가능한 몇 개의 디자인을 단일의 주체가 등록함으로써, 등록디자인을 통하여 기술적 기능을 독점할 수 있게 되어, 경쟁을 실질적으로 제한하는 문제점이 있다고 지적하였다. 그리하여 시각적 외관과 관련하여, 기술적 기능을 수행하기 위한 다른 고려(심미적 고려)가 당해 특징의 선택에 아무런 역할을 하지 못한 경우에, 당해 특징은 디자인 보호에서 제외된다는 판단을 하였다. 유럽연합법원이 이러한 테스트를 채택함으로써 기능성을 이유로 등록디자인이 무효로 판단될 가능성이 더 높아지게 되었다. 심미적 고려 또는 시각적 호소가 전혀 없을 것 같은 산업용 기계 기구류의 경우, 이러한 영향을 직접적으로 받을 수 있다. 그러나 유럽연합법원이 선택한 접근법 역시 기능성을 이유로 등록디자인을 무효로 시키기에 매우 엄격한 기준이다. “물품 외관의 모든 특징들이 기술적 기능에 의해서만 결정된 경우”에 당해 등록디자인은 무효로 될 것이기 때문에, 만일 물품 외관의 일부에 심미적 고려가 어느 정도 포함되어 있다면, 당해 디자인은 유효한 것이 된다. 유럽연합법원의 결정 이후, 이에 대한 비난이 많이 등장하고 있다. 특히 디자인 개발 과정에서의 디자이너의 의도가 중요해졌다는 점에서, 판단의 주관적 성향에 대한 비판이 많다. 또한 판단의 인적기준을 구체적으로 제시하지 않은 문제점에 대한 지적도 많다. 앞으로 판단의 인적기준에 대한 필요성과 그러한 가상의 기준인이 알고 있어야 할 지식의 유형과 정도에 대한 논란이, 계속하여 제기될 것으로 보인다.

In the system of RCD in EU, a community design does not subsist in features of appearance of a product which are solely dictated by its technical function. In relation to the meaning of “solely dictated by technical function”, there were two different approaches in EU. One is alternative designs test and the other is no-aesthetic-consideration test. Because the above two different tests were used all together in EU, it was necessary to unify them into one approach. In March 2018, the CJEU decided that no-aesthetic-consideration test is more reasonable. The CJEU pointed out that the alternative designs test has a risk of restricting competition practically. Thus, The CJEU said that if considerations(such as aesthetic consideration) other than the need for that product to fulfil its technical function, in particular those related to the visual aspect, have not played any role in the choice of those features, such a RCD will be invalid. After this decision, a RCD is more likely to be invalidated on account of functionality. Especially, any RCD related to industrial machinery which seems to have no aesthetic consideration or no visual appeal at all is more likely to be invalidated. However, the no-aesthetic-consideration test is also very strict test to invalid any RCD. Since such a RCD will be invalidated only when all features of appearance of products is solely dictated by its technical function, if any feature with aesthetic consideration is included in the appearance of products, such a RCD seems likely to be valid. There are also many criticisms on this decision. As it is important to inquiry the intent of designer especially, the possibility of subjective judgment will be increased. It is also another problem that there is no any specific standard about who decide those issues. In the future, it is likely that the necessity of those virtual person, and the type and degree of knowledge that such a person should know will be controversial continuously.

본 연구는 텍스타일의 새로운 방향을 확립하는데 크게 기여한 바우하우스 직물공방과 당시의 패션텍스타일 디자인에 관한 연구이다. 기초조형교육을 통한 바우하우스의 직물공방의 텍스타일은 ‘예술과 기능성의통합’을 추구하며 창조적이며 혁신적으로 성장·발전하였다. 직물공방의 특성으로 첫째, 텍스타일의 예술성과독립성을 인정하면서 직조가를 단순한 기능인이 아닌 창작자의 차원으로 끌어 올렸다는데 그 의미가 크다. 둘째, 수평, 수직의 줄무늬와 기하학적 구성의 표현이 자유롭게 이루어졌다. 셋째, 직물의 규칙적인 조직 상태에서 벗어나 얽기와 같은 자유로운 구조의 섬유표현을 이룩했다. 패션텍스타일의 특징을 살펴보면 첫째, 바우하우스를 기점으로 패션에서의 자수의 활용이 많아졌으며 자수가를 창작자의 차원으로 끌어 올렸다. 둘째, 복식의 단조로움을 소재나 문양에서 보상 받으려는 흐름에 따라 기하학적이고 규칙적인 문양을 강렬한색상대비를 통해 표현하고 있다. 셋째, 소재에 대한 개발로 기능적인 소재가 새로이 등장했다. 이와 같이 바우하우스 직물공방의 특성과 패션텍스타일 디자인 간에는 상당한 유사점과 더불어 섬유의 구조에 대한 차이점 또한 발견이 된다. 본 연구는 이 차이점에 주목한다. 바우하우스 직물공방에서는 근본적인 텍스타일의구조와 구성요소를 중요하게 다루고 발전시키는데 반해, 패션텍스타일에서는 깊이 있게 조명하고 있지는 않음을 발견할 수 있다. 본 연구자는 그 이유를 재료의 특성에 대한 실험과 분석을 다루었던 기초조형교육에서발견할 수 있었다. 변화의 중심에 있는 현대 텍스타일을 20세기 초 바우하우스의 교육이념과 텍스타일 디자인과의 연결성 속에 성찰해 볼 때, 단순한 미와 기술적 문제에 집착하는 것보다는 창의기반사회에 걸맞게끊임없는 탐구 정신과 창의성을 바탕으로 혁신적 변화의 모색이 필요하며 이러한 연구를 통해 텍스타일의새로운 이념과 방식을 찾아 나가는 노력이 더욱 요구된다 할 것이다.

This study aims to examine a weaving workshop at Bauhaus that established a new direction for textile and those days' fashion textile design. Textile of the Bauhaus weaving workshop pursued integration of art with functionality through basic formative education, developing creatively. As for characteristics of the weaving workshop, firstly, it made a weaver be a creator while acknowledging artistry and independence of textile. Secondly, expression of a geometrical composition was done freely. Thirdly, free-structured textile expression like tangling was achieved escaping from regular organization of textile. As for characteristics of fashion textile, firstly, embroidery was used frequently for fashion and embroiderers ascended to creators. Secondly, geometrical and regular patterns were expressed through strong color contrast. Thirdly, it shows the advent of functional materials through development. This study found out not only some similarities between characteristics of the weaving workshop and fashion textile but a difference in textile structure. It pays attention to such a difference. Bauhaus weaving workshop put stress on the structures of textile but fashion textile did not. It originated from basic formative education where experiments with and analyses on material characteristics were done. Considering rapidly changing contemporary textile in terms of connection of educational ideals of the early 20th century's Bauhaus and textile design, it is required to grope for innovative change based on continual exploration rather than clinging to simple aesthetic and technical matter. Besides, more efforts are needed to find out a new idea and method of textile.

본 연구의 목적은 환경에 미치는 피해를 최소화하면서 동시에 인간 삶의 질 향상, 사회 전체의 공동선을 추구하는 접근방법인 에코디자인의 미적 특성을 현대 니트 패션 분야를 중심으로 고찰하는데 있다. 연구 방법은 이론적 연구를 통해 에코디자인의 개념과 접근 방법, 표현 특성을 고찰하고, 실증적 연구로 2000년 이후 세계 4대 컬렉션에 나타난 니트웨어를 대상으로 에코디자인의 특징이 파악되는 사례를 선정하여 고찰하였다. 연구 결과, 현대 니트 패션에 나타난 에코디자인의 미적 특성은 최소성, 기능성, 복합성, 그리고 전통성으로 구분되었다. 최소성은 얇고 가벼운 소재와 구조, 불필요한 기능과 장식의 제거, 단순한 형태, 재료의 낭비를 최소화하는 패턴의 이용, 생산 공정을 간소화하는 무봉제 니트의 특징으로 나타났다. 기능성은 스포츠웨어를 응용한 기능성 직물, 디테일, 아이템의 적용과 리버서블, 모듈화, 비정형적 디자인 등으로 나타났다. 복합성은 다양한 특성의 소재와 문양의 복합성, 수선과 수리의 과정을 암시하는 형태, 손쉬운 조립과 해체가 가능한 디태처블 디자인, 정키 스타일링, 여러 가지 아이템을 믹스 앤드 매치한 리스타일링 등으로 나타났다. 전통성은 문명에 훼손 되지 않은 원초적 자연성, 전통적인 생산 방식과 관련되는 수공예성, 오랜 기간 지속적으로 이용되는 형태의 클래식 아이템과 문양의 재해석, 그리고 지역 고유의 민속복과 민속 문양을 응용한 민속풍 등으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study is to consider the aesthetic characteristics of ecodesign on contemporary knit fashion. As for the research methodology, to examine cases of knit fashion relevant to ecodesign characteristics, theoretical study was conducted on the concept of ecodesign and the ecosystem in architecture, product design and fashion. Then, case analysis of knit fashion presented in high fashion designer collections since 2000 was undertaken. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. The aesthetic characteristics of ecodesign on contemporary knit fashion were classified into minimization, functionality, complexity, and traditionality. First, the characteristic of minimization was expressed in lightweight materials and structures, elimination of unessential details and decorations, simple forms, and seamless knit wear. Second, the characteristic of functionality formulated in sportswear inspired details and items, high-tech materials, reversible wear, modules and unconstructed structures. Third, the characteristic of complexity was translated in the complexity of materials, forms implied the process of fix and reform, and there were detachable parts, junky styling and restyling through mix and match of various items. Fourth, the characteristic of traditionality was represented in intrinsic natural styles, hand-knit techniques related to traditional product methods, reinterpretation of classic items and patterns, and ethnic styles from various cultures.

본 연구의 목적은 이데올로기의 문제로 연구가 미진했던 분야인 러시아 구조주의와 러시아 구조주의의 특성 중 하나인 기능성이 서구 의상디자인에 어떠한 영향을 미쳤는지 알아보고 그 초기의 발전과정을 정리하는 데 있다. 연구 방법은 러시아 구조주의에 대한 1970년대 이후의 연구서를 중심으로 한 문헌 연구와 이 시기의 연구서를 바탕으로 한 2차 연구 자료를 기반으로 하여 관련 문헌과 작품자료를 조사하도록 한다. 연구 범위는 러시아 구조주의에 대해서는 1910년대 후반부터 1920년대 후반까지로 한정하고 러시아 구조주의의 기능적 측면에서 영향을 받은 서구 패션 디자이너들의 디자인 분석은 1920년대부터 1950년대까지의 디자이너로 한정하였다. 연구 결과, 러시아 구조주의는 사회 개혁을 목표로 하는 이데올로기를 바탕으로 하고 있었으므로 사회 개혁을 촉진시키기 위해 예술과 디자인에 기능적 요소가 도입되었다고 볼 수 있다. 또한 당시의 과학과 기술의 급격한 발전은 이데올로기를 실현하기 위한 목표치를 달성하는 데에 기능성을 적극적으로 도입하는 배경이 되기도 하였다. 러시아 구조주의의 특성은 외적 디자인을 보여주는 형식적 구성요소와 기계적 요소를 도입하여 작품의 움직임과 구조를 제작하는 방식의 구조적 구성요소로 나타났다. 러시아 구조주의는 바우하우스와의 교류를 통해 예술에 대한 이념을 서구 사회에 전파하였으며 의상디자인에까지 그 영향이 미쳤다. 이러한 경향은 기하학적 모티브를 활용한 의상과 인체활동을 고려한 단순하고 기능적인 디자인의 의상에서 찾아 볼 수 있으며 이는 네크라인이나 실루엣 등의 요소에 기하학적 요소를 적용하는 등의 형태로 개발이 진행되었다. 또한 기능성에서 영향을 받은 의상디자인은 러시아 구조주의 작가들이 발표한 의상디자인, 그리고 비슷한 시기 서구 유럽에서 활동한 폴 푸와레, 장 파투, 가브리엘 샤넬, 마들렌 비오네의 의상에서 찾아볼 수 있다. 이러한 20세기 초반 의상디자이너들의 시도는 현대 의상디자인의 기능적 발전이 가능하도록 하였다고 볼 수 있다.

The purpose of this study is to find out how functionality, one of the characteristics of Russian Constructivism, an area where there is a lack of studies due to ideological issues, influenced western clothing design and pattern design and the advancement of pattern design. On the basis of the documentation studies after the 1970s and the papers on this period as secondary research data, the pertinent documentaries and work data were surveyed, The scope studied was costumes designers from the early 20th century when the design changes began, up to the 1950s. As a result, this study found that Russian Constructivism had its foundation in ideology with a goal in social reform. It rejected the existing plain but had the goal of granting functionality in works with the advancement of science and technology. The background of the times included adopting functionalism to achieve the goal in ideology. Characteristics of Russian Constructivism displayed its formative configuration in external design and Constructive consistence through movement and building structure to introduce machinery. Russian Constructivism disseminated the philosophy of art through active exchange with Bauhaus and influenced clothing design. These tendencies were expressed through simple and functional fashion design which considered bodily activities, and clothes of geometric motifs, and there was a development of geometric sense for the neckline and silhouette. This was apparent in clothes by Russian Constructivists and the designs of Paul Poiret, Jean Patou, Gabrielle Chanel and Madeleine Vionnet. This type of movement of designers in early 20th century enabled the advancement of the contemporary fashion design.

The rumen fluids contain a wide range of bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. The various ruminal microorganisms in the rumen provide nutrients by fermenting the forage they eat. During metabolic processes, microorganisms present in the rumen release diverse vesicles during the fermentation process. Therefore, in this study, we confirmed the function of rumen extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their interaction with the host. We confirmed the structure of the rumen EVs by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and the size of the particles using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Rumen EVs range in size from 100 nm to 400 nm and are composed of microvesicles, microparticles, and ectosomes. Using the Caenorhabditis elegans smart animal model, we verified the interaction between the host and rumen EVs. Exposure of C. elegans to rumen EVs did not significantly enhance longevity, whereas exposure to the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus significantly increased lifespan. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis showed gene expression alterations in C. elegans exposed to rumen EVs, with significant changes in the metabolic pathway, fatty acid degradation, and biosynthesis of cofactors. Our study describes the effect of rumen EV interactions with the host and provides novel insights for discovering biotherapeutic agents in the animal industry.

Nanotechnology in the food industry can increase the effectiveness of food ingredients. Nanotechnology can increase the bioavailability and absorption of bioactive compounds, enhance their stability, and improve the sensory quality of the product. Processed meat products are easily damaged due to bacterial activity. Advanced nanoemulsions as a meat preservative are nanoemulsions that can be used as preservative agents in meat products, particularly essential oil nanoemulsions, due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Its application is still limited to foods made from meat products. Therefore, this literature review examines nanoemulsion and its application in meat products and functionality improvement. Also, in the future, nanoemulsions in meat products must be made safe, and the government and businesses must work together to build consumer trust. It can be concluded that essential oilbased nanoemulsion has the potential to be used as an additive in meat products because it can kill bacteria, fight free radicals, improve flavor, and keep food fresh. Nanoemulsion is challenging in the meat industry because it can be toxic due to its tiny droplets (under 200 nm).

Korean food has garnered global interest, especially after COVID19, with a signifcant increase in demand for KFood staples like bulgogi, tteokbokki, bibimbap, kimchi, and galbi, as well as related YouTube content. A key ingredi? ent that enhances the deliciousness of Korean cuisine is Gochujang. Gochujang, with its unique taste and aroma, is an unparalleled fermented spice seasoning, adding spiciness and a special favor to a variety of dishes. Made from ingredients such as Meju, glutinous rice, red pepper powder, malt, and salt, Gochujang has a rich history span? ning thousands of years and is celebrated for its spicy and sweet favor. Gochujang is diferentiated by commercial and traditional manufacturing methods. Traditional Gochujang is produced through natural fermentation using glutinous rice, malt, Meju powder, salt, and red pepper powder. Conversely, commercial production blends tradi? tional methods with modern industrial techniques, utilizing pure microbial cultures like Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus subtilis as starters to meet mass production demands. Beyond its culinary uses, Gochujang is recognized globally for its nutritional value and health benefts. Fermentation enhances its health functionality by creating new substances or converting fermentation metabolites. Notable compounds synthesized during fermentation include capsaicin from red pepper powder and nonglycoside isofavones from Meju, which are linked to antiobesity, antidiabetic, antia? therosclerosis, and anticancer efects. Gochujang also helps restore intestinal microbial balance, promoting gut health. This review aims to explore the historical background of Gochujang, its production methods, favor characteristics, nutritional composition, health benefts, and the expansion of culinary research involving Gochujang.

ABSTRACT Background A physical therapeutic diagnosis, classified on the basis of underlying mechanics that produce disabilities, will help to predict the disorders and will be a guideline for determining the appropriate intervention. Fewer studies have investigated specific interventions via movement system impairment (MSI) classification of patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain (NCLBP). Purpose The aim of the present study is to compare the effects of general exercises and specific exercises of classified subgroups in patients with NCLBP. Study design Randomized Controlled Trial. Methods A total of 34 patients with NCLBP participated, 17 in the specific exercise group by MSI classification (the MSI group) and 17 in the general exercise group (the general group). Before and after a 6-week intervention program, low back pain was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS), and functional evaluation was assessed using the Sorensen test and functional movement screening test (FMS). Results A significant time-by-group interaction was observed for the VAS, Sorensen, and FMS (p<0.05). A post hoc paired t-test showed that the VAS and the Sorensen test scores decreased, and FMS increased significantly post-intervention in the MSI group (p<0.01). The mean difference in the VAS, Sorensen, and FMS were significantly greater in the MSI group than in the general group (p<0.05). Conclusions The findings of this study suggest useful information for applying specific exercises in the subgroups, as determined by MSI classification.

Various insects have emerged as novel feed resources due to their economical, eco-friendly, and nutritive characteristics. Fish, poultry, and pigs are livestock that can feed on insects. The digestibility of insect-containing meals were presented by the species, life stage, nutritional component, and processing methods. Several studies have shown a reduced apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) when insects were supplied as a replacement for commercial meals related to chitin. Although the expression of chitinase mRNA was present in several livestock, indigestible components in insects, such as chitin or fiber, could be a reason for the reduced ADC. However, various components can positively affect livestock health. Although the bio-functional properties of these components have been verified in vitro, they show positive health-promoting effects owing to their functional expression when directly applied to animal diets. Changes in the intestinal microbiota of animals, enhancement of immunity, and enhancement of antibacterial activity were confirmed as positive effects that can be obtained through insect diets. However, there are some issues with the safety of insects as feed. To increase the utility of insects as feed, microbial hazards, chemical hazards, and allergens should be regulated. The European Union, North America, East Asia, Australia, and Nigeria have established regulations regarding insect feed, which could enhance the utility of insects as novel feed resources for the future.

Objective: To compare the immediate recovery effects of cold compression (CC) and ischemic preconditioning with ice (IPCice) on muscle recovery, this study was conducted.Methods: Athletes were randomly assigned to CC (n=12), IPCice (n=12), or control (n=12) groups. All participants completed a fatigue-inducing jump rope protocol targeting the gastrocnemius prior to recovery interventions. CC involved 20 minutes of alternating pressure (25?75 mmHg) on the gastrocnemius muscles. IPCice involved thigh cuffs inflated to 200 mmHg (2 minutes on/off cycles for 20 minutes) with manual ice application. Thirty-six amateur mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes. Muscle pain, congestion, strength, creatine kinase, muscle stiffness, perfusion, pressure pain threshold, reactive strength index, and total quality recovery were assessed at rest, post-exercise, post-treatment, and 48 hours later.Results: Post-treatment, CC significantly improved perfusion (p<0.001) and reduced muscle soreness in both legs compared to IPCice and control (p≤0.02). CC also resulted in significantly higher PPT values (p≤0.006). Benefits on some variables remained at 48 hours.Conclusion: Both modalities enhanced recovery following fatiguing exercise; however, CC demonstrated superior effectiveness in attenuating fatigue-related impairments, particularly in perfusion, soreness, and muscle function, highlighting its practical advantage over IPCice for MMA athletes.

Background: Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are capable of differencing into various cell types in the body, providing them valuable for therapy of degenerative diseases. Patientspecific treatments using PSCs, such as mesenchymal stem cells in patient’s own body, may reduce the risk of immune rejection. Inducing the differentiation of PSCs into vascular endothelial cells (ECs) altering culture conditions or using specific growth factors is able to applied to the treatment of vascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to induce the differentiation of porcine epiblast stem cells (pEpiSCs), bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (pBM-MSCs) and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (pAMSCs) into ECs and then examine the functionality of vascular ECs. Methods: Porcine pEpiSCs, pBM-MSCs and pA-MSCs were induced to differentiate into ECs on matrigel-coated plates in differentiation medium (EBM-2 + 50 ng/mL of VEGF) for 8 days. Cells differentiated from these stem cells were isolated using CD-31 positive (+) magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) and then proliferated in M199 medium. Evaluation of ECs differentiated from these stem cells was treated with capillary-like structure formation and three-dimensional spheroid sprouting assay. Results: Porcine pEpiSCs, pBM-MSCs and pA-MSCs showed similar expression of pluripotency-related genes (OCT-3/4. NANOG, SOX2). These stem cells were differentiated into vascular ECs, but showed different morphologies after the differentiation. Cells differentiated from pEpiSCs showed an elongated spindle-like morphology, whereas cells differentiated from pBM-MSCs showed a round pebble-like morphology. In the case of pA-MSCs, these two morphologies were mixed with each other. Additionally, vascular ECs differentiated from these stem cells showed different formation of capillary-like structure formation and three-dimensional spheroid sprouting assay. Conclusions: Cells differentiated from pEpiSCs, pBM-MSCs and pA-MSCs presented the functionality of different vascular ECs, demonstrating the potential of the excellent ECs differentiated from pEpiSCs.

A paulownia wood has been widely used with various advantages as its low weight, permeability, convenient workability and aesthetic patterns for a long time. However, the related empirical researches and simultaneous evaluations of functionality are insufficient compared with acid-free archival boxes for now. In this study, the indoor and outdoor temperature and relative humidity control and heat release rate were evaluated under the controlled and uncontrolled circumstance in 2018. The paulownia wood storage box showed superior control effect of relative humidity than the acid-free archival box in constantly uncontrolled environment. Also, the possibility of the flame diffusion from the surface of the materials was higher for the paulownia materials, and the acid-free archival box showed more dangerous patterns in the early stages of the fire.

Venom of spiders is composed of various peptides, which have distinct physiological characteristics. We collected venom derived from domestic indigenous spiders including Argiope bruennichi and Pardosa astrigera, and proceeded evaluation for antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Growth inhibitory effects of spider venom against gram-positive (B. cereus and S. aureus), gram-negative (E. carotovora and E. coli) bacteria, and fungi (F. oxysporum) was determined, respectively. Analysis of cell membrane permeability showed that the venom from both spiders possess significant antimicrobial activity via increasing bacterial and fungal cell permeability. Cytotoxic effects of the spider venom were performed on normal cell line (hAD-MSCs) and cancer cell lines (HepG2, AGS, HeLa, and H460 cells). We found anti-proliferative activity of venoms against cancer cells, while the up-regulation of apoptosis related genes appeared to be correlated with such cytotoxic effects against cancer cell lines. De novo peptide sequencing was conducted, and partial sequences of venom peptides were verified. We found that the identified peptides are novel, but share homology with toxin related peptides reported in Araneae database. We selected domestic indigenous spider, A. bruennichi, and performed RNA sequencing to identify the expression of the venom specific genes. We finally identified five novel toxin-like peptides, predicted by utilizing the homology and its structural characterization analysis of acquired genes. These results imply the feasibility in developing antimicrobial and anticancer agents by utilizing novel peptide derived from spider venoms.

Big data has a lot of influence around the world. Singapore, EU, United States, and Japan have been trying to find national long-term policies and future issues through Big Data. Korea also established Big Data strategy center to find new growth power. So, we tried to analyze various issue technologies through Big Data analysis methods. Issue technologies are Big Data, 3D printing, Internet of Things (IoT), wearable computing devices (Smart watch and Google glasses) which are introduced by National IT Industry Promotion Agency, Gartner, and SK C&C. We think the end users of technology are public, and SNS is a suitable place to share their thoughts. Otherwise, News uses easy words to understand and delivers the information for public. This study proposes a new approach predicting the future of technologies by simulating human brains: left and right brains. For this this study analyzed SNS data and News data by using text mining and opinion mining. With the sensitivity of SNS and the logicality of News, we found elements of technologies and classified them by positivity and negativity. And then, we did three analyses using Futures Wheel. First, the element analysis of five technologies was conducted. Second, we used these elements to predict the future of technologies. Finally, the possibility of convergence of five technologies was confirmed. This paper has three contributions. First, we found the opportunity and threaten elements of five technologies. Second, we predicted the future of technologies with these elements. Third, we identified the opportunity and threaten elements for the convergence of each technology.